DNA Profiling Essay Example

DNA Profiling Essay example
From cases such as OJ Simpson to Chandra Levy, DNA profiling also called DNA fingerprinting or DNA typing has played a major role in the
criminal justice system. The law enforcement community uses DNA profiling to rule out or identify suspects. Unlike hair microscopy, bite mark
comparisons, shoe print comparisons, and firearm tool mark analysis, DNA typing has been developed through massive scientific research and has
undergone meticulous scientific evaluation (Innocence Project). DNA is a foolproof method of identifying a perpetrator of a crime.
Like fingerprints, DNA is unique, with the exception of identical twins; no two people have the same DNA. DNA profiling is a technique that can
identify the person responsible of a violent...show more content...
With over three million base pairs in the human gene, forensic scientists are able to distinguish a person's genetic makeup.
. DNA profiling was first introduced to the criminal justice field in the mid–1980's (DNA Initiative). DNA profiling was first described in 1984 by Alec
Jeffreys, a geneticist at the University of Leicester in Britain (Aronson, 7). Dr. Jeffreys found that the genes that have no function, called "junk DNA"
is where most of the variation is used for DNA profiling (Aronson 9). This region contains DNA sequences that repeat over and over again. Alec
Jeffreys determined that the number of repeated sections at different locations vary from individual to individual (DNA Initiative). Consequently these
repetitive regions became known as "variable number of tandem repeats" or VNTR's.
RFLP or restriction fragment length polymorphisms became the first scientifically accepted DNA analysis method in the United States (Jones). The
repeat segments are cut out of the DNA strand by a restrictive enzyme that acts like scissors and the resulting fragments are sorted out by
electrophoresis (Saferstein 391). However, there are some drawbacks using the RFLP method in the forensic science community. The RFLP technique
requires a large amount of DNA and must be of high quality and cannot be degraded (Jones). Forensic scientists and the law enforcement community
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The Molecular Structure Of Dna
"Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA is the molecule that transports most genetic instructions utilized in the growth, function and biological process of all
living organisms and many viruses." (Merriam–Webster Dictionary) It was first discovered at the University of TГјbingen by Friedrich Miescher in
1869. Miescher discovered DNA through a microscopic substrate in a sample of pus on unwanted surgical gauze. (Dahm)
Nature is a scientific journal in Britain, where studies and academic research in scientific fields are published. In 1953, Francis Crick and James D.
Watson published a scientific article describing the molecular structure of DNA. They also described the detection a double–helix, using scientific data
collected by Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins. With the use of X–ray diffraction and mathematics of a helix transform, Crick and Watson were
able to figure out the DNA's structure. (Nature 171)
The structure of DNA is the double–helix discovered by Watson and Crick. The discovery of this made it possible to understand that genes are the
defined parts of DNA molecules. The building blocks paired specifically with each other and are called nucleotides. Nucleotides are organic
molecules that help as monomers of nucleic acids like DNA. They also help carry energy inside the cell. (Watson JD, Crick FH)
Guanine, cytosine, adenine, and thymine are the nucleobases found in the DNA. The guanine amount is the same as cytosine and the amount of
adenine is the same for thymine.

How DNA Helps to Solve Crimes Essay
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) has been used to analyze and prove innocence or guilt of suspects of crimes with great accuracy. DNA is part of
everyday life. It is the heredity material in humans and almost all other organisms. While being part of an investigation. DNA has helped to solve
crimes. There is a couple ways that DNA left behind can be tested to solve a crime. Either if the suspect has been caught and or had his or her DNA
tested, or if he or she has left behind any biological evidence. Which then needs to be tested to see if it matches the DNA found in the crime scene to
his or hers DNA. The result to this comparison may help establish if the suspect committed the crime. Although the chemical structure in everyone's
DNA is the...show more content...
This process is called DNA finger printing. Therefore, DNA is one of the most common things a forensic technician looks for. Forensic technicians
investigate crimes. There job is to look for physical evidence that will be collected and later analyzed. While working on an investigation the
forensic technician may seem to be looking for a specific sample. It may be a blood sample or even a single drop of saliva. In some cases, clues
may lead to a single fingerprint left behind to solving a crime. The suspect assuming he or she has wiped away all traces that would lead them to
the crime scene. Never realizing what the suspect might have left behind. This may have seemed irrelevant to the forensic technician. Who is
taking part in searching the crime scene. DNA left behind such as a strand of hair leads to a suspect. To the result it may be found in the carpet, or
in any other type of clothing. Even though DNA evidence is generally linked to an offenders profile through DNA database. In the late 1980's the
federal government laid a ground work for the system of state, local and national DNA databases for the storage and exchange of the DNA profiles.
This system was named the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS). Maintaining DNA profiles set of databases that can be shared to the law
enforcements all across the country. The CODIS can compare crime scene evidence that has been stored to a database of DNA profiles obtaining
previous offenders. This

