2. What exactly is an Argument?
An argument involves the process of
establishing a claim and then proving it with
the use of logical reasoning, examples, and
research.
3. What is an Argumentative or Argument
Essay?
The purpose of an argumentative essay is to
present well-reasoned conclusions in order to
persuade the audience to accept or at least
seriously consider a point of view.
4. The aim of writing argumentative
essays
• To convince or persuade the reader.
• One attempts to change the reader’s mind and
convince the reader to agree with the point of
view or claim of the writer.
5. Key terms to learn before writing an
argumentative essay
1. Argumentation: the act or process of forming reasons,
drawing conclusions, and applying them to a case in
discussion.
2. Pro Argument (PRO): point or statement that supports
one’s ideas.
3. Counter Argument (CON): point or statement in opposition
to the argument being made in a written document or
speech.
4. Refutation: the process of disproving an opposing
argument.
5. Opponent: a person who disagrees with something and
speaks against it.
6. Proponent: someone who argues in favor of something;
advocate.
7. 7
Counterargument/Counterclaim
• The counterargument/counterclaim is an
argument that stands in opposition to your
argument/claim.
• The counterargument/counterclaim is your
opponent’s (the other side’s) argument that
tries to explain why you are wrong.
Elements of Argumentation
8. How to write argumentative essays
Choosing a topic and writing the thesis statement
• Decide on a controversial topic (debatable and
interesting).
• Write an argumentative thesis statement.
• Generate ideas (free writing or brainstorming).
9. When Supporting your Argument
One important concern in writing an argumentative
essay is to strengthen your argument. To do this, you
need to base your argument on sound evidence. In
supporting your argument, the evidence that you
include can be:
• Facts: data that have been objectively proven and are
generally accepted (such as historical facts, scientific
data, statistics etc.)
• Examples: should be sufficient number of examples to
prove the case.
• Support from authority
• Opinions of experts
10. The Role of Your Audience
• Understanding your audience is key to effective writing of all kinds,
especially argumentative writing.
• An argument is an implicit dialogue or exchange with your audience,
so in writing arguments, assume there is a reader that will not agree
with you.
• Audience awareness is absolutely essential to successful argument;
therefore…
• Know your audience
– What is their position on the issue?
– How strongly do they feel about it?
– Are they open-minded enough to consider other views?
– What will their objections be to your argument?
You can overcome fair representations of your opponents’ views by
giving a well-developed “yes, but . . .” response.
11. Don not be rude!
• You should make sure that you reach your
audience without offending them!
• Use tactful and courteous language
• Avoid sweeping statements like ‘’everybody
knows’’ or ‘’people with any intelligence
agree that’’.
13. Useful sentences
• Yes ____, but ____
• Although I agree up to a point, I still insist . . . (59).
• “I agree” that ____, but I cannot agree that ____.”
• X is right that ______, but she claims that ____ (60).
• I agree that ______ because my experience [of]
________ confirms it (57).
14. Practice
• Topic: pet ownership
• Audiences:
– Middle-class elementary school-age kids
– 25-y.o. Indian women in Seattle
– Dog show enthusiasts
Invent an argument statement for an audience
What might each group care about? Already know?
Need to know? What points could you make about
owning a pet?
15. Examples
Click “Writing Exercises, “cancel” the registration
option, then select “Model papers”:
http://bcs.bedfordstmartins.com/writersref6e/Player
/Pages/Main.aspx
16. In Conclusion
• Have a point to your argument—make your own
decisions about your topic
• Identify your audience
• Explain what “They” say about your topic
• Respond to what “They” say with your argument
• Address potential objections with respect
• Show why your audience should care
