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1. Current Status of Biodegradeable Solid
Waste Generated In
Pakistan
Sidra Shahid
PhD-BT14F17
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2. Contents
• What is Municipal solid waste and its management?
• What is biodegradeable waste?
• Impact of biodegradeable waste
• Main sources of biodegradeable waste
• Biodegradable fraction of total volume of Municipal
solid waste in Pakistan
• Generation of biodegradeable waste in major cities of
Pakistan
• Generation of biodegradable waste in Universities of
Pakistan
• Preventing or reducing waste generation
• Conclusion
• References
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3. Introduction
• All of us generate waste everyday.
Waste comes from our homes, schools,
colleges, markets, industries, agriculture
and commercial places.
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4. Municipal solid waste and its
management
Municipal
solid
waste
(MSW)
Household
waste
Street
waste
Sanitation
waste
Construction
and
demolition
debris
Agriculture
waste
Institutional
and
commercial
waste
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5. MSW Management
•In urban areas, management of solid waste is a big and
serious issue because of high amount of waste generated
from different sources (industries, domestic etc.).
•There are a number of concepts about waste
management which vary in their usage between
countries or regions.
Some of the most general, widely used concepts include:
•Collection
• Storage
•Transport and handling
• Recycling
•Disposal and monitoring of waste materials.
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6. What is Biodegradeable waste?
Biodegradeable waste is a type of waste
originating from plant or animal sources,
which may be degraded by other living
organisms.
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7. Biodegradeable
solid waste
Food
Paper
Wood
Green
waste(leaves,
grass clippings)
Dead animals
Manure and
other discarded
material
Wood Waste
Food Waste
Paper
Green Waste
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8. Impact of biodegradeable waste
• Affect our health
• Affect our socio-economic conditions
• Affect our coastal and marine environment
• Affect our climate
• Rising global temperature are expected to raise sea levels and change precipitation
and other local climate conditions.
• Changing regional climates could alter forest, crop yield, and water supplies.
• This could also affect human health, animals, and many types of ecosystem.
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9. Sources of Waste
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11. Biodegradable fraction of total volume
of Municipal solid waste in Pakistan
• Biodegradable fraction of MSW includes food waste,
kitchen waste, leaf, grass clippings, flower trimmings
and yard waste.
• Wasted food epitomizes a noteworthy proportion of
organic material.
• Colonized and commercial kitchens leftovers also
comprise of a considerable portion of biodegradable
fraction of MSW.
• Yard waste involves lignocellulosic-based materials
explicitly grass off cuts and straw, leaves, weeds, bush
and tree trimmings, whose production varies depending
on the season. 11

12. According to ISTAC, Waste Characterization Report 2011, 72.76% of waste
which being generated in Pakistan is organic waste.
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13. Generation of biodegradeable waste in
major cities of Pakistan
• Pakistan generates 48.5 million tons of solid waste
annually.
• The per capita MSW waste in Pakistan is up to 0.612
kg/day which increases by 2.4% annually.
• Current solid waste generation rate in Pakistan
is 0.65Kg/person/day.
• The Government of Pakistan (GOP) estimates that
87,000 tons of solid waste is generated per day,
mostly from major metropolitan areas.
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14. Solid Waste Generation in Major Cities
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Source:(website; http://projectpi.pk)

15. Composition of Waste Produced in major cities
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16. Generation of biodegradable waste in
Universities of Pakistan
The increase in the intake of students, constant change in
consumption pattern and social behaviour has
increased the generation of solid waste in the institutes.
Though solid waste management is a worldwide phenomenon, but
the improper management of solid waste (SW) causes hazards to the
inhabitants.
The problem of solid waste management (SWM) is prevailing in the
academic environment of universities.
The-composition and quantities of generated-waste is extremely-
variable (Starovoytova D, 2016).
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17. Conti…
In Pakistan there are almost 180 universities.
The per capita MSW waste in universities is up to 0.285 kg/day.
Institutional (institutions and offices) waste contains:
• 43% (grass and wood )
• 31% (ceramic, soil and stones)
• 11% (paper waste)
• Significant portion of the waste is organic (more than 80%) waste.
Due to lack of information about number of
• (Persons/ students producing waste in universities areas the given data is average
weight of waste generated) (Ilyas et al, 2017).
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18. Universities waste composition
(Ilyas et al, 2017) 18

19. Preventing or reducing waste generation
Extensive use of new or unnecessary products is the root
cause of unchecked waste formation.
The rapid population growth makes it crucial to use
second-hand products or wisely use the existing ones
because if not, there is a potential risk of people
succumbing to the ill effects of toxic wastes. Disposing of
the wastes will also assume formidable shape.
A conscious decision should be made at the personal and
professional level to judiciously cure the menacing
growth of wastes.
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20. •Method of waste
reduction, waste reuse,
and recycling are the
preferred options when
managing waste.
• 4R’s stand for:
Reduction
Reuse
Recovery
Recycling
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21. Conclusion
Improper waste management leads to
Increase in Green House Gas effects.
Rapid increase in global warming.
Contamination of water, air and land.
Causes hazardous environment leading to deadly
diseases.
Affects biotic and aquatic life including both flora and
fauna.
Degrades the quality of agricultural land.
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23. References
• Http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/08/solid-waste-pakistan-karachi-
2014867512833362.html
• Http://www.iamcivilengineer.com/2014/04/solid-waste-disposal-and collection.html
• Ilyas H, Ilyas S, Ahmad SR, Nawaz MCH (2017) Waste Generation Rate and
Composition Analysis of Solid Waste in Gujranwala City Pakistan. Int J Waste
Resour 7: 297. doi: 10.4172/2252-5211.1000297
• Website; http://projectpi.pk
• Starovoytova, D. and Cherotich, S. (2016 ). Solid Waste Management at University
Campus (Part 5/10): Characterization and Quantification of Waste, and Relevance
of the Waste Hierarchy in its Management.“Journal of Education and Practice
(U.S.A.), ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online), Vol.7, No.25, 2016.
http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/08/solid-waste-pakistan-karachi-
2014867512833362.html
• http://www.iamcivilengineer.com/2014/04/solid-waste-disposal-and-collection.html
• http://www.lwmc.com.pk/about-us.php
• http://www.unep.org/ietc/Portals/136/Events/ISWM%20GPWM%20Asia%20Pacifi
c%20Workshop/Pakistan_Presentation.pdf
• http://www.dawn.com/news/1081689
• http://www.lwmc.com.pk/waste-to-energy.php
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