This document discusses minerals and their classification as major, trace, organic, or inorganic. It describes how minerals can be chelated to amino acids to form organic complexes that have greater absorption and bioavailability compared to inorganic minerals. The document provides examples of studies that demonstrate improved production outcomes, such as higher milk yield and quality, when animals are supplemented with organic chelated minerals rather than inorganic minerals.

1. Prepared By:
Dr. ANKIT KUMAR SINGH
I.D. NO. : V- 10595 /18
M.V.Sc Scholar
DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL NUTRITION
COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SCIENCE & ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
N.D. UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE & TECHNOLOGY, KUMARGANJ,
AYODHYA-224229

2. INTRODUCTION
Mineral
Inorganic ,solid , crystalline chemical
elements that cannot be decomposed or
synthesized by chemical reactions.
 T h e y h a v e b e e n d i v i d e d i n t o t w o
c a t e g o r i e s b a s e d o n t h e b a s i s o f
c o n c e n t r a t i o n .
 Major mineral -
R e q u i r e d i n a m o u n t s g r e a t e r t h a n 1 0 0 m g a d a y .
S o m e t i m e s c a l l e d “ m a c r o m i n e r a l s ” .
.

3.  Trace minerals-
Required in the diet in amount lesser than 100mg a day.
sometimes called “ microminerals”
Major minerals Trace Minerals
Calcium (Ca) Cobalt (Co)
Phosphorus (P) Chromium (Cr)
Potassium (K) Iodine (I)
Sodium (Na) Molybdenum (Mo)
Sulphur (S) Zinc (Zn)
Magnesium (Mg) Copper (Cu)
Chlorine (Cl) Iron (Fe)
Manganese (Mn)
Selenium (Se)

4. vs.
Inorganic
Minerals
Organic
Minerals
Greater absorption
No interaction or competition
Due to greater absorption, there
is less excretion
Small quantities needed to
achieve high levels of animal
performance
Absorption hindered
Competition between inorganic
minerals
Large amounts of inorganic
minerals excreted
Large amounts needed to
achieve improved animal
performance
 Again minerals is classified on the basis of its
occurrence :-
 Organic mineral-The element is bounded to carbon atom .
 Inorganic mineral-The element does contain any carbon atom
.

5. Ca & PMilk production
Cu, Zn, Mn, Cr, Fe & SeImmune system
Mg, P & MnEnergy metabolism
Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Mg & KHormone system
Co & SVitamin synthesis
Fe & CuRBCs synthesis
Zn, Cu, K, Mn, Mg, Fe, Ca &
Mo
Co-factor in enzymes
Ca, Mg, Zn, Mn & PSkeletal system
Functions Minerals

6.  Organic mineral salts are highly absorbed.
 More bioavailable.
 Improved stability in the digestive system.
 Increased awareness to use potential mineral
pollution.
 Use of organically complexed or chelated
minerals in premixes.
 Organic minerals may be added at a much
lower concentration in the diet than inorganic
minerals.
Why organic minerals are
important?

7. Minerals deficiency
occur -
All Livestock &
Poultry.
Interaction between
minerals
Presence of Anti
nutritional factors
• Phytate
• Oxalate
• Mimosine
• Gossypol

8. I. Mineral
Interactions /
Antagonists.
II. Lower Biological
Activity &
bioavailability.
III. Environmental
Concerns

9. COMMON INTERACTIONS THAT
REDUCE MINERAL AVAILABILITY
Iron: interferes with Cu, Zn, Cr.
Cu and Zn compete for absorption sites.
High Calcium: binds trace minerals.
Sulfur, sulfate: reduce Cu absorption.
Molybdenum: reduces Cu absorption

10. Factor affecting the bioavailability
Intrinsic factor / Physiological factors that influence bioavailability
1.Species and genetics
2.Age and sex
3.Metabolic function – Growth , lactation ,
Maintenance
4.Nutritional Status
5.Intestinal or Rumen Microflora
6.Physiological Stress

11. Extrinsic / dietary factors that influence
bioavailability
1.Solubility of element – CuS , CuMoS4
2.Binding to other dietary component (fiber
,silica) in the intestine
3.State of oxidation –Fe+2, Fe+3
4.Competitive antagonist of similar ion
5.Chelation effect- Can be positive or
Negative depending on the solubility and
dissociation constant of the complex
formed.

12. How to increase absorption
Complexing inorganic element with organic compound. This is called ‘Chelates’.
Naturally occurring
chelates :
Chlorophyll's Cytochrome Haemoglobin Vitamin B12

13. Group I:
• Chelates that serve to transport and to store metal ions.
• The metal chelate is able to be absorbed and transported .
• E.g.Cysteine and Histidine.
• E.g.: EDTA and similar synthetic ligands, are known to
improve the availability of Zinc.
Three types of Chelates are
recognized in biological system:

14. Group II:
• These chelates are essential in metabolism.
• E.g. Haemoglobin, the cytochrome enzymes and
vitamin B12 .
• Group III:
• Chelates, which interfere with utilization of essential
cations.
• Chelates such as the Phytic acid-Zinc chelate, may
interfere with normal metabolism .

