Medicinal properties of plant terminalia bellerica(barro) which have contain different chemical constituent and having differnt biological activity like Analgesic activity,Anti diarrhoeal activity, Antioxidant activity, Antihypertensive effect, Anti salmonella activity, Anti- Spasmodic and, Bronchodilatory properties, Anti-micobial activity, Antimicrobial and Toxicity studies, Wound healing activity

1. Shailendra shah
Department of pharmaceutical science,
Nobel college
Pokhara University
Terminalia bellerica (Barro)

2. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Overview
2 July 20182
1. Nomenclature
2. Biological source
3. Habitat
4. Cultivation and collection
5. Macroscopic and microscopic character
6. References

3. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Introduction
2 July 20183
Terminalia bellerica is a species of Terminalia that grows
on scattered forests, sunny mountain slopes , one of the
upper layer trees of stream valleys and lower seasonal
rain forests, 500-1400m in the country Bangladesh,
Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malasiya,
Myanmar, Nepal, Srilanka, Thailand, Vietnam. It is a
desiduous tree growing 20-30m tall, with thick brownish
grey bark having shallow longitudinal fissure.

4. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Nomenclature
2 July 20184
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Angiosperm
Class: Dicotyledonae
Sub- class: Rosids
Order: Myrtales
Family: Combretaceae
Genus: Terminalia
Species: T. bellerica
Binomial name: Terminalia bellerica
Nepali name: Barro

5. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Biological sources
2 July 20185
The biological sources of Terminalia bellerica are bark,
leaves and fruit.

6. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Habit and distribution
2 July 20186
 Barro is perrenial decidious large tree up to 30cm in height
commanly found in tropical and subtropical zones up to an
altitude of 1500m which is mainly distributed in Nepal India
and China. It is native to tropical Asia. It is common in mixed
deciduous forests. It has a spreading and dome shaped crown.
 Distribution in Nepal:
It grows in decidous forest up to the height of 1100m.
Found in variety of soils clay as well as shady.

7. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Cont.
2 July 20187
Cultivation
Light: The tree is strong light demander. It requires direct
light and cannot tolerate shade of cramped situation. The
young plants however appreciate a certain amount of
shade.
Soil type: It grows best on fertile, loam soils with good
drainage, however, it has performed reasonably well on
poor soils where the choice of tree species is limited.
Temperature: Average temperature ranging from 10-40⁰c
is suitable for its growth.
Moisture: The plant grows well on moist regions.
Altitude: upto 1500m.
Propagation: By fermentation of the seeds.

8. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Collection
2 July 20188
 Fruits are collected from the time they begins to turn
yellow.
 They are sun dried , avoiding wetting by rain and they
shrivel considerably during drying.
 For the extraction of tannin and the preparation of
extracts the crushed are infused for 8-10 hours with
hot water in a series of vats.
 The timber should be sawn when the wood is still
green.

9. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Macroscopic character
2 July 20189
Leaves: Leaves are large, glabrous, alternate, broadly
elliptic to obovate- elliptical 4-24cm * 2-11cm, base
rounded to cuneate, rufous-sericeous but soon
glabrescent, with 6-9 pairs of secondary veins. The leaf
have long petiole. Young leaves are copper red , soon
becoming parrot green, then dark green. The venation of
leaves is reticulate with prominent midrib.
Flower: They are solitary, small 3-15 cm long, greenish
white, simple, axillary spikes, calyx tube sericeous or
tomentulose; flowers appear along with new leaves and
have strong honey like smell.

10. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Cont.
2 July 201810
Seed: The seed of Terminalia bellerica is ovoid. 5ridged
and very hard. There is one stone per fruit.
Fruit: The fruit of Terminalia bellerica is globose or
ovoid drupe. The fruit is subsessile, grey coloured
and velvety. It is 2.5 cm long and 2cm wide and it
contains one stone. The fruit is slightly 5 ridged when
dried.

11. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Cont.
2 July 201811
Organoleptic properties:
Color: Green
Odor: offensive
Taste: Bitter, sour, astringent and sweet.

12. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Microscopic character
2 July 201812
T.S of fruit: Transverse section of the fruit shows epicarp
composed of a layer of epidermal cells tangential wall
and upper portion of the thick radial walls. Mesocarp, 2 or
3 layer of collenchymatous cells followed by a zone of
parenchyma with fibres and sclerieids in great vascular
bundles, scattered fibres, simple-pitted walls, porous
parenchyma sclereids shapes and sizes, mostly
elongated: tannins and aggregated crystals of calcium
paenchyma; starch grains simple rounded oval in shape
measuring 2-7 micrometer in size. Endocarp consists of
thick walled scleroids of various shapes and sizes.
Fibres, sclerieids and vessels, lignified. Testa , one layer
of large cubical cells, followed by network of reticulates
parenchyma and vessels; tegmen consists of collapsed
parenchyma folded and containing aleuronegrains, oil
globules and some rosette aggregate crystals.

13. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Cont.
2 July 201813
Powder microscopy:
Powder drugs show few fibres, vessels with simple
pits and group of scleroids. Powdered drug is
brownish in color, free flowing with granular
appearance.

14. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
TS of fruit
2 July 201814

15. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Traditional uses
2 July 201815
 Fruits are laxative, astringent, anthelmintic and antipyretic;
useful in hepatitis, bronchitis, asthma, dyspepsia, piles,
diarrhoea, coughs, hoarseness of voice, eye diseases and
scorpion-sting; used as a hair tonic.
 Decoction of the green fruit is used for cough. Pulp of the fruit is
useful in dysenteric-diarrhoea, dropsy, piles and leprosy. Half
ripe fruit is used as purgative. Kernel of the fruit is narcotic.
Fruits are used in menstrual disorder in Khagrachari.
 Seed oil is used in rheumatism. Gum of the bark is demulcent
and purgative. The triterpenoid present in the fruits possess
significant antimicrobial activity. Kernel oil has purgative action
and its prolonged use was well tolerated in mice.

16. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
2 July 201816
 Fruit powder is taken with water to cure cough in dhading
district.
 Seeds are boiled, dried, pulverized and smoked by Tharus of
Chitwan district.
 Fruit Pulp is used in chronic diarrhea, dysentery flatulence,
vomiting nad urinary disorder at Palpa district.
 Powdered fruit is used by the Limbu’s of Morang district in
ulcer.

17. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Modern Medicinal Uses
2 July 201817
 Central nervous system: improves vision and nourish brain and
nerves.
 Respiratory system: it is used in Dyspnea, asthma and
whooping cough
 Digestive system: is used in constipation, abdominal pain and
distention, foul feces and breath, Flatulence, weakness and
slow pulse.
 Skin: A fine paste of powder may be applied on burns and
scalds.

18. Pokhara University
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Phytoconstituents
2 July 201818
Glycoside (bellericanin), Gallo-tannic acid, Coloring
matter, resins and a greenish yellow oil. Ellagic acid,
gallic acid, lignans (termilignan and thannilignan), 7-
hydroxy 3’4’ (methylenedioxy) flavone and anolignanB.
Tannins, ellagic acid, ethyl gallate, galloyl glucose and
chebulagic acid, phyllemblin, β-sitosterol, mannitol,
glucose, fructose and rhamnose.

19. Pokhara University
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Cont.
Gallgic acid Ethyl gallate
2 July 201819

20. Pokhara University
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Chebulagic acid Tannic acid
2 July 201820

21. Pokhara University
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Pharmacological effects
2 July 201821
 Analgesic activity
 Anti diarrhoeal activity
 Antioxidant activity
 Antihypertensive effect
 Anti salmonella activity
 Anti- Spasmodic and
Bronchodilatory
properties
 Anti-micobial activity
 Antimicrobial and Toxicity
studies
 Wound healing activity
 Immmunological activity
 Acute and sub acute
toxicities
 Immune response in vitro
 Hepatoprotective activity
 Antibiofilm Activity
 Antiulcer activity
 Antipyretic activity
 Antimutagenic actvity
 Antithrombotic and
thrombolytic activity

22. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
2 July 201822
 Analgesic: The crude extract of Terminalia bellerica contain
analgesic activity at the dose range of 300-1000mg/kg
inhibited the castor oil induced intestinal fluid secretion in
mice. The extract also dose-dependently (50 - 100 mg/kg)
where it reduced the numbers of acetic acid-mediated in mice.
These results indicate that TB exhibit antisecretory and
antinociceptive effects, hence justifying its medicinal use in
diarrhea and pain.( Khan AU etal 2008)
 Anti diarrheal activity: The Antidiarrhoeal activity was
perfomed using Castor oil induced diarrhea. Aqueous and
ethanolic extract of fruit pulp of Terminalia bellerica at the
doses of 334 mg/kg, 200mg/kg, 143mg/kg were used.

23. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
2 July 201823
 Antihypertensive Effect: After administration of Terminalia
bellerica, they observed that fall in the arterial BP of rats
under anaesthesia. In isolated guinea-pig atria, inhibition of
force and rate of atrial contractions noted. In rabbit thoracic
aorta, relaxation was observed after the induction of
contractions which was induced by phenylephrine.

24. Pokhara University
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2 July 201824
 Antimicrobial study: The Aqueous extract of dry fruit at 4 mg
concentration showed highest zone of inhibition against
S.aureus. These pathogens were highly sensitive to the
methanol extract also except E. coli (enteropathogen) and P.
aeruginosa. Terminalia bellerica dry fruit possesses potential
broad spectrum antimicrobial activity.
 Antimicrobial and Toxicity Studies: The crude methanolic
extract of the fruits of Terminalia bellerica Roxb along with its
various organic fractions elicited both in vitro and in vivo
antioxidant activity as well as antibacterial activity. Total
antioxidant activity, scavenging free radical, authentic
peroxynitrite and reducing power assessment were performed.

25. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
2 July 201825
 Antioxidant activity: The crude aqueous extract of the fruits
of Terminalia bellerica Roxb have antioxidant properties
since these contains enzymatic and non – enzymatic
antioxidants, these can be very effective against microbes
causing various diseases. In vitro assessment of the
antioxidant activity of ethanolic fractions of both these plants
to scavenge 2, 2- Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and
highly reactive hydroxyl radicals showed that the semi pure
compounds present in the fractions are useful potential
source of antioxidants and can be used in the therapy of
diseases like cancer, coronary heart disease, ageing and
any other disease related to oxidative stress. These fractions
being non-toxic showed significant antioxidant activity at
scavenging free radicals damage.

26. Pokhara University
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2 July 201826
 Wound healing activity: The paste of Terminalia bellerica
Roxb have proper efficacy on wound healing. Herbal paste
preparation showed significant improvement on maturation,
wound contraction and epithelialization.
 Immunological activity: T. bellerica extract affected T cell
proliferation mainly through the same mechanism as PHA.
The extract with LPS and PWM also affected B cell
proliferation through T cell-independent and T cell dependent
mechanisms respectively. The results indicated that the
extract affected cellular mediated immunity (CMI) rather than
humoral mediated immunity (HMI).

27. Pokhara University
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 Acute and Sub-acute Toxicity: Single oral administration of
the ethanolic extract of T. belerica at a dose of 5,000 mg/kg
did not produce any toxicity. In sub-acute toxicity, repeated
administration of 1,000 mg/kg of T. bellerica over 14 days did
not cause changes in terms of general behaviors, mortality,
weight gain, hematological or clinical blood chemistry
parameters. The results of histological examinations showed
normal appearance of the internal organs when compared to
those of the control group.
 Immune response In vitro: In vitro Phagocytic activity and
lymphocyte proliferation assay were carried out in
methanolic extract of on the mouse immune system. In both
assay, stimulation of macrophage phagocytosis and maximal
activation of phytohemagglutinin were observed.

28. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
2 July 201828
 Hepatoprotective activity: Treatment with extract (200, 400
and 800 mg/kg, p.o.) and gallic acid (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg,
p.o.) showed dose-dependent recovery in biochemical
parameters such as SGOT, SGPT and lipid peroxidase,
glutathione but the effect was more pronounced with gallic
acid.
 Antibiofilm Activity: The ethanolic extract of a plant
Terminalia bellerica (common name = Baheda) was tested
for its antimicrobial activity against the oral plaque forming
bacteria Streptococcus mutans. It was found that the extract
from Terminalia bellerica showed strong activity against
Streptococcus mutans. The extract also prevents the
formation of biofilm by the bacteria.

29. Pokhara University
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2 July 201829
 Antiulcer Activity: The anti-ulcer activity of ethanolic extract
of Terminalia bellerica (Combretaceae) fruits ETB was
investigated in pylorus ligation and ethanol induced ulcer
models in wistar rats. ETB at doses of 250-500 mg/kg orally
produced significant inhibition of the gastric lesions induced
by Pylorus ligation induced ulcer & Ethanol induced gastric
ulcer. The extract (250 mg/kg & 500 mg/kg) showed
significant reduction in free acidity and ulcer index as
compared to control.
 Antithrombotic and thrombolytic activity: An in vitro
model was used to check the clot lysis and antithrombotic
effect of Terminalia bellerica fruits along with Streptokinase
as a positive control.

30. Pokhara University
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2 July 201830
 Antipyretic Activity: The antipyretic activity of ethanolic and
aqueous extracts of Terminalia bellirica fruits (200 mg/kg,
p.o.) was studied in brewer's yeast-induced fever models in
mice and rats. Both extracts showed a significant inhibition
of elevated body temperature when compared to
corresponding control.
 Antimutagenic Activity: Water, acetone, and chloroform
extracts of Terminalia bellerica were examined for their
antimutagenic potency using the Ames
Salmonella/microsome assay. Acetone extract exhibited
variable inhibitory activity of 65.6%, and 69.7% with 4-
Onitrophenylenediamine (NPD) and sodium azide,
respectively (as direct-acting mutagens), and 81.4% with 2-
aminofluorene (2AF) (an S9-dependent mutagen), in the
preincubation mode of experimentation.

31. Pokhara University
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Pharmacopieal standard
2 July 201831
 Foreign matter: not more than 2%
 Total ash: not more than 7%
 Acid insoluble ash: not more than 1%
 Alcohol insoluble ash : not more than 8%
 Water soluble extractive: not more than 35%

32. Pokhara University
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Formulations
2 July 201832
 Indian Ayurvedic formulation Triphala used for
treatment of digestive and respiratory disease.
 Bibhitaki powder which is used for hair, throat and
eyes related problems

33. Pokhara University
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 Adverse reaction: no information noted
 Contraindication: Hypersensitivity or allergy to the
plant material and in pregnancy.

34. Pokhara University
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References
2 July 201834
1. Terminalia bellirica
URL-1: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_bellirica
(accessed on 12th June 2018)
URL-2: http://www.pitchandikulam-
herbarium.org/contents/description-habit.php?id=50
(accessed on 12th june 2018)
2. Deb A, Barua S, Dr Das B(2016) Pharmacological
activities of Terminalia berellica: A review. Journal of
pharmacognosy and phytochemistry pp(194-197)

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