DNA Essay example
DNA is a term that has been used in science as well as in many parts of daily life. The general public knows that DNA is a part of our bodies but
they may wonder what exactly is DNA? DNA is a term used for deoxyribonucleic acid and it is the genetic material of all organisms, it is the
molecule of life and it determines all of our physical characteristics. DNA is present in every single form of life. More than 50 years after the science
of genetics was established and the patterns of inheritance were clarified, the largest questions remained unanswered: How are the chromosomes and
their genes copied exactly from cell to cell, and how do they direct the structure and behavior of living things?
Two American geneticists, George...show more content...
"To make a new, identical copy of the DNAmolecule, the two strands unwind and separate at the bases which are weakly bound; with more
nucleotides available in the cell, new complementary bases can link with each separated strand, and two double helixes result." (Caldwell) Since the
"backbone" of every chromosome is a single long, double–stranded molecule of DNA, the production of two identical double helixes will result in the
production of two identical chromosomes.
The DNA backbone is actually longer than the chromosome but is tightly coiled up within it. This packing is now known to be based on minute
particles of protein known as nucleosomes, that can only be seen under the most powerful electron microscope. The DNA is wound around each
nucleosome to form a beaded structure.
The structure is then further folded so that the beads associate in regular coils. Thus, the DNA has a "coiled–coil" configuration.
After the discoveries of Watson andCrick, the question that remained was how the DNA directs the formation of proteins, compounds central to all the
processes of life. Proteins are not only the major components of most cell structures, they also control virtually all the chemical reactions that occur in
living matter. The ability of a protein to act as part of a structure, or as an enzyme affecting the rate of a particular chemical reaction, depends on its
molecular shape. This shape, in turn,

DNA testing Essay
DNA testing has overthrown the way police collect evidence in a number of criminal cases, especially rape and murder and consequently had a large
impact on many past cases. However there are many disadvantages to DNA testing, such as a challenge of accuracy, the costs of DNA testing and the
possible misuse of DNA. The prospect of a national DNA database in Australia has been heavily criticised withcomplaints of invasion of privacy and
stigma against those with terminal diseases.
Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA as it is most commonly known, is a strand of molecules found within the cell nucleus of all living things. It is called a
"genetic fingerprint" because each is different to the other and everyone, apart from identical twins, have...show more content...
Another downside to the use of DNA is the misuse of results. Victims with AIDS feel that they might be stigmatised if their DNA is stored in a
national database and it could be used against them.
The prospect of a genetic database in Australia has been raised recently. The federal police are pushing for a national database to help solve crime
and are asking for legislation to be allowed to collect DNA samples from people accused, or suspected of committing an offence (the Australian,
06.12.1997 see appendix one)
The proposal has sparked a moral dilemma. Victoria has had a DNA database since 1992 with the reasoning that, if a suspect is cleared, their DNA
must be erased off the list. However, recently Victorian government has allowed police to collect samples from more suspected criminals, not just
those accused of murder, serious assault or rape. Now they are allowed to collect from those accused of drug trafficking, arson causing death and
aggravated burglary.
Privacy is also another big issue surrounding the plans for a database. Chairman of the New South Wales privacy council says that the prospect of a
genetic database is a "cavalier disregard for people's privacy"
Recently it was passed that all states, apart from Western Australia have the right to compose a DNA database (The Sydney Telegraph, 22.04.2001 see
appendix two) and already there had been a few flaws found. With