15. Metal (specific amino acid)
Complex
Metal Aminoacid Complex
Metal Aminoacid Chelate
Mineral proteinnates
Mineral polysaccharide
1
2
3
4
5
Types of Chelates and Other Complexes
(According to the AAFCO, 1997)

16. Classification of organic
minerals
1-Metal (specific amino acid) Complex
– The product resulting from complexing a
soluble metal salt with a specific amino acid
EXAMPL
ES -
Copper
lysine
complex
Zinc
lysine
complex
Ferric
methionin
e complex
Manganese
methionine
complex
Zinc
methionine
complex

17. 2. Metal Aminoacid Complex –
Product resulting from complexing of a
soluble metal salt with an amino acids.
Examples -
Copper
amino acid
complex
Zinc amino
acid
complex
Magnesium
amino acid
complex
Iron amino
acid
complex

18. 3. Metal Aminoacid Chelate – The
product resulting from the reaction of a metal ion
from a soluble metal salt with amino acids.
Examples are:
Calcium
amino acid
chelate
Cobalt amino
acid chelate
Copper amino
acid chelate
Iron amino
acid chelate
Magnesium amino
acid chelate
Manganese amino
acid chelate
Zinc amino acid
chelate

19. 4. Metal proteinate – It is the product
resulting from the chelation of a soluble salt with
amino acids and/or partially hydrolyzed protein.
Exampl
es are:
Copper
proteinat
e
Zinc
proteinat
e
Magnesi
um
proteinat
e
Iron
proteinat
e
Cobalt
proteinat
e
Mangane
se
proteinat
e
Calcium
proteinat
e

20. 5. Metal Polysaccharide Complex –
Complexing of a soluble salt with a polysaccharide
solution as the specific metal complex .
Examples are:
Copper
polysaccharide
complex
Iron
polysaccharide
complex
Zinc
polysaccharide
complex
Magnesium
polysaccharide
complex

21. Preparation of chelated mineral

22. Technique for Preparation of Chelated Minerals
Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Protein
Separation by Centrifuge and Ultra filtration
Chelation Process
Drying, Grinding and Storage
Removal of Unbound Minerals
(Dinh and Chhabra, 2003)
Adjustment of pH
Heating to 350C
Addition of 0.1M Mineral Soln.
Incubation at Room Temp.

23. Primary chelated mineral used in
animal feeds are
These are
“Transitional”
element
Cobalt
Iron
Chrom
ium
Copper
seleni
um
Manga
nese
Zinc
It prefer to form co-ordinate covalent bond- a
hybrid form of linkage – stable complex .

24.  Ideal chelating compound -intestinal wall, or absorbed as the
intact chelate.
 Chelate markedly enhance the absorption of a mineral .
 Metal can become completely unavailable to either plants or
animals (e.g: Phosphorus in Phytic acid).
 However, many chelates are highly absorptive and protect the
mineral from forming an insoluble complex.
 This type of chelate is referred to as sequestering agent.
Properties:

25. Need of chelation:
 The ring structure protects the mineral .
 Chelates easily pass intact through the intestinal wall.
 Each mineral in the chelate facilitate the absorption of other
mineral in the chelate.
 Increase passive absorption
 Chelates a Chelation reabsorbed by different routes than inorganic
minerals.
 Chelation increases stability at low pH
 Chelates can be absorbed by the amino acid transport system

26. Use of chelated mineral in animal
nutrition
Main Objectives :
1. Reduction of antagonism, interferences and competition among
minerals.
2. Improve the bioavailability of minerals
3. Counteract antinutritional factors, which affecting minerals
4. Performance improvement
5. Health improvement (immune status, functional nutrition)over all
animal welfare

27. 6. Improvement in animal produces quality
(meat, milk, egg, wool etc.,)
7. Reduce degenerative effect of trace minerals
on vitamins in premixes and feed.
8. Protect environment by reducing metal
pollution.
9. Feeding complexed forms of Zn, Cu, Mn and
Co .

28. Mode of action
Stable in rumen environment & abomasum
Delivered in small intestine as such.
Absorbed through active transport (more blood level)
It act as biological complex (more tissue level)
Enter into different pool
Metabolizable in differently(Neathery et al 1972) (Pharmaco-
65

29. MINERAL ABSORPTION IN GUT
Free metal
ion
Antagonist + Metal & Mineral
Interactions
Excretion
Ligand + Metal
Absorption
Enterocyt
e

30. Copper in Ruminants:
 Kincaid et al. (1986) reported a higher bioavailability from
Cu proteinate compared with copper sulfate in calves fed
diets containing Mo.
 Diet contained higher levels of Mo, copper from proteinate
was more bioavailable.
 In contrast to these studies, Ward et al. (1993) found no
difference in copper bioavailability between copper sulfate
and copper lysine regardless of dietary Mo and sulfur levels.

