DR.Umesh K Honnatti

1. VETERINARY COLLAGE
SHIVAMOGGA,VINOBANAGAR
DISASTER MANAGEMENT-PGS 506
BIOLOGICAL DISASTER,OZONE DEPLETION
Submitted to:
Dr.Sateesh G. M.
Assistant professor
Dept. of LFC
Dr.Prashanth.S.Bagalakote
Assistant professor
Dept. of VPH
Submitted by:
Dr.Umesh.K.Honnatti
PG Scholar
Dept of VAN
MVSK- 2009

2. BIOLOGICAL DISASTER MEANING
Biological disasters are scenarios involving
disease, disability or death on a large scale
among humans, animals and plants due to toxins
or disease caused by live organisms like bacetria
or virus.

3. DISASTER CLASSIFICATION

4. BIOLOGICAL DISASTER CLASSIFICATION

5. Common examples of biological hazards
include:
 Malaria, Dengue fever.
 Meningitis, influenza.
 Pest infestations.
 Zoonoses - HIV, H5N1 virus (Bird flu), H1N1 (Swine
Flu), the plague, Anthrax, Cholera,
 Leptospirosis.
 Medical wastes - Used needles, medication that has
expired etc.

6. Biological agents that have
been identified as posing
the greatest threat are
 variola major (smallpox)
 Bacillus anthracis (anthrax)
 Yersinia pestis (plague)
 Clostridium botulinum toxin (botulism)
 Francisella tularensis (tularaemia)
 filoviruses (Ebola hemorrrhagic fever
and Marburg hemorrhagic fever)

8.  India faces three major biological threats
 Agricultural infestations
 Infections arising from accidental release of
pathogens into the environment
 Possible outbreaks caused by deliberate
weaponization of dangerous pathogens that affect
humans, animals, or crops.
 These threats either alone or together will force India
to strengthen its capacity to detect and respond to
them.
THREATS AND RISKS

9. Biological Disaster – Legislations
The following legislations have been enacted in India for the
prevention of biohazards when there is outbreak
1)The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
2)The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
3)The Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986 and the Rules
(1986)
4)Disaster Management Act 2005 – this provides for the
institutional and operational framework for disaster
prevention, mitigation, response, preparedness, and recovery
at all levels.

10. Prevention of Biological Disaster
 Engineering controls – to help prevent the spread of such disasters
including proper ventilation, installing negative pressure, and usage of UV
lamps.
 Personal hygiene – washing hands with liquid soap, proper care for clothes
that have been exposed to a probably contaminated environment.
 Personal protection equipment – masks, protective clothing, gloves, face
shield, eye shield, shoe covers.
 Sterilization – Using ultra heat or high pressure to eliminate bacteria or
using biocide to kill microbes.
 Respiratory protection – surgical masks, respirators, powered air-purifying
respirators (PAPR), air-supplying respirators.

11. Biological Disasters – Classifications
Charles Baldwin developed the symbol for biohazard in 1966.
The US Center for Disease Control classifies biohazards into four biosafety levels as
follows:
BSL-1: Bacteria and Viruses including Bacillus subtilis, some cell cultures, canine hepatitis,
and non-infectious bacteria. Protection is only facial protection and gloves.
BSL-2: Bacteria and viruses that cause only mild disease to humans, or are difficult to
contract via aerosol in a lab setting such as hepatitis A, B, C, mumps, measles, HIV, etc.
Protection – use of autoclaves for sterilizing and biological safety cabinets.
BSL-3: Bacteria and viruses causing severe to fatal disease in humans. Example: West Nile
virus, anthrax, MERS coronavirus. Protection – Stringent safety protocols such as the use of
respirators to prevent airborne infection.
BSL-4: Potentially fatal (to human beings) viruses like Ebola virus, Marburg virus, Lassa fever
virus, etc. Protection – use of a positive pressure personnel suit, with a segregated air suppl

12. Given India’s climate conditions, the country is vulnerable to
vector-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue fever,
among others.
A high-density livestock population and a poorly guarded
animal-human interface make India susceptible to zoonotic
infections such as avian influenza, commonly called bird flu;
pig influenza, commonly called swine flu; Nipah virus disease;
and coronavirus diseases, such as COVID-19.

13. Poor patient adherence to antibiotic treatment,
nontherapeutic use of antibiotics to promote growth
in farm animals, self-medication, and illegal over-
the-counter access to antibiotics makes antibiotic
resistance an emerging health threat that demands
demands immediate policy attention

14. HISTORY OF BIOLOGICAL WARFARE AND DISASTERS

17. Prevention of Biological Disasters
 Prevention includes the following measures that should be taken
before (preventive), during, and after any outbreaks.
1)Safe water supply, proper maintenance of sewage pipelines – to prevent
waterborne diseases such as cholera, typhoid, hepatitis, dysentery, etc.
Awareness of personal hygiene and provision for washing, cleaning, bathing,
avoiding overcrowding, etc.
2)Vector control:
Environmental engineering work and generic integrated vector control
measures.
Water management, not permitting water to stagnate and collect and other
methods to eliminate breeding places for vectors.
Regular spraying of insecticides, outdoor fogging, etc. for controlling vectors.
Controlling the population of rodents.