Essay about DNA: The Basis for Sustaining Life
History of DNA
Have you ever asked yourself "why my eyes are this color?" Have you questioned why you look the way you do? All of your physical features come
from our genetics. Those genetics are family traits that are passed down through our individual bloodline. All of these individualities come from what is
considered the fundamental building blocks of life, DNA.
DeoxyriboNucleic Acid is the scientific name for DNA (SITE). A Swiss medical student named Johann Friedrich Miescher discovered DNA in 1868
(SITE). Miescher was investigating the white blood cells of pus from a surgical wound. It was there in these white blood cells that he found the "hot to
manual" that defines what we look like. It is important to note, DNA is in...show more content...
Individual DNA is created at the moment of conception and never changes throughout our lives. During conception a chemical known as nucleic acid
is created and duplicates and divides itself an infinite number of times. Even through repetitive replication and division, the DNA is always an exact
copy of the first DNA strand.
Conception also joins the father's sperm with the mother's egg creating a genetic sequence (23 chromosomes from your father and 23 from your
mother) of the 46 chromosomes. It is these 46 chromosomes that make up the complete instructional guide for who we are. Half of the chromosomes
come from each parent, allowing for all the variations in our offspring.
Scientists have said the human genome is comprised of "approximately three billion DNA molecules" (Simon & Dickey, 2012). In general, we are
made up of about 30,000 different genes that are spread between 46 chromosomes. With so many different chromosomes, there are an infinite number
of variations that two parents can make–up. Also, the DNA of each person details a variety of information to include how long you are likely to live.
All of the chromosomes that make up our DNA are coiled up inside the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Aside from the reproductive cells, each and every
cell contains the 46 linear chromosomes. Of those 46, there are 23 pairs of chromosomes. Of those 23, 22 are similar in size, shape and even genetic
content. The 23rd

Dna Essay
Abstract
This paper explores the history and some interesting facts about DNA. The last couple centuries have seen an exponential growth in our knowledge of
DNA. The history of the DNA can be traced back to multiple devoted scientist. This article attempts to summarize, and review the basic history ofDNA
while providing some fascinating information about it.
A Brief Historic Review Throughout the early 19th and 20th century, many scientists have studied deoxyribonucleic acids in order to attain higher
understanding over the matter. Johann G. Mendel had figured out and understood the laws of heredity. Friedrich Miescher amazingly discovered DNA
in 1869, even though scientists did not understand DNA was the genetic material...show more content...
The pictures were shown to James Watson andFrancis Crick by Maurice Wilkins. They were then able to confirm their theory about the 3D structure
of DNA. In 1962, they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for solving the structure of DNA. The Nobel committee could not
award it to Franklin because the Nobel prize could only be shared by three people and also because she was already dead (DNA from the Beginning,
2011)
Origin of the Four Bases' Names The four names of the nitrogenous bases of the DNA are adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. The word
"adenine" was created in the 19th century in German from the Greek words "adД“n" "gland" and "in". The word "cytosine" was coined in the 19th
century from the German word "cytosin" from cyto– "cell", –ose and the chemical suffix –ine. The word "guanine" comes from the English words
"guano" and "ine" and was also created in the 19th century. The word "thymine" comes from words "thymus" and the suffix –ine.
Interesting Facts Although DNA molecules seem minuscule, if all the DNA in a human body was unwound and placed from end to end, it would
cover about 10 billion miles. That's approximately the same distance as traveling from the Earth to Pluto and back. (Helmenstine, 2017). "If a person
typed 60 words per minute, eight hours a day, it would take approximately 50 years for them to type the human genome" (Kawasaki, 2010). Scientist
have calculated that DNA has a 521–year half–life, which