31.  Copper proteinate more bioavailable than cupric
sulphate (Hemken et al, 1993).
 An increased hepatic Fe content in Cu - proteinate vs
cupric sulphate suggesting that Cu-proteinate did not
interfere with iron uptake and storage as with
inorganic Cu.
 Cu-proteinate – lower plasma ceruloplasmin activity
than cows fed cupric sulphate even though plasma Cu
was essentially the same for both groups (Du et al.,
1995).

32. Zinc methionine
Not degraded
Remain intact
Bind with feed particle or micro organism
So no insoluble complex
Sperars 1989
Semi purifical diet deficient in zinc ZM compared with zinc oxide.
Absorption similar
Metabolized differently, Zno. Excreted more through urine.
 Zinc methionine has been studied greatest extend in ruminant.
 Not much research on zinc lysine & iron methionine in ruminants.
Zinc in ruminant:

33. MILK AND MILK COMPONENT PRODUCTION IN 1ST CALF
HEIFERS GIVEN SUPPLEMENTS OF IOMS OR AACS IN A 305 DAY
MILKING PERIOD
Study
Groups
Mean Milk
Prod.305
days
(kg)
Mean
Prod./day
for 305
days
(kg)
Mean Milk
Fat
(%)
Mean
Total Milk
Fat
(kg)
Mean Milk
Protein
(%)
Mean Total
Milk Protein
(kg)
IOM group 10,047
+
1456.36
32.94 3.57
+
0.48
355.9
+
46.11 a
3.01
+
0.21
302.1
+
40.76 c
AAC group 10,568
+
911.76
34.65 3.76
+
0.35
389.1
+
47.02 b
3.06
+
0.17
326.4
+
29.89 d
(Ashmead et al., 2004)
Effect of chelated mineral
supplementation on Milk Production
and its components
* IOM- Inorganic mineral & * AAC- Amino acid complex
Values for the two treatments within variables and lactation having different
superscripts are significantly different ( a,bP < .005; c,dP < .05).

34. Iron in pig :
 In pigs, a major goal has been to improve the iron
status of the new-born piglet.
 Iron chelated to amino acids has been reported to
increased transfer of iron across the placenta and into
the foetus (Ashmead and Graff, 1982).
 When provided at 200 ppm in the gestation diet,
greater quantities of Iron were incorporated into the
foetuses resulting in significantly reduced mortality
and heavier piglets at birth and weaning (Ashmead,
1996).

35. 1. Organic minerals can be included at much lower levels
in the diet .
2. Feeding organic minerals replacing inorganic sources
may have benefits in FCR in young broilers.
3. Using lower levels of organic minerals in broiler
chicken diets results in significantly lower concentrations
of minerals in manure, compared with birds inorganic
minerals.
4. Excess mineral levels can utilize organic minerals in
poultry diets.
Organic minerals in broiler

36. Manganese:
 Birds fed organic mn performed better
than the inorganic groups (egorov et al.,
2007).
 The tissue deposition of the element has
been used to estimate manganese
bioavailability.
 Studies have revealed that the most
available sources of manganese are
manganese-methionine and manganese
proteinate (henry, 1995).

37. Selenium:
 The relative bioavailability in both blood and liver was
yeast > inorganic > chelate (Vinson, J.A).
 It is surprising chelate Se an amino acid chelate fared
so poorly in the bioavailability study.
 Se Chelate provides high levels of selenium in the
produce (meat and eggs) advantageous for the
consumers.

38.  Organic Se is included @ 0.4 ppm – Increased the Se
content in egg from 7.1 µg to as much as 30.7 µg
(Surai et al., 2000) – provides 55-73% of the RDA
from one egg

39. Use of Organic Chromium in Heat
Stress Alleviation in Poultry
 High ambient temperature increases mineral
excretion (Creger, 1981) and decreases concentrations
of vitamin C, E, A and Fe, Zn and Cr in Serum and
some tissues(Sahin et al., 2003).
 Diets enriched with antioxidant substances such as
vitamins C, E, A and Zn, Cr could be used to attenuate
the negative effects of environmental stress (Sahin et
al., 2003).

40. Conclusions:
Chelated minerals usually cost more, per unit of metal element,
than the same metal in inorganic form.
Historically the argument against chelates was that increased use
of inorganics was more economic than feeding chelates .
 However, there is indication that in some situations, chelates can
achieve biologic endpoints that inorganics cannot.
Chelated mineral can be used when more amount of antinutritional
factor or interference affects mineral utilization
It can be used as immuno-stimulant but more data is needed.