2. WHAT IS SOLID WASTE?
• Solid waste is the unwanted or useless solid
materials generated from human activities in
residential, industrial or commercial areas.
• It may be categorized in three ways.
According to its:
• origin (domestic, industrial, commercial,
construction or institutional)
• contents (organic material, glass, metal,
plastic paper etc.)
• hazard potential (toxic, non-toxin, flammable,
radioactive, infectious etc.)
3. • Solid wastes are any discarded or abandoned materials. Solid wastes can be solid, liquid, semi-
solid or containerized gaseous material.
• Examples of solid wastes include the following materials when discarded:
• waste tires
• septage
• scrap metal
• latex paints
• furniture and toys
• garbage
• appliances and vehicles
• oil and anti-freeze
• empty aerosol cans, paint cans and compressed gas cylinders
• construction and demolition debris, asbestos
4. Types of Solid Waste
• Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
It consists of household waste, construction and demolition debris (CnD), sanitation
residue, and waste from streets, generated mainly from residential and commercial
complexes.
As per the MoEF it includes commercial and residential waste generated in
municipal or notified areas in either solid or semi-solid form excluding industrial
hazardous wastes but including treated bio-medical wastes.
• Industrial Solid Waste (ISW)
In a majority of cases it is termed as hazardous waste as they may contain toxic
substances, are corrosive, highly inflammable, or react when exposed to certain
things e.g. gases
• Biomedical waste or hospital waste (BMW)
It is usually infectious waste that may include waste like sharps, soiled waste,
disposables, anatomical waste, cultures, discarded medicines, chemical wastes, etc.
usually in the form of disposable syringes, swabs, bandages, body fluids, human
excreta, etc. These can be a serious threat to human health if not managed in a
scientific and discriminate manner.
5.
6. • MSW typically contains 51% organic waste,
17% recyclables, 11% hazardous and 21%
inert waste.
•about 40% of all MSW is not collected at all
and hence lies littered in the city/town and
finds its way to nearby drains and water
bodies, causing choking as well as pollution
of surface water.
• In metro cities in India, an individual
produces an average of 0.8 kg/ waste/ person
daily.
• The total municipal solid waste (MSW)
generated in urban India has been estimated
at 68.8 million tons per year (TPY) (0.573
million metric tones per day (MMT/d) in the
year 2008).
7. IMPACT OF SOLID WASTE
• Hazardous gas emissions: In 1987, the EPA estimated
that the nation's 7,124 landfills emitted 15 million tons
of methane per year and 300,000 tons of other gases
like toluene and methylene chloride. methane is a
powerful greenhouse gas and landfills contributed 23%
of total emissions ,In addition to its effect in the ozone
layer, methane is also a highly combustible gas that
may be responsible for various explosion hazards in
and around landfills.
• Water Quality/Contamination: There is no expert
consensus about the impact of MSW on surface and
groundwater sources. Some argue that even common
MSW items such as newspaper pose a significant risk
to water quality, while others argue that the effect of
landfills on groundwater would be negligible if
hazardous materials (e.g. motor oil, paint, chemicals,
incinerator ashes) were prohibited from the sites.
Leachate can ultimately affect the ground water, leachate
formation on landfill sites are common. Due to water
presence in waste.
8. • Natural Habitat Degradation: As land is claimed
for landfills, it is no longer hospitable to many
plants and wildlife. Often, this fertility cannot be
completely reclaimed, even after the landfill is
capped.
• HEALTH IMPACTS,
If solid wastes are not collected and allowed to
accumulate, they may create unsanitary conditions.
Many diseases like cholera, diarrhea, dysentery,
plague, gastro-intestinal diseases may spread and
cause loss of human lives.
In addition, improper handling of the solid wastes is
a health hazard for the workers who come in direct
contact with the waste.
• Wastes dumped along roads, riverbanks,
abandoned quarries, seas, and lakes results in
the inevitable effect of contaminating water
supplies as well as the whole aquatic chain.