DNA and Crime Investigation Essay
DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid, which is found in almost all living things. DNA serves as a code for the creation and maintenance of new cells within
an organism. Within humans, it is found in almost every cell. Although most of our DNA is found within the nucleus of our cells as nuclear DNA, a
very small amount of our DNA is also found within the mitochondria as mitochondrial DNA. Because mitochondrial DNA is generally not used for
solving crimes, for the purpose of this paper it will be disregarded.
DNA is a long curved structure, made up of pairs of four specific bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine, is the repository of a code from which
all of our cells are made. The code is made up of base pairs which look like the...show more content...
Although DNA was initially observed by Frederich Miescher, a German biochemist near the end of the nineteenth century, the key to the structure of
DNA was not discovered until almost a hundred years later. It was at that time that science realized the importance of DNA to the study of biology.
In 1953 four scientists: James Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin completed a DNA model which they created using
observed X–ray diffraction patterns. This model showed how the structure of DNA was able to transmit genetic information from parents to their
offspring.
The work of these four people led to a complete restructuring of the beliefs of the scientific community regarding genetic information. Their initial
word led to further work which encompassed their hypothesis of how DNA replicates itself. From this work came the modern technologies of DNA
fingerprinting and sequencing.
DNA fingerprinting is a technique that is used to determine how likely it is whether genetic material came from a specific person or family group.
Since 99% of human DNA is identical, that means that it is only 1% of our DNA which is different, and it is that 1% that we look at when we are
attempting to determine the origin of a DNA sample.
Enzymes are applied to DNA to break it into smaller pieces which are called restriction endonucleases. These restriction endonucleases become

Dna And Gene Essay
The topic i chose was DNA and the gene, because I think that it's cool how these little particles can make such a big difference in our bodies either in
a positive or negative way. Behind talking about the DNA and gene I'm also including the things that can happen if anyone of these were not to
function normally. The diseases i choose to talk about is the Huntington disease, sickle cell, genetic disease, Down syndrome, cancer, and genetic
disorder. DNA and gene play a major role in these diseases because they determine what your body does and what it does not do.
The DNA is a self–replicating material that is in almost all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. DNA is short for deoxyribonucleic
...show more content...
Later then, the chromosomes are organized again into smaller pieces of DNA called genes. That's what connects thechromosome with the DNA and the
gene. The DNA bases tell the cells how to function and what traits they will express. A chromosome is a thread like structure including the nucleic
acids and protein
which is found inside the nucleus of most living cells carrying genetic information in form of the gene. The structure of the chromosome is sort of
like an X structure. The middle of the X is called the centromere and divides into 2 sections or arms. The short arm of the chromosome is labeled as
the "palm", the longer arm is labeled as the "q arm". It's made up of DNA tightly colliding together many times around proteins called histones and
that's what supports the structure. There are 20,000 – 25,000 protein coding genes on every single chromosome, humans normally have 46
chromosomes in each cell that are divided into 23 pairs. There are 2 copies of chromosome 8, one copy gets inherited from each of the parents to form
one of the pairs.
The few diseases that DNA and the gene cause are cancer, sickle cell anemia, genetic disease, Huntington disease, and genetic disorder. The first one
I'm going to talk about is cancer. Cancer is a genetic disease caused when there is a change in genes that causes our cells to function

Dna And Crime Essay
DNA and Crime
Deoxyribonucleic Acid – the fingerprint of life also know as DNA was first mapped out in the early 1950's by British biophysicist, Francis Harry
Compton Crick and American biochemist James Dewey Watson. They determined the three–dimensional structure of DNA, the substance that passes
on the genetic characteristics from one generation to the next. DNA is found in the chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell.
"Every family line has it's own unique pattern of restriction–enzyme DNA fragments. This variation in patterns of DNA fragments found in
human genetic lineages is called 'restriction–fragment length polymorphism'(RFLP)." (Louis
Levine, ?) Because each person, except for identical...show more content...
The semen matched Kotler's blood and the chances of the semen being somebody else's is one to 7.5 million. Also, dog hairs on the victims clothing
matched hairs from Kotler's German shepherd. Kotler, 37, is free on $25000 bail and could get up to 50 years in jail if convicted of rape and kidnapping.
Anamosa, Iowa: 22 year old Cathy Jo Bohlken was sexually assaulted and murdered. Genetic evidence from fluid taken from her body points to an 18
year old named Travis Jamieson. Bohlkan's body was found DEC 26, 1993 on the floor of her duplex with a bag over her head and her hands wrapped
with duct tape.
Autopsy shows she died of multiple stab wounds. The search of a pick–up truck registered to Jamieson's parents revealed a utility knife and a
"red–brown stain" on the steering wheel. (http://www.wcinet.com/th/news/th0208/stories/1355.htm)
Norman, Okl:Thomas Webb III was released after more than 13 years in prison for a 1982 rape. DNA testing was not available at the time so Gale
Webb, Thomas' wife, pushed authorities to use DNA genetic profiling on the 14 year old evidence. These DNA tests ruled him out as a suspect.
(http://www.wcinet.com/th/news/th0525/stories/12284.htm)
Santa Ana, Calif: Kevin Lee Green cried as the judge apologized for the mistake and freed him from prison after nearly 17 years. He was convicted of
killing his unborn baby and nearly beating his wife to death.
He was released as authorities prepared to charge a

