B.PHARMACY SEM IV

1. SOURCES OF DRUGS
Seema Y. Mendhekar
M.Pharm (Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry)

2. SOURCESO
F DRUGS
PLANTS
Leaves /Barks /Roots/Flowers
/Fruits/ Seeds/ Other part
PLANT TISSUE
CULTURE
Callus culture/Suspension
culture/Immobilized cell culture
MARINE
Spirulina, agar, cod liver
oil, spermaceti, Ara-A,
Laminaria
ANIMAL
Non chordates/
Chordates/
Glands/Organs &
tissues/Other parts

3. SOURCES OF DRUGS
 Human evolved on earth with other species.
 During the development of colonization different
tradition are developed and human started to utilize
as medicinal plants, animals & minerals as source
of drugs from local flora.
 Crude drugs are drugs from natural origin which are
directly used and not been processed except
drying.
 In general they classify as
Organized and Unorganized crude drugs.

4. SOURCES OF CRUDE DRUG
1)PLANT
 Oldest natural source
 Drugs obtained from all parts of plant
 Most of drug used from ancient time
 More than 300 families with 10500 genera & 2 lakhs to 2.5lakhs plant species
known to humans.
 More than 1000 species are of potential medicinal values most of them
commercially cultivated on large scale.
LEAVES
 Green appendages spout out from stem
 Best time for its collection is during the flowering of time of the Plant, in
morning time and dry weather.
BARKS
 Outgrowth of cambium & produces surrounding the wood & provide
protection.
 Deposits several important astringent & other phytochemical to protect them
from herbivorous animals.
 Collected by alternate strips with sufficient distance on the live plant, peeling,
coppicing.
 Collected in spring or early summer when cambium is active.

5. ROOTS
 Extension of stem or tree trunk below the ground which help to
hold plant.
 Collected by uprooting or digging method
 Collected in spring, before vegetative process stops.
FLOWERS
 Reproductive structure found in flowering plant
 Biological function of flowers is to affect reproduction through
pollination
 Produces bright colour pigments, essence & nectar to attract
insect for pollination.
 These pigment chemically diverse with therapeutic potential.
 Collected during its blooming season, petals just expand in
middle of the day & in dry weather before pollination.
 Some flower collected in flower bud stage.

6. FRUITS & SEEDS
 Fruit is seed bearing structure in flowering plant formed
from the ovary (Ovary wall) after flowering.
 Seeds are developed ovules after the pollination, it is part
of reproductive process
 Seed are capable to develop as new plant.
 Collected in fully grown & ripe or nearly ripe condition.
 Seed should be separated from the fruit part.
OTHER PART
 In some shrubs & plants, whole plant parts can be source
of drug in such cases all parts of plant were collected
during flowering or fruiting stage of plants.
 Some medicinal plant secret medicinally imp chemical
when they undergone infection or injury & ooze out the
exudates such exudates collected in summer or sunny day
in the day time with few exception.

7. ORGANISED CRUDE DRUGS UNORGANISED CRUDE DRUGS
Organs of plant or animal, made up of
cells or definite structure
Flowers, seeds, fruits, insects etc..
Derived from parts of plant or animal by
some process of extraction & followed by
purification
e.g. Juices, extracts, resins, gums etc..
Solid in nature Solid, semisolid or liquids in nature e.g. oil &
balsams
Botanical & zoological terminology can
be used to describe these drugs
Terminology is inadequate to describe them
but physical characters such as the
solubility in various solvents, density,
optical rotation, refractive index.
Microscopic characters important criteria
for identification of organized drugs.
Chemical tests & physical standards are
confirmatory tests for identification
Ex. Leaves, barks, fruits, seeds, flowers. Ex. Gums, resins, oils.

