Shakeel Ahmad Khan

2. Submitted To:
Dr. Sammia Shahid
Submitted By:
Shakeel Ahmad Khan (14003140007)
Programme: MS (Chemistry)
Department of Chemistry, University of Management and
Technology Lahore
Hepatoprotective effect of Rhodiola imbricata rhizome
against paracetamol-induced liver toxicity in rats

3. LIST OF CONTENTS
Introduction about Liver
Functions of Liver
Symptoms of Liver
Things Liver don’t like
Drugs that responsible for Heptotoxicity
How Paracetamol Effect Liver
World diversion to natural products
Introduction of Rhodiala imbricata (rhizome)
Objective of this study
Material and Method
Hepatoprotective study of Rhodiala imbricata (rhizome)
Result and Discussion
Conclusion, Future Aspects and References

4. Your Liver? Largest internal organ
of the body.
The liver is a reddish
brown triangular organ
with four lobes of
unequal size and shape.
Present at right upper
side of body behind
the ribs.
Weighs about 3-5
pounds
Has over 500 jobs

5. SOME OF MY IMPORTANT JOBS
 Make you feel good
 Help you digest food
 Give you energy
 Clean your blood (like a filter)
 Help build muscles
 Metabolism (Synthesis and Breakdown)
 Excretion of waste products from bloodstream
into bile.
 Vascular – storage of blood

7. Symptoms
When your liver is sick there can be symptoms like
Fatigue
Nausea
Loss of appetite
Swollen abdomen
Itchy skin
Jaundice

8. THINGS LIVER DON’T LIKE
 Viruses
 Too many fatty foods
 Drugs /Medication
 Alcohol

10. DRUGS THAT INDUCED LIVER
DAMAGE
 Acetaminophen
 Carbon tetrachloride
 Methotrexate
 Anabolic Steroids
 Oral Contraceptive pills

11. HOW PARACETAMOL EFFECT LIVER
 It is widely used analgesic and antipyretic. But produce acute liver
damage at higher dose.
 Hepatotoxicity of Paracetamol has been attributed to the formation
of toxic highly reactive metabolite called n-
acetylparabenzoquimine (NAPQI).
Age (years) Usual Dosage Maximum Dosage
12 years and older 325-650mg q for 4hr 4000mg/day
11-12 years 320-480mg q for 4hr 2880mg/day
6-11years 320mg q for 4hr 2600mg/day
3-6years 120-125mg q for 6hr 720mg/day
1-3years 80mg q for 4hr
3-11 months 80mg q for 6hr

12. RISK FACTOR OF LIVER AGAINST
PARACETAMOL

13. ACETAMINOPHEN OVERDOSE
METABOLISM

14. WHY WORLD IS DIVERTING TO
NATURAL PRODUCTS
 Hepatic problems are responsible for significant number of liver
transplantations and deaths recorded world wide.
 Pharmacotherapeutic options for liver disease are limited.
 Conventional or synthetic drugs used in the treatment of liver are
inadequate as well as have serious adverse effects.
 So it is worldwide trend to go back to traditional medicinal plants.
 That’s way many herbal origin products are in use for the
treatment of live ailments.
Sida cordata, Solanum xanthocarpum,Phyllanthus niruri

15. HEPTOPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF Rhodiala
imbricata (RHIZOME)
 It is a perennial herb of the family “Crassulaceae”.
 Commonly known as golden or arctic root.
 Grows on rocky slopes, common in drier areas of the western
Himalaya at an altitude of 4000-5000m.
 Taxonomy of Rhodiala imbricata
Kingdom Plantae
Phylum Mangoliophyta
Class Mangolliopsida
Order Saxifragales
Family Crassulaceae
Genus Rhodiola
Specie imbricata

16. Rhodiala imbricata

17. MEDICINAL IMPORTANCE
Rhodiala imbricata (rhizome) was found to be have great medicinal
importance due to the following
Has cytoprotective efficiency.
Has antioxidant ability.
Wound healing ability.
Has immunomodulatory ability.
Has Adaptogenic activity.
Has antifatigue activity.
Has neuroprotective activity.
Has antiproliferative activities in HT-29 colon cancer cells.
Its Aqueous extract was found to be contain Gallic acid, p-tyrosol
rosavin and rosin.

18. OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY
 Increased concerns on the side effects of current therapeutic
modalities, plants are being valued because of their curative
properties and least or no side effects.
 Hence an attempt has been made to assess the hepatoprotective
role of Rhodiala imbricata.

19. MATERIALAND METHOD
Collection and identification of Plant material:
For this study plant material was collected from the western
Himalayas, India in the month of August to September 2011.
Plant material identified by and authenticated by Dr. O.P.
Chaurasia, an Ethaobotanist at the Defence Institute of High
Altitude Research Leh-ladkh.

20. MATERIALAND METHOD
Following Chemicals (Sigma Aldrich) are
used in this study
 Acetone
 EDTA
 Acetaminophen
 Polysorbate 80 (Tween 80)
 Diethyl ether
 Silymarin
Following Instruments are used in this study
 Weighing Balance
 Centrifuge (Japan)
 Auto hematology analyzer (Sysmex F-800,
Japan).