Use of DNA in Criminal Investigations Essay
Before the 1980s, courts relied on testimony and eyewitness accounts as a main source of evidence. Notoriously unreliable, these techniques have since
faded away to the stunning reliability of DNA forensics. In 1984, British geneticist Alec Jeffreys of the University of Leicester discovered an interesting
new marker in the human genome. Most DNA information is the same in every human, but the junk code between genes is unique to every person.
Junk DNA used for investigative purposes can be found in blood, saliva, perspiration, sexual fluid, skin tissue, bone marrow, dental pulp, and hair
follicles (Butler, 2011). By analyzing this junk code, Jeffreys found certain sequences of 10 to 100 base pairs repeated multiple times. These tandem
DNA forensics can also narrow down suspect pools, exonerate innocent suspects, and link crimes together if the same DNA is found at both scenes.
However, without existing suspects, a DNA profile cannot direct an investigation because current knowledge of genotype–phenotype relation is too
vague for DNA phenotyping. For example, a profile from a first time offender that has no match in any database may give the information that the
criminal is a left handed male of medium stature with red hair and freckles. It would be impossible to interview every man who fits that description.
However, with available suspects, DNA forensics has many advantages over other forms of evidence. One is the longevity of DNA. Although it will
deteriorate if exposed to sunlight, it can remain intact for centuries under proper conditions (Sachs, 2004). Because DNA is so durable, investigators
can reopen old cases to reexamine evidence.
DNA from animals and plants can also be utilized in criminal forensics. One of the most common applications of this is the analysis of pet hair from
a crime scene, which often links its owner to the crime. DNA fingerprints have also been applied to cannabis plants, and a database is being created to
trace samples to their sources. This has been extremely successful so far, as this technology can distinguish between closely related, carefully bred
plants (Westphal, 2003). Heather Miller Coyle of the Connecticut

The Discovery of DNA Essay
DNA – the very molecule that defines who we are. It is still fascinating that a molecule that is so small that is not visible to the naked eye determines
not just our physical appearance but also our mental wellbeing. Over 60 years, the discovery of the double helix DNA had impacted various fields
relating to Biology and Chemistry, contributing to the advancement of technology and subsequently mankind too. The discovery ofDNA had opened up
many opportunities in the field of genetics. By analysis a DNA of an individual, we are able to diagnose diseases that are hereditary at an early stage.
Genetic diseases are diseases that arise from one or more abnormalities in a genotype (or genotypes) (Elston, 311). Genetic diseases such as sickle
Paternity tests are done to identify a child's biological parents, which, according to Ian Murnaghan, "has a significant effect on a child's upbringing
and his or her life". Many cases of paternity testing is done to ensure that the biological parent takes responsibility for his or her child. This is not
limited to the entertainment industry, where famous artists such as Mick Jagger were made to take responsibility over his biological son through a
paternity testing (Watson, 286). On the other hand, families are being reunited through the use of DNA as well. Relatives that were separated due to
extreme circumstances were able to reunite with their family. Long lost relatives and children that were given up for adoption had benefitted from this,
allowing them to gain a sense of belonging and a true "home" to return to. Mary–Claire King, who was then a professor of epidemiology and genetics
at the University of California at Berkeley, used genetic testing to reunite children with their grandparents after their parents had "disappeared" during
Argentina's "dirty war" (Kaye, 98).
Apart from humans, DNA had also impacted other living things such as animals and plants. With the discovery of DNA, the agriculture field had
improved tremendously in both quality and quantity. The quest to produce plants that contains better traits had been initiated by Gregor Mendel.
Mendel had worked with the characteristics of pea plants and coined the