18. Ozone Depletion
“Ozone layer depletion is the gradual thinning of the earth’s
ozone layer in the upper atmosphere caused due to the
release of chemical compounds containing gaseous chlorine
from industries or other human activities.”

19. https://youtu.be/hn7W_C2nbwE

20. The ozone layer is found in
the lower portion of the
earth’s atmosphere. It has
the potential to absorb
around 97-99% of the
harmful ultraviolet radiations
coming from the sun that
can damage life on earth. If
the ozone layer was absent,
millions of people would
develop skin diseases and
may have weakened immune
systems.
Contd……
Charles Fabry and Henri Buisson in 1913 discovered the ozone layer.

21. Causes of Ozone Layer Depletion
The ozone layer depletion is a major concern and is associated with
a number of factors. The main causes responsible for the depletion
of the ozone layer are listed below
Chloro flouro carbons
Unregulated rocket launches
Nitrogenous compounds
Natural causes

22. HFCs, CFCs and HFCs contribute an estimated 11.5% to
present-day effect of GHGs on climate and climate change.

23. Spectrophotometer (the Dobsonmeter) used to measure
stratospheric ozone from the ground. It was developed by the GMB
Dobson.

24. Effects Of Ozone Layer Depletion
Effects on Human Health
The humans will be directly exposed to the harmful ultraviolet radiations of the sun
due to the depletion of the ozone layer. This might result in serious health issues
among humans, such as skin diseases, cancer, sunburns, cataract, quick ageing and
weak immune system.
Effects on Animals
Direct exposure to ultraviolet radiations leads to skin and eye cancer in animals.
Effects on the Environment
Strong ultraviolet rays may lead to minimal growth, flowering and photosynthesis in
plants. The forests also have to bear the harmful effects of the ultraviolet rays.
Effects on Marine Life
Planktons are greatly affected by the exposure to harmful ultraviolet rays. These are
higher in the aquatic food chain. If the planktons are destroyed, the organisms
present in the food chain are also affected.

25. 1chlorine molecule kills 100,000 molecules of ozone

26. Solutions to Ozone Layer Depletion
Avoid Using ODS
Reduce the use of ozone depleting substances. E.g. avoid the use of CFCs in refrigerators and
air conditioners, replacing the halon based fire extinguishers, etc.
Minimise the Use of Vehicles
The vehicles emit a large amount of greenhouse gases that lead to global warming as well as
ozone depletion. Therefore, the use of vehicles should be minimised as much as possible.
Use Eco-friendly Cleaning Products
Most of the cleaning products have chlorine and bromine releasing chemicals that find a way
into the atmosphere and affect the ozone layer. These should be substituted with natural
products to protect the environment.
Use of Nitrous Oxide should be Prohibited
The government should take actions and prohibit the use of harmful nitrous oxide that is
adversely affecting the ozone layer. People should be made aware of the harmful effects of
nitrous oxide and the products emitting the gas so that its use is minimised at the individual
level as well.

27. 16th September is known as the
International Day for the preservation of
the Ozone Layer.

30. The flight path of an ozonesonde as it rises into the
atmosphere over the South Pole from the Amundsen-
Scott South Pole Station. Scientists release these
balloon-borne sensors to measure the thickness of the
protective ozone layer high up in the atmosphere.
Time-lapse photo taken Sept. 9, 2019

31. 1.Eitzen EM, Jr, Takafuji ET. Historical overview of biological warfare. In: Sidell FR, Takafuji ET,
Franz DR, editors. Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare. Washington,
2. Robertson AG, Robertson LJ. From asps to allegations: biological warfare in history. Mil
Med. 1995;160:369–373. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
3. Wheelis M. Biological warfare at the 1346 siege of Caffa. Emerg Infect Dis. 2002;8:971–
975. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
4. Norris J. East or west? The geographic origin of the Black Death. Bull Hist Med.
1977;51:1–24. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
5. Henschel AW. Dokument für Geschichte des schwarzen Todes. Archives fur die gesammte
Median. 1842;2:26–59. [Google Scholar]
6. Derbes VJ. De Mussis and the great plague of 1348. A forgotten episode of bacteriological
warfare. JAMA. 1966;196:59–62. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
7. Christopher GW, Cieslak TJ, Pavlin JA, Eitzen EM. Biological warfare. A historical
perspective. JAMA. 1997;278:412–417. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]