9. • Uncollected solid waste can also obstruct storm water
runoff, resulting in the forming of stagnant water
bodies that become the breeding ground for disease
causing agents.
• Air pollution is another factor to be considered.
• Sharp items such as needles and broken glass
present a further hazard to people walking through
the area.
• Animals likewise suffer the effects of pollution caused
by improperly disposed wastes and rubbish.
Styrofoam and cigarette butts have been known to
cause deaths in marine animals who consume them.
Animals who consume grasses near contaminated
areas or landfills are also at risk of poisoning due to
the toxins that seep into the soil.
10. PREVENTIVE MEASURES FOR REDUCTION OF
ADVERSE IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT AND
HUMAN
• Generation of waste should be decreased
• promoting the production of goods which minimize waste generation after use.
• Material recycling and recovery should be increased .
• Promoting the use of plastic recycling identification codes and labels in order
to make sorting and recycling of plastic packaging easier .
• Municipalities increasing their level of service to the public regarding sorting
of waste.
• Education of producers, the public and people who work in the waste sector
should be increased.
11. • Promoting the use of less hazardous alternatives to hazardous chemicals
during production of goods.
• Legislation in the waste sector should be improved .
• Collection of hazardous waste at collection points shall be safe, secure and
performed in an environmentally sound manner.
12. Govt. initiatives for waste reduction
• India generates 1,27,486 TPD municipal solid waste and out of this 89,334 TPD
waste collected for treatment and disposal, but from this, only and only 15,881
TPD waste treated by the government in 2012 which clearly revealed that
approx. 30% municipal solid waste is not collected by the authority which
remains in the urban areas.
• MAJOR INITIATIVES AND ACTIVITIES
Swachha Bharat Mission
Indian Prime Minister Shree Narendrabhai Modi launched “Swachha Bharat Mission” on 2nd
October 2014 with the goal to make our country clean and open defecation free by 2nd October
2019 as a mark of tribute to Mahatma Gandhi on his 150th birth anniversary.
Swachha Survekshan
Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (a former Ministry of Urban Development) conducting the
Swachha Survekshan since 2016. This is introduced to encourage cities to improve their urban
sanitation, including open defecation and to reduce the problems regarding solid waste
management by improving waste management practices.
13. Rules Regarding Municipal Solid
Waste Management in India
• Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016
Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change has revised the Municipal Solid Waste
(Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 to Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016.
There are several important modifications like applications of rules extended to the other than
municipal areas, duties of waste generator for solid waste management, collection and disposal
of sanitary waste
• Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016
Plastic waste and their management became the major issue for the world as well as in the
India.
Plastic Waste (Management and Handling) Rule, 2011 which is only applicable to the Municipal
area that is revised by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change into Plastic
Waste Management Rules, 2016 which is applicable to every waste generator, local body, Gram
Panchayat, manufacturer, importers and producer.
The main changes or features of the rules are prohibition on thickness of plastic carry bag made
of virgin or recycled plastic which increased from 40 micron to 50 microns in new rules
14. • Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management & Transboundary Movement)
Rules, 2016
Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management & Transboundary Movement) Rules,
2016 have been published by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate
Change in 2016.
According to the rules, source recovery and disposal of hazardous waste will be
environmental as well as industry friendly manner.
• Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules, 2016
For the proper disposal of bio-medical waste, hospitals needs to set up an effective
management system for common biomedical waste treatment and disposal. The
responsibilities of the Central Government, State Government, Local Authority,
waste generator, treatment and disposal facility provider assigned in the rules.
15. CONCLUSION
• It is fact that Municipal Solid Waste Management problems are everywhere
in India and in many other countries that become the burning issue of the
India as well as the entire World.
• It is essentially required the participation of Government to combat the
MSWM problems.
• After reviewing, it was revealed that the Indian Government has initiated
many good activities and initiatives that may improve the solid waste
management practices in India and can reduce the problems of municipal
solid waste management in India with the proper planning and using
resources made available by Indian Government.
• There is no doubt that the Indian Government is doing at their level best.