DNA Essay
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid are two chemical substances involved in transmitting genetic information from parent to offspring. It was
known early into the 20th century that chromosomes, the genetic material of cells, contained
DNA. In 1944, Oswald T. Avery, Colin M. MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty concluded that DNA was the basic genetic component of chromosomes.
Later, RNA would be proven to regulate protein synthesis. (Miller, 139)
DNA is the genetic material found in most viruses and in all cellular organisms.
Some viruses do not have DNA, but contain RNA instead. Depending on the organism, most DNA is found within a singlechromosome like bacteria, or
in several chromosomes like most other living things. (Heath, 110)...show more content...
(Grolier Encyclopedia, 1992)
DNA does not act directly in the process of protein synthesis because it does not leave the nucleus, so a special ribonucleic acid is used as a messenger
(mRNA). The mRNA carries the genetic information from the DNA in the nucleus out to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm during transcription. (Miller,
76)
This leads to the topic of replication. When DNA replicates, the two strands of the double helix separate from one another. While the strands separate,
each nitrogenous base on each strand attracts it's own complement, which as mentioned earlier, attaches with hydrogen bonds. As the bases are bonded
an enzyme called
DNA polymerase combines the phosphate of one nucleotide to the deoxyribose of the opposite nucleotide.
This forms a new polynucleotide chain. The new DNA strand stays attached to the old one through the hydrogen bonds, and together they form a new
DNA double helix molecule. (Heath, 119) (Miller, 144–145)
As mentioned before, DNA molecules are involved in a process called protein synthesis. Without RNA, this process could not be completed. RNA
is the genetic material of some viruses. RNA molecules are like DNA. They have a long chain of macromolecules made up of nucleotides. Each
RNA nucleotide is also made up of three basic parts. There is a sugar called ribose, and at one end of the sugar is the phosphate group, and at the

other end is one of several nitrogenous bases.
There are four main nitrogenous bases found in

DNA EXTRACTION Essay
Much can be learned from studying an organisms DNA. The first step to doing this is extracting DNA from cells. In this experiment, you will isolate
DNA from the cells of fruit. Materials (1) 10 mL Graduated Cylinder(2) 100 mL Beakers15 cm Cheesecloth1 Resealable Bag1 Rubber Band (Large.
Contains latex pleasewear gloves when handling if you have a latex allergy).Standing Test TubeWooden Stir StickFresh, Soft Fruit (e.g., Grapes,
Strawberries, Banana, etc.) ScissorsDNA Extraction SolutionIce Cold EthanolYou Must ProvideContains sodium chloride, detergent and waterFor ice
cold ethanol, store in the freezer 60 minutes before use. Procedure If you have not done so, prepare the ethanol by placing it in a freezer for
approximately 60 minutes....show more content...
Let the test tube sit undisturbed for 2 – 5 minutes. You should begin to see air bubbles form at the boundary line between the ethanol and the filtered
fruit solution. Bubbles will form near the top, and you will eventually see the DNA float to the top of the ethanol. Gently insert the stir stick into the
test tube. Slowly raise and lower the tip several times to spool and collect the DNA. If there is an insufficient amount of DNA available, it may not
float to the top of the solution in a form that can be easily spooled or removed from the tube. However, the DNA will still be visible as white/clear
clusters by gently stirring the solution and pushing the clusters around the top. Post–Lab Questions What is the texture and consistency of the DNA
DNA is viscous and greasy. Why did we use a salt in the extraction solution High salt makes DNA less soluble in water. In order to dissolve, the
water needs to interact with the DNA. Since DNA is quite large, it needs to interact with lots of water for this purpose. When you add salt, the water
preferentially interacts with the salt (its small, and can move around in solution easier than the DNA can). This makes it so there is less water
available to interact with the DNA and it becomes less soluble. Is the DNA soluble in the aqueous solution oralcohol DNA is less soluble in an alcohol
such as isopropanol than it is in water. This is because alcohols are non–polar, whereas water is polar. The polar