8. SOURCES OF CRUDE DRUG
 1) Plant origin
Part Example
Leaf Digitalis purpurea
Plantaginaceae
Bark Cinnamomum zeylanicum
Lauraceae
fruits Emblica officinalis Gaerth
Euphobiaceae
Root Rauwolfia serpentina Benth
Apocynaceae
wood Santalum album Linn.
Santalaceae.
Rhizome Curcuma longa Zingiberaceae
Seed Strychnos nux vomica
Loganiaceae;
Flower Eugenia caryophyllus
Myrtaceae
Entire
plant
Catharanthus roseus.
Apocynaceae

10. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS IN PLANT:
Chemical class Drugs
 Alkaloid Cinchona, rauwolfia, datura
 Volatile oil Clove, fennel oil, coriander
 Glycoside Senna, digitalis, licorice
 Resin Jalap, ginger, tolu balsam
 Carbohydrate Acacia, honey, starch, isapgol
 Tannin Arjuna, ashoka
 Lipid Castor oil, peanut oil, mustard
 Protein Casein, gelatin
 Enzyme Papain, trypsin

11. 2) ANIMAL SOURCE
 Drug obtained from animal
 Animal parts & insects utilized from ancient time.
 Sushruta (1500 BC) utilized animal cords during his surgery practice.
 Drug- Heparin, Insulin , Thyroxin, Vit B12, Cod liver oil (fermented livers), Anti toxic
sera (Vaccines)
 Animal- Leech, Pork pancreas, Thyroid, liver extract (Healthy tissue)
Glands (Pituitary gland), secretion of healthy glands(insulin), venoms from snake &
insect(Anti venom)
Categorized Two groups
1. Non chordates (Animal without endoskeleton or backbone or notochord)e.g.
Amoeba, worms, insects
2. Chordates (Animal with endoskeleton or backbone or vertebral column)e.g. Fish,
frog, birds, ox etc.. Example Chemical Uses as
Pancreas of cow
Pancreas of pork
Insulin Antidiabetic
Hormone
Stomach of cow Pepsin Digestive
Hormone
Thyroid gland of
animal
Thyroid Hormone

12. Glands
Ox pancreas gland insulin diabetes
Sheep thyroid gland thyroxin Hypertension
Anterior pituitary gland Pituitary
gonadotropins
Treatment of infertility
Organs & tissues
Cod liver oil Omega 3fatty acid, vit A, D
Ox stomach Inner lining tissue
contain enzymes
pepsin, trypsin
Digestive juices used in treatment of
peptic diseases
Other parts
Urine of pregnant women Human chorionic
gonadotropin
(hCG)
Treatment of infertility.
Blood of animals Blood Preparation of vaccines

13. 3) Marine Drugs
 The plants & creatures which constitute the drugs & live in sea are
described as marine drugs.
 Oceans cover more than 70% of the earths surface, contain over 5
Million species in about 30phyla & more than 200000 invertebrates &
algal species.
 Marine flora & fauna grows different habitat than terrestrial flora that
result in diversity in marine plant & animal.
 This result in wide difference in chemicals produced by such
organisms including terpenes, shikimates, polyketides, acetogenins,
peptides, alkaloids.
 Thus marine natural products untapped resource for new drug
development.
 Lower animal(Algea) contain imp chemical, some seaweed as
additional vitamins(in treatment of anaemia during pregnancy)
 Last 30-40 years novel compound isolated from marine organisms
having biological activities such as antibacterial, antiviral, antitumour,
antiparasitic, anticoagulants, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory &
cardiovascular active compounds.
 E.g. Spirulina, agar, cod liver oil, spermaceti, Ara-A, Laminaria.

14. PLANT TISSUE CULTURE
 Plant tissue culture refers to growing and
multiplication of cells, tissues and organs on
defined solid or liquid media under aseptic and
controlled environment.
 Plant cell and tissue cultures hold great promise for
controlled production of myriad of useful secondary
metabolites on demand.
 e.g. antihypertensive ajmalicine from callus culture
of Catharanthus roseus, anti-inflammatory
berberine from suspension culture of Thalictrum
minus, anti-parkinson L-DOPA from callus culture of
Stizolobium hassjo, immunomodulatory
ginsenoside from callus culture of ginseng etc.

