Tennis is a racquet sport played between two players or teams of two players each. To start a point, one player serves the ball so that it passes over the net and into the other player's side of the court. The objective is to hit the ball in a way that the opponent cannot make a good return. Points are scored by the opponent failing to return the ball or hitting it out of bounds. Tennis originated in England in the late 19th century and is now an Olympic sport played worldwide at both professional and recreational levels.

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2. TENNIS

3. WHAT IS TENNIS ???
Tennis is a racquet sport that can be played individually against a
single opponent (singles) or between two teams of two players
each (doubles). Each player uses a racquet that is strung with cord
to strike a hollow rubber ball covered with felt over or around a
net and into the opponent's court. The object of the game is to play
the ball in such a way that the opponent is not able to play a good
return. The opponent who is unable to return the ball will not gain
a point, while the opposite opponent will.
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Tennis is an Olympic sport and is played at all levels of society
and at all ages. The sport can be played by anyone who can hold a
racquet, including wheelchair users. The modern game of tennis
originated in Birmingham, England, in the late 19th century as
"lawn tennis". It had close connections both to various field
("lawn") games such as croquet and bowls as well as to the older
racquet sport of real tennis. During most of the 19th-century in
fact, the term "tennis" referred to real tennis, not lawn tennis: for
example, in Disraeli's novel Sybil (1845), Lord Eugene De Vere
announces that he will "go down to Hampton Court and play
tennis.
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5. Historians believe that the game's ancient origin lay in 12th
century northern France, where a ball was struck with the palm of
the hand. Louis X of France was a keen player of jeu de paume
("game of the palm"), which evolved into real tennis, and became
notable as the first person to construct indoor tennis courts in the
modern style. Louis was unhappy with playing tennis outdoors and
accordingly had indoor, enclosed courts made in Paris "around the
end of the 13th century“. In due course this design spread across
royal palaces all over Europe. In June 1316 at Vincennes, Val-de-
Marne and following a particularly exhausting game, Louis drank a
large quantity of cooled wine and subsequently died of either
pneumonia or pleurisy, although there was also suspicion of
poisoning.
History Of Tennis
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Because of the contemporary accounts of his death, Louis X is
history's first tennis player known by name. Another of the early
enthusiasts of the game was King Charles V of France, who had
a court set up at the Louvre Palace. It wasn't until the 16th
century that racquets came into use, and the game began to be
called "tennis", from the Old French term tenez, which can be
translated as "hold!", "receive!" or "take!", an interjection used
as a call from the server to his opponent. It was popular in
England and France, although the game was only played indoors
where the ball could be hit off the wall. Henry VIII of England
was a big fan of this game, which is now known as real tennis.
During the 18th century and early 19th century, as real tennis
declined, new racquet sports emerged in England.
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Further, the patenting of the first lawn mower in 1830, in Britain,
is strongly believed to have been the catalyst, world-wide, for the
preparation of modern-style grass courts, sporting ovals, playing
fields, pitches, greens, etc. This in turn led to the codification of
modern rules for many sports, including lawn tennis, most
football codes, lawn bowls and others.
Jeu de paume in the 17th century
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9. RACQUETS
The components of a tennis racquet include a handle, known as
the grip, connected to a neck which joins a roughly elliptical
frame that holds a matrix of tightly pulled strings. For the first 100
years of the modern game, racquets were of wood and of standard
size, and strings were of animal gut. Laminated wood construction
yielded more strength in racquets used through most of the 20th
century until first metal and then composites of carbon graphite,
ceramics, and lighter metals such as titanium were introduced.
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10. Under modern rules of tennis, the racquets must adhere to the
following guidelines;
The hitting area, composed of the strings, must be flat and
generally uniform.
The frame of the hitting area may not be more than 29 inches in
length and 12.5 inches in width.
The entire racquet must be of a fixed shape, size, weight, and
weight distribution. There may not be any energy source built into
the racquets.
The racquets must not provide any kind of communication,
instruction or advice to the player during the match.
.