Essay about Dna in Criminal Investigation
Since its discovery in the 1980's, the application of DNA has been utilized in many ways. When Deoxyribonucleic Acid, or DNA is examined, a
precise decoding of genetic information is revealed. With the exception of identical twins, every person's genetic code (commonly referred to as a
Genetic Fingerprint) is inherited and unique. From Maury advising men everyday on TV "You ARE the Father!" or "You are NOT the Father!" to
learning the descendents of former slaves are related to President Thomas Jefferson, we have come to rely upon and expect the accuracy of DNA. DNA
almost immediately transformed the American Criminal Justice System. Law Enforcement, District Attorneys, Defense Attorneys, Criminal Court and
Family Court all work...show more content...
The rape victims told police their attacker was about 160 pounds; Anthony Capozzi weighed over 200 pounds. Capozzi has a prominent three inch
scar on his face, but none of the rape victims reported their attacker had a scar. Despite this all three victims identified Anthony Capozzi as the
man who raped them. His case went to trial and he was convicted of two of the three rapes and sentenced to 35 years in prison. The only
identification evidence introduced at trial was that of the victims. After he was convicted, Capozzi's attorney is quoted in the Washington Post as
saying, "Please don't take comfort in the fact that Anthony Capozzi has been convicted of these two crimes, because he didn't do them. Don't feel
that you can go running without company in Delaware Park." Capozzi struggled with mental illness and served 15 years of his prison sentence in
Central New York Psychiatric Center. Capozzi maintained his innocence, and for the 22 years while he was incarcerated his family never gave up
hope. After Capozzi was incarcerated the rapes continued, and the Bike Path Rapist became the Bike Path Killer. In addition to a continuing series
of rapes in the area, two University of Buffalo students and the wife of a University of Buffalo professor were all murdered. A combination of old
fashioned detective work and the science of DNA helped to solve a case that has spanned over two decades and involved over twenty five victims. On

Essay On DNA Discoveries
Discoveries in DNA, cell biology, evolution, biotechnology have been among the major achievements in biology over the past 200 years with
accelerated discoveries and insights over the last 50 years. Consider the progress we have made in these areas of human knowledge. Present at least
three of the discoveries you find to be most important and describe their significance to society, health, and the culture of modern life.
DNA per medical dictionary is defined as A nucleic acid that carries the genetic information in cells and some viruses, consisting of two long chains of
nucleotides twisted into a double helix and joined by hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases adenine and thymine or cytosine and guanine.
DNA sequences are...show more content...
Thus, proteins that are formed play certain roles as the body synthesizes those specific proteins for the exact job at the exact time. Some of the
diseases affected by this are sickle cell and malaria.
Sickle cell: One of the first inherited diseases to be unraveled at the level of DNA was sickle–cell anemia which is defined as abnormal,
crescent–shaped red blood cells that results from a single change in the amino acid sequence of the cell's hemoglobin, which causes the cell to contort,
especially under low–oxygen conditions. (medical dictionary, 2017) Also, called drepanocyte, meniscocyte. Also, this blood disorder mostly affects
Africans and natives of the Mediterranean region are those who are affected by malaria. A single mutation in thegene for the blood protein hemoglobin
can affect its ability to transport oxygen around the body. People who inherit two copies of the same mutation, one from each parent, have severe
symptoms.
Malaria: However, those who inherit just one copy of the mutation do not suffer too badly; in fact, they are resistant to malaria which defined as an
infective disease caused by sporozoan parasites that are transmitted through the bite of an infected Anopheles mosquito; marked by paroxysms of chills
and fever. The discovery told geneticists much about evolution and how harmful mutations can increase to relatively high levels within a population
provided they confer some advantage. By understanding how

