2. Growth: Meaning and Definition
The term “growth” denotes the process of physical maturation
resulting an increase in the size of the body and various
organs. It occurs by multiplication of cells and an increase in
intracellular substance. It is quantitative changes of the body.
It can be measured in kg, pounds,meters, inches etc.
The Encyclopedia of Britannica defines ‘growth’ as an
increase in the size or the amount of an entity. The word
growth is used for all those structural and physiological
changes thattakes place within individual during the process
of maturation.
Growth is change in size, in proportion, disappearance of old
features and acquisition of new ones (Hurlock, 1959)
Growth refers to structural and physiological changes. (Crow
& Crow 1962)
3. Development: Meaning and Definition
The term “development” specifies maturation of functions.
It is related to the maturation and development of the
nervous system and indicates acquisition of a variety of
skills for optimal functioning of the individual. It is a
qualitative change in the child’s functioning. It can be
measured through observation.
Development means a progressive series of changes that
occur in an orderly predictable pattern as a result of
maturation and experience. (Hurlock, 1959).
Development is concerned with growth as well as those
changes in behavior which results from environmental
situations (Anderson, J.E. 1950).
13. Freud‘s Psycho-analytic Theory
Psychoanalysis is defined as a set of
psychological theories and therapeutic
methods which have their origin in the work
and theories of Sigmund Freud.
The primary assumption of psychoanalysis
is the belief that all people possess
unconscious thoughts, feelings, desires, and
memories.
17. Kohlberg‘s theory of Moral development
The framework of Kohlberg’s theory
consists of six stages arranged sequentially
in successive tiers of complexity. He
organized his six stages into three general
levels of moral development.
Kohlberg identified three levels of moral
reasoning: pre-conventional, conventional,
and post-conventional. Each level is
associated with increasingly complex stages
of moral development.
22. INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCE
Dissimilarity is principle of nature. No two persons
are alike. All the individuals differ from each other
in many a respects. Children born of the same
parents and even the-twins are not alike. This
differential psychology is linked with the study of
individual differences.
Every person has the emotions of love, anger, fear
and feelings of pleasure and pain. Every man has
the need of independence, success and need for
acceptance.
23. According to educational psychology Individual
difference are stand for difference in their totally
distinguish one individual from others. So we can
say individual difference is the difference among
human that distinguish or separate them from one
another and make one as a single unique individual
Skinner, C.E.:
“Today we think of individual differences as
including any measurable aspect of the total
personality.”
Drever James:
“Variations or deviations from the average of the
group, with respect to the mental or physical
characters, occurring in the individual member of the
group are individual differences.”
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES -DEFINITIONS
24. The main causes of individual differences are as under:
Heredity:
One of the most significant and chief causes of
individual differences is heredity. Individuals inherit
various physical traits like face with its features, color of
eyes and hair, type of skin, shape of skull and size of hands,
color blindness, baldness, stub-finger and tendency to
certain diseases like cancer and tuberculosis, mental traits
like intelligence, abstract thinking, aptitudes and prejudices.
Now it is an admitted fact that heredity differences result in
the quantity and rate of physical as well as mental
development being different and different individuals.
CAUSES OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
25. Environment:
Environment significantly influences
individual differences. Changes in child’s
environment are reflected in the changes in
his personality. Psychologically speaking, a
person’s environment consists of sum total
of stimulation which he receives from
conception until his death.
26. Nature of Individual Differences
1.Normality and variability
Adaptive behavior of a person varies
anatomically, physiologically and psychologically.
2. Rate of growth and learning
The difference can be observed in mental
abilities, physical, affective and moral aspects of
growth.
3.Interrelation of traits
The development of personality is the over-all
product of continuing interaction of biological,
social, and environmental factors.
27. Measurement of Intelligence
While there are a number of different methods for measuring
intelligence, the standard and most widely accepted methods
measuring a person's 'intelligence quotient' or IQ. Based on a
series of tests which assess various types of abilities such a
mathematical, spatial, verbal, logic and memory.
How can we measure the intelligence
The intelligence quotient (IQ)
is measure of intelligence that is adjusted for age. The
Wechsler Adult lntelligence Scale (WAIS) is the most widely
used IQ test for adults. Brain volume, speed of neural
transmission, and working memory capacity are related to IQ.
MEASUREMENT - INTELLIGENCE
28. 4 INTEREST
Differences in interests:
Factors such as sex, family background
level of development, differences of race and
nationality etc., cause differences in interests.
4 ATTITUDES
Differences in attitudes:
Individuals differ in their attitudes
towards different people, objects, institutions
and authority.
TYPES OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
29. It is important for teachers to know
variables such as physical characteristics,
intelligence, perception, gender, ability,
learning styles, which are individual
differences of the learners.
An effective and productive learning-
teaching process can be planned by
considering these individual differences of
the students
INSTRUCTIONAL PROCESS
30. Physical differences
Shortness or tallness of stature, darkness or
fairness of complexion, fatness, thinness, or
weakness are various physical individual
differences.
Mental Differences
There are differences in intelligence level
among different individuals. We can classify the
individuals from super-normal (above 120 I.Q.) to
idiots (from 0 to 50 I.Q.) on the basis of their
intelligence level.
PHYSICAL – MENTAL,EMOTIONAL AND
BEHAVIORAL
31. Behavioral Difference
Individual behavior can be defined as how
an individual behaves at work. A
person's behavior is influenced by the
following factors − Attitude. Perception.
Personality.
Emotional differences
Individuals differ in their emotional reactions to a
particular situation. Some are irritable and aggressive
and they get angry very soon. There are others who
are of peaceful nature and do not get angry easily. At
a particular thing an individual may be so much
enraged that he may be prepared for the worst crime
like murder, while another person may only laugh at
it.