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11. The rules regarding racquets have changed over time, as
material and engineering advances have been made. For
example, the maximum length of the frame had been 32 inches
until 1997, when it was shortened to 29 inches. Many
companies manufacture and distribute tennis racquets. Wilson,
Head and Babolat are some of the more commonly used brands;
however, many more companies exist. The same companies
sponsor players to use these racquets in the hopes that the
company name will become more well known by the public.
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13. BALLS
Tennis balls have come a long way from being made of cloth
strips stitched together with thread. Tennis balls are made of
hollow rubber with a felt coating. Traditionally white, the
predominant color was gradually changed to optic yellow in the
latter part of the 20th century to allow for improved visibility.
Tennis balls must conform to certain criteria for size, weight,
deformation, and bounce to be approved for regulation play.
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14. The International Tennis Federation (ITF) defines the official
diameter as 65.4168.58 mm (2.575-2.700 inches). Balls must
weigh between 56.0 and 59.4 grams (1.975-2.095 ounces).
Tennis balls were traditionally manufactured in the United
States and Europe. Although the process of producing the balls
has remained virtually unchanged for the past 100 years, the
majority of manufacturing now takes place in the Far East. The
relocation is due to cheaper labour costs and materials in the
region.
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15. Tennis is played on a rectangular, flat surface, usually grass,
clay, or a hardcourt of concrete, asphalt, or acrylic;
occasionally carpet is used for indoor play. The court is 78 feet
(23.77 m) long, and 27 feet (8.23 m) wide for singles matches
and 36 ft (10.97 m) for doubles matches. Additional clear
space around the court is required in order for players to reach
overrun balls. A net is stretched across the full width of the
court, parallel with the baselines, dividing it into two equal
ends.
Court
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16. It is held up by either a metal cable or cord that can be no more
than 0.8 cm (1/3 inch). The net is 3 feet 6 inches (1.067 m) high
at the posts and 3 feet (0.914 m) high in the center. The net
posts are 3 feet (0.914 m) outside the doubles court on each side
or, for a singles net, 3 feet (0.914 m) outside the singles court
on each side.
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17. The modern tennis court owes its design to Major Walter
Clopton Wingfield who, in 1873, patented a court much the
same as the current one for his stické tennis (sphairistike).
This template was modified in 1875 to the court design that
exists today, with markings similar to Wingfield's version, but
with the hourglass shape of his court changed to a rectangle.
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19. The lines that delineate the width of the court are called the
baseline (farthest back) and the service line (middle of the court).
The short mark in the center of each baseline is referred to as
either the hash mark or the center mark. The outermost lines that
make up the length are called the doubles sidelines. These are the
boundaries used when doubles The lines to the inside of the
doubles sidelines are the singles sidelines and are used as
boundaries in singles play. The area between a doubles sideline
and the nearest singles sideline is called the doubles alley, which
is considered playable in doubles play is being played.
Lines
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20. The line that runs across the center of a player's side of
the court is called the service line because the serve must
be delivered into the area between the service line and the
net on the receiving side. Despite its name, this is not
where a player legally stands when making a serve.
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21. The line dividing the service line in two is called the center line
or center service line. The boxes this center line creates are
called the service boxes; depending on a player's position, he
or she will have to hit the ball into one of these when serving.
A ball is out only if none of it has hit the line or the area inside
the lines upon its first bounce. All the lines are required to be
between 1 and 2 inches (51 mm) in width. The baseline can be
up to 4 inches (100 mm) wide.
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22. Two players before a serve
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24. From 'No advantage'. Scoring method created by Jimmy Van
Alen. The first player or doubles team to win four points wins
the game, regardless of whether the player or team is ahead by
two points. When the game score reaches three points each, the
receiver chooses which side of the court (advantage court or
deuce court) the service is to be delivered on the seventh and
game-deciding point. Utilized by World Team Tennis
professional competition and ITF Junior Doubles.
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25. Instead of playing multiple sets, players may play one "pro
set". A pro set is first to 8 (or 10) games by a margin of two
games, instead of first to 6 games. A 12-point tie-break is
usually played when the score is 8–8 (or 10–10). These are
often played with no-ad scoring.