21. PREPARATION OF PLANT EXTRACT
 Freshly collected plant materials were washed under
running tap water and distilled water to remove dust
particles.
 Samples dried and were powdered in mechanical grinder
used for solvent extraction with acetone.

22. CONCENTRATE OF PLANT
EXTRACT
Rhodiala imbricata extract obtained after filtration was made
concentrate by using Rotary Evaporator.

23. ANIMAL USED IN THIS STUDY
 Wistar albino rats (male, 150-200g) and Swiss albino mice (male
25-30g) were used.
Wistar albino rats Swiss albino mice
 Animals were housed in groups for 7-days for pharmacological
experiments.
 Animal quarter maintained at a temperature 22±2ºc and with 12h
dark and 12h light cycle.
 Animal had free access to commercial food and drinking water.

24. HEPATOPROTECTIVE PROPERTY OF
Rhodiala imbricata
 Hepatotoxicity was induced by paracetamol induced liver damage.
Paracetamol (Acetaminophen, Sigma Chemical Company, USA)
was suspended in 0.5% Tween-80 and administered p.o., at a dose
of 2 g/kg.
 Wistar albino rats (male) weighing between 150 and 200 g were
divided into 5 groups of 6 animals each. The weight range of the
animals was equally distributed throughout the groups.
 Group-I served as control and received water, Group-II served as
negative control, administered with paracetamol (2 g/kg, p.o.),
Group-III standard, silymarin received (Sigma Chemical
Company, USA) at a dose of 25 mg/kg p.o., Group-IV and V
received acetone extract (200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o., respectively),
once daily for 14 days.

25. EXPERIMENT FOR HEPATOPROTECTIVE
PROPERTY OF Rhodiala imbricata
 On the 14th day, blood samples were collected from all animals
by puncturing retro-orbital plexus under mild ether anesthesia,
later animals were sacrificed and liver tissues were collected.
 The blood samples were analyzed for biochemical markers of
hepatic injury and tissue samples were subjected for estimation of
liver antioxidants and histopathological studies.

26. PREPARATION OF SERUM FROM
BLOOD
 Blood was drawn by puncturing the retro-orbital plexus under
diethyl ether anesthesia. Whole blood for hematogram was
collected in bottles containing the anticoagulant, ethylene
diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) while samples for biochemical
analysis were collected in plain sample bottles.
 Serum was separated by centrifugation at 600×g for 15 min. and
analyzed for various biochemical parameters. Sera were stored in
the -80°C freezer before they were analyzed.
 The erythrocytes, leucocytes and platelets were determined with
an Auto Hematology Analyzer (Sysmex F-800, Japan).
 Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), serum glutamic oxaloacetic
transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase
(SGPT) and lipid profiles like total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides
(TG) and biochemical parameters such as creatinine and bilirubin
were also determined using Span Diagnostics Limited kit, India.

27. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
 The effect of acetone extract of R. imbricata at two dose levels
(200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) on hematological parameters in
paracetamol induced hepatic damage is shown in Table 1.

28. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
 Table 2 shows the effect of acetone extract (200 mg/kg and 400
mg/kg) on serum biochemical markers in paracetamol induced
hepatic damage.

29. CONCLUSION
 From the present study it is evident that the acetone extract of R.
imbricata rhizome has no toxicity even at a higher dose of 2000
mg/kg.
 The serum and lipid parameters were maintained at normal levels
compared to control groups.
 Histopathological examinations of the liver showed that extract
and silymarin have a protective role over the toxicity of
paracetamol.
 Hence R. imbricata could be one of the best sources of natural
hepatoprotective agents.
Future Aspects
To evaluation and characterization of chemical component which is
responsible for Heptoprotective activity of R. imbricata.

30. REFERENCES
 Akindele, A.J., Ezenwanebe, K.O., Anunobi, C.C., Adeyemi, O.O., 2010.
Hepatoprotective and in vivo antioxidant effects of Byrsocarpus coccineus
Schum. and Thonn. (Connaraceae). J. Ethnopharmacol.129, 46–52.
 Arora, R., Chawla, R., Sagar, R., Prasad, J., Sing, S., Kumar, R., Sharma,
A., Singh, S., Sharma, R.K., 2005. Evaluation of radioproective activities
of Rhodiola imbricate Edgew – a high altitude plant. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 273,
209–223.
 Gupta, A., Kumar, R., Upadhayay, N.K., Pal, K., Kumar, R.,Sawhney, R.C.,
2007. Effects of Rhodiola imbricata on dermalwound healing. Planta Med. 73,
774–777.
 Kakkar, P., Das, B., Viswanathan, P., 1984. A modified method for assay of
superoxide dismutase. Indian J. Biochem. Biophy. 21, 131–132.
 Ramellini, G., Meldolesi, J., 1976. Liver protection by Silymarin. In vitro
effect on dissociated rat hepatocytes. Arzneim Forsch (Drug Research) 26, 69-73.
 Mroueh, M., Saab, Y., Rizkallah, R., 2004. Hepatoprotective activity of
Centaurium erythraea on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in
rats. Phytother. Res. 18, 431–433.

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