Genomics Essay
Genomics
Genomics is the study of the functions of genes and DNA in an organism, including location, structure, sequence, regulation and function. The genome
provides a list of building materials for proteins. (Kerns/McDonald, 2001) Today scientists are striving to identify every gene in human DNA and the
sequences of the chemical base pairs that make up each one. This is no easy task, but within the next few years, the world will acknowledge genomics
as the biggest thing since sliced bread. Scientists intend to store the data in databases, develop new sequencing technologies, and develop tools for data
analysis. Both Celera and the Human Genome Project completed rough drafts of the Genome Project in June...show more content...
(Bird, 2000)
Such therapeutic products will also be invaluable for individuals to identify the types of genes their children will express before they are born. Each
individual's medical record will include the complete genome as well as single base–pair variations that will be able to predict responses to drugs and
environmental substances. (Drell/Adamson, 2001) Through genetic research, doctors will be able to alter the mutation of a bad set of genes, and
cure a diseased embryo before it is born. Since a hereditary disorder is the result of one defective gene, gene therapy will enable scientists to add a
working copy of that gene. This procedure will result in a cure for hereditary diseases such as cystic fibrosis and muscular dystrophy. (Raven/Johnson,
2002) With the knowledge of one's genome, an individual can alter his lifestyle to reduce the likelihood of developing such hereditary diseases. (Drell
/Adamson, 2001)
Other areas of genetic research for hereditary diseases include cancer, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders, neurological disorders, respiratory
disorders, and infectious diseases. Scientists will be able to correct the over–expression of p53 genes, which, if copied too many times, may lead to
cancer. When scientists are able to correct the loss of the p53 tumor suppressor gene, they will stop the spread of cancer. Scientists will gain a deeper
understanding of drug metabolism and the

Dna And Sequence Of Dna Essay
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a self–replicating nucleic acid that carries the genetic information in cells in a double helix structure. The 2 stranded
helix is composed of 4 nucleotides, Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and Cytosine (C). The base pairs only form between A and T connected
by 2 Hydrogen bonds and G and C connected by 3 hydrogen bonds. Foremost DNA wrapping comes about as DNA wraps around protein called
histones. These combined loops of DNA and protein are called nucleosomes and the nucleosomes are packaged into a thread called chromatin.
Chromosomes are made up of packaged chromatin and can be seen in the nucleus of dividing cells and form around DNA replication. Furthermore,
DNA replication begins with 2 DNA strands being separated by the helicase enzyme. Single stranded DNA binding proteins attach to these strands to
keep them from re–connecting. 1 DNA strand begins to encode called the leading strand, which Forms from 5' to 3' end using DNA polymerase 3
the primary polymerase. The other strand is referred to as the lagging strand, which presents problems because it has to form from the 5' to 3'end as
well. As continuous replication of the leading strand continues the lagging strand forms in pieces called Okazaki fragments. RNA primase forms as
RNA primer and polymerase III lay down new DNA. This process repeats again and again. DNA polymerase I replaces RNA primers with DNA and
DNA ligase links the Okazaki fragments. Along with the process of DNA

DNA Extraction Essay
DNA Extraction
In extracting chromatin from the cells of wheat germ there are seven steps to
follow. The optimal cell to use would be the polyploidal eukaryotic. Eukaryotes
have nucleus membrane–bound organelles, while prokaryotic does not. The
polyploidal eukaryotic cell has DNA that is held in the nucleus while the
prokaryote has DNA that floats freely around the cell. The DNA of eukaryotes is
more complex and extensive than the other. Prokaryote is a bacterial cell that
usually has DNA in one large strand and only has one chromosome while the
eukaryotic cell has more than one chromosome and is considered to be a higher
organism. Prokaryotes have an outer wall that prevents them from bursting or...show more content...
The
baking soda must keep the pH levels at a neutral place similar to the way pool
chemicals work together. If we didn't buffer the solution we would end up with
trash. Next you add the meat tenderizer. I did further research and found

that the "hydrolyzing protein (enzyme) known as papain can either be used as
trace metal carrier or a sequestering agent that reacts with ions to form soluble
complexes."2 Both temperature and pH can bring about a change in polypeptide
shape. When a protein loses it normal configuration it is called denatured. The
tenderizer must eliminate the proteins, the membrane and envelope allowing the
DNA to free itself from the tight coil. In the last step, you add ice–cold alcohol.
When you add the freezing alcohol to the hot test tube you will cause
precipitation . Water is a polar molecule and when mixed with alcohol
the ethanol's reaction with the DNA changes it from a polar to a nonpolar state.
Therefore, it is stuck between two polar liquids and it forms its own layer.
The DNA is not soluble in the alcohol unlike the soap. Only the DNA that directly
contacts the alcohol becomes nonpolar and is near the top can precipitate out of
the detergent but stay under the alcohol, where it is not soluble and therefore you
can see the strand of DNA. There are three steps that were completed:
homogenization, deprotenization, and precipitation of the DNA.

DNA Profiling Essay Example

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DNA Profiling Essay Example