Pro set
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26. This is sometimes played instead of a third set. A match tie-
break is played like a regular tie-break, but the winner must
win ten points instead of seven. Match tie-breaks are used in
the Hopman Cup and the 2012 Olympic Games for mixed
doubles, on the ATP and WTA tours for doubles and as a
player's choice in USTA league play. Another, however
informal, tennis format is called Canadian doubles. This
involves three players, with one person playing a doubles
team. The single player gets to utilize the alleys normally
reserved only for a doubles team. Conversely, the doubles
team does not use the alleys when executing a shot. The
scoring is the same as a regular game. This format is not
sanctioned by any official body.
Match tie-break
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28. There are five types of court surface used in professional
play. Each surface is different in the speed and height of the
bounce of the ball. The same surface plays faster indoors
than outdoors.
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29. Examples are red clay, used at the French Open, and green clay
(an example of which is Har-Tru and used mainly in the U.S.).
Almost all red clay courts are made not of natural clay but of
crushed brick that is packed to make the court. The crushed brick
is then covered with a topping of other crushed particles. This
type of surface does not absorb water easily and is the most
common in Europe and Latin America. Clay courts normally have
a slower paced ball and a fairly true bounce with more spin.
1 Clay
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30. Examples of hard courts are acrylic (e.g. Plexus cushion used at
the Australian Open, Deco Turf used at the US Open, Green Set
used at the ATP World Tour Finals), asphalt, and concrete. Hard
courts typically have a faster-paced ball with a very true bounce
and it is the predominant surface type used on the professional
tour.
2 Hard
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31. Grass courts usually have a faster-paced ball, and a more erratic
bounce. Grass is used at Wimbledon and until 1974 three of the
four Grand Slams (Australian Open, Wimbledon, US Open) were
played on grass. In 2001 Wimbledon changed the type of grass to
make the courts more durable and thus better able to withstand
the wear of the modern game. The new grass causes the ball to
bounce higher and slows it down compared to the previous grass
type
3 Grass
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32. Any form of removable court covering, including carpeting and
artificial turf. The bounce can be higher or lower than a hard
court. Carpet surface has not been used on the ATP and WTA
tour since 2009.
4 Carpet
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33. Popular from the 1880s through the first half of the 20th
century, wooden surface provides a very low bounce and plays
very fast. There are no longer any professional tournaments
held on a wooden surface although some tournaments (e.g.
Rotterdam Open and Open Sud de France), are played on a
wood-based court with an acrylic layer on top.
5 Wood
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35. A grip is a way of holding the racquet in order
to hit shots during a match. The grip affects the
angle of the racquet face when it hits the ball
and influences the pace, spin, and placement of
the shot. Players use various grips during play,
including the Continental (The "Handshake
Grip"), Eastern (Can be either semi-eastern or
full eastern. Usually used for backhands.), and
Western (semi-western or full western, usually
for forehand grips) grips. Most players change
grips during a match depending on what shot
they are hitting; for example, slice shots and
serves call for a Continental grip.
Grip
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36. For a right-handed player, the forehand is a stroke that begins on
the right side of the body, continues across the body as contact is
made with the ball, and ends on the left side of the body. There are
various grips for executing the forehand, and their popularity has
fluctuated over the years. The most important ones are the
continental, the eastern, the semi-western, and the western.
Forehand
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37. A serve (or, more formally, a "service") in tennis is a shot to start a
point. The serve is initiated by tossing the ball into the air and
hitting it (usually near the apex of its trajectory) into the diagonally
opposite service box without touching the net. The serve may be hit
under- or overhand although underhand serving remains a rarity. If
the ball hits the net on the first serve and bounces over into the
correct diagonal box then it is called a "let" and the server gets two
more additional serves to get it in. There can also be a let if the
server serves the ball and the receiver isn't prepared. If the server
misses his or her first serve and gets a let on the second serve, then
they get one more try to get the serve in the box.
Serve
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38. For right-handed players, the backhand is a
stroke that begins on the left side of their
body, continues across their body as contact is
made with the ball, and ends on the right side
of their body. It can be executed with either
one hand or with both and is generally
considered more difficult to master than the
forehand. For most of the 20th century, the
backhand was performed with one hand, using
either an eastern or a continental grip.
Backhand
Andy Murray hitting a backhand against
Rafael Nadal.
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