15.  In vitro culture technique, in which the plant cells or tissue or
organs are cultured aseptically on nutrient media, developed
as plant or plant tissue.
 Totally independent of climatic & geographic factor & offer a
potential alternative for the production of therapeutically
important secondary metabolites (phytochemicals)
 Applicable where germination rate of plant is less, germination
time is more or bioactive secondary metabolite is produced in
very less amount & chemical synthesis not achieved
successfully.
Four Types
1. Callus culture
2. Suspension culture
3. Immobilized cell culture
4. Differentiated culture

16. 1) Callus culture:
 It involves growing a disorganized aggregate of cells from
plant explants by culturing on semisolid support which
contain nutrients & combination of hormone required to
promote growth of the cells.
 It is used to produce biomass later to be used subculture &
production of secondary metabolite.
2) Suspension culture:
 When callus is suspended in liquid growth medium &
growing cell are dispersed in liquid cell culture.
 In suspension culture, the biomass production is rapid than
that of whole plant, in addition nutritional & environmental
requirements can be easily controlled allowing the
production of pharmaceutical through out the year if
necessary, nutrient uptake is enhanced by submerged
culture conditions which stimulate the multiplication rate &
higher yield of bioactive compounds.

17. CALLUS CULTURE

18. SUSPENSION CULTURE

19. 3) Immobilized cell culture:
 It is similar to suspension culture
 The free cells are entrapped in alginate, agarose or other
similar matrices or are allowed to grow into a porous
support such as reticulated polyurethane foam.
 This trapping of cell maintain the growth phase of plant cell
for long time, preferably used for production of bioactive
secondary metabolite.
4) Differentiated cultures :
 Shoot cultures, root culture, transformed culture.
 The structural integrity of organ culture is maintained by
manipulating the external hormonal balance.
 Such organ culture produce yield of secondary metabolites
comparable to intact plants.

20. Imp Points
 Genetic information would be powerful tool for enhancing
the productivity of novel secondary metabolites of limited
use.
 Agrobacterium rhizogenes induced hairy root culture is
another alternative to produce genetically modified high
yielding hairy root culture

21. OTHER SOURCES
MICRO ORGANISM
 Bacteria, fungi, moulds, is imp source of many life
saving drugs.
 These obtained from microbs and used to kill
microorganism.
Drug Microorganism
Penicillin Penicilium notatum
Chloramphenicol Streptomyces venezuelace
Griseofluvin Penicillin grisofullivum
Streptomycin Streptomyces griseus
Neomycin Streptomyces fradiae

22. MINERAL SOURES
 Use in pharmacotherapy
Mineral Use
Ferrous sulfate Anaemia
Magnesium sulfate Purgetive
Sodium bicarbonate Antacid
Aluminum hydroxide Antacid
Example Class Uses
Magnesium Milk of magnesia Antacid, laxative
Zinc Zinc oxide oint. Sunscreen, skin
protectant
Gold Anti-inflammatory

23. Marine
Several molecules isolated from various marine organisms (microorganisms, algae,
fungi, invertebrates, and vertebrates) are currently under study. For instance, about
300 patents on bioactive marine natural product have been issued between 1969 and
1999. So far, more than 10,000 compounds have been isolated from marine
organisms. Only 10% of over 25,000 plants have been investigated for biological
activity. e.g. Agar -agar is a gelatinous substance derived by boiling a polysaccharide
in red algae, Carrageenans or carrageenins are a family of linear sulfated
polysaccharides that are extracted from red seaweeds,
Plant
tissue
culture
Plant tissue culture refers to growing and multiplication of cells, tissues and organs
on defined solid or liquid media under aseptic and controlled environment. Plant cell
and tissue cultures hold great promise for controlled production of myriad of useful
secondary metabolites on demand. e.g. antihypertensive ajmalicine from callus
culture of Catharanthus roseus, anti-inflammatory berberine from suspension culture
of Thalictrum minus, anti-parkinson L-DOPA from callus culture of Stizolobium
hassjo, immunomodulatory ginsenoside from callus culture of ginseng etc.