Regarding nutritional management of animal during various kind of disaster

1. Nutritional Management of
Animals During Disaster
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BY – Dr. SARANG SHANKAR VAJPEYEE

2. 2
Introduction

3.  Rapid onset:
earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes, floods
 Slow onset:
unusually harsh winters, drought
 Complex emergency:
conflict / war
(Campbell & Knowles, 2011)
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Types

4. Important to prevent and relieve injury, pain, hunger,
etc.
Livestock, working animals, companion animals
Animals in shelters
Animals in zoos and laboratories
In-patients at veterinary clinics
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Categories of animals

5. Lack of human and financial resources for response and
planning
 Insufficient knowledge and skills
 Unassigned responsibility
 Lack of risk reduction projects
 Authorities - perceive animals as unimportant
 Authorities may be overwhelmed with humanitarian
problems
 Humanitarian NGOs lack the skills and facilities to care
for animals
 Owners are not allowed to take their animals
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Why animals are not included in
disaster plans

6. Floods
• Loss of standing crops - submerging in flood
water.
• Washing away of dry roughage stored in open
space by aggressive currents of flood water.
• Damage of stored dry roughage / feed grains,
followed by fungal growth.
• Production of harmful/toxic
metabolites.
• Pollution of water with dung,
urine & debris

7. Drought
• No or limited growth of plants
Farmer has to make decisions
• Calculated guess on the length of the drought
• Availability of feed resources
• Economics
• Knowledge of nutrition

8. Feeding technologies to be used
during and after Disaster
1. Complete feed blocks
2. Urea molasses mineral block licks
3. Urea treatment of straws
4. Use of dry and fallen tree leaves
5. Use of unconventional feeds

9. Complete feed block (CFB)
• Forage + concentrate + supplementary nutrients
• The blocks were made of proportionate mixture of
wheat bran, rice, bran mustard, groundnut cakes,
one percent urea, molasses, minerals and salt.
• Contains about 13% CP and 50 to 55% TDN
• The nutritive value is 33% higher than common feed.
• Different types of feed blocks
(for maintenance, growth and lactation)

10. Complete Feed Block Making Machine
• Capacity of the machine is 120-160kg/hour
• CIRG
• 12cm x 12cm x 8cm
• 850gm
• Rs.34/- per quintal
• Starts from 3.5 lakhs

11. Advantages of Complete Feed Blocks
• Balanced and adequate intake of concentrate and roughage
• One third space as compared to mash form.
• Reduced loss of valuable DM, as left over feed/ wastages.
• The palatability, voluntary intake and nutrient utilization of
low-grade roughage are increased.
• Transportation is easier and trouble free.
• Unpalatable feed ingredients which are otherwise safe, but
not consumed by the animals can be incorporated.
• Increased use of un-conventional feedstuffs
• agro-industrial by- products
• reduced labour cost,
• maintenance of uniform roughage concentrate ratio

12. Urea molasses mineral block licks
• (UMMB) is a strategic feed supplement for ruminant animals.
• Molasses + urea + other ingredients
• Crop residues are deficient in fermentable nitrogen, energy and
minerals.
• As ruminants can synthesize protein from non-protein nitrogen,
UMMB supplementation delivers urea and energy in small doses on
continuous basis.
• Readily degradable protein and readily fermentable energy to
ruminant animals
The Criteria for the composition of the block:
 local availability,
 nutritive value,
 price,
 existing facilities

14. Urea treatment of straws
 Often low in nutritive value but rich in anti-nutritive factors.
 Many of the crop by-products (such as straws and stovers) are
also extremely fibrous and more suitable for feeding to large
ruminants
 The rumen micro-organisms grow very slowly because of the
low availability of either energy or protein.
 Straw digestibility is increased a little if the rumen micro-
organisms are provided with some readily available energy and
protein.
 The increased microbial population is then able to digest the
straw to a slightly greater extent.
 This is the rationale behind either treating both urea and
molasses.
 The straw may then either be fed straight away, or ensiled to
enable the urea to degrade the fibre to some

15. 40 g urea/kg straw with the urea usually being added as a solution in
water (40 g urea/l water) which is then sprinkled on the straw

16. Use of dry and fallen tree leaves
 Besides common fodder, shrubs and herbs like
pipal, neem, mango, kathal, etc.
 The availability of digestible protein for most of
the green tree leaves is limited to 1-2% and
energy equivalent to 10-15% of TDN.
 They are potential sources of carotene (Vit-A)

17. Use of unconventional feeds
 Crop residue:
Paddy straw constitutes the basal
roughage of cattle and buffaloes
It is usually stored on wooden or bamboo
platform raised over the ground.
minimize spoilage in the heavy rainfall
areas.

18. Sugarcane crop residue
 Sugarcane trash used as fuel for the
preparation of jaggery
 Can be use to supply roughage
requirement after chaffing and
enriching with more palatable and
nutritious feeds.
 Sugarcane bagasse

19.  India one of the leading sugarcane producers in the world
 India produces nearly 40 million metric tonne (MMT)
 For 10 kg sugarcane 3 kg wet bagasse production
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Sugarcane bagasse
Main analysis Unit Avg.
Dry matter % as fed 46.0
Crude protein % DM 1.8
Crude fibre % DM 45.9
NDF % DM 86.9
ADF % DM 58.4
Lignin % DM 12.5
Ether extract % DM 0.6
Ash % DM 5.9
Gross energy MJ/kg DM 18.4
DM digestibility % 49.7

20. 20
Quality Fodder during disaster

21. Aquatic plants
• Palatability is low (Alkaloids & polyphenol)
• Besides supplying protein and energy they
are rich sources of carotenes.
• water hyacinth, aquatic spinach, stalks and
leaves of lotus plant (Neumbiull sp.), water
chestnut (Trapa natans), hydrilla, pistia,
aquatic weeds.
• They are available readily at most of the
places during floods

22. Neumbiull sp. Water chestnut
Hydrilla Pisitia

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Common Aquatic plants of India

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Nutritional Role

25. Post Disaster feeding
Concentrate feeds should be avoided as a sole source
of nutrition in emergency situations.
Concentrates to Avoid
 Corn
 Brewer’s grains
 Rice bran
Acceptable Concentrates
• Soybean hull pellets
• Cottonseed hull pellets
• Whole cottonseed
• Rice mill feed
• Wheat middlings
• Corn gluten feed
• Beet pulp
• Barley
• Oats
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Feeding Practices to Avoid
• Abrupt changes to the diet
• Penning cattle where only
toxic plants are available,
• Feeding hay or grain
contaminated with chemicals
or pesticides

26.  Restriction of grazing in water logged areas
 Feeds to be protected form fungal contamination
 Provide clean drinking water to animals
 40-50g of salt per adult animal and 10-20g for small
ruminants and calves to be provided daily through feed.
 Attempts need to be made to provide ready to eat feed
blocks (pregnant and lactating animals).
 Requirement of energy may be met by providing crude
molasses.
 Top feeds / tree leaves available in the area be provided to
meet the DM requirement.
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Post flood feeding management

27.  Test first to know levels of mycotoxins.
 Reserve moldy feeds for adult, non-pregnant, non-
lactating animals.
 Dilute moldy feeds with safe feeds.
 Watch closely for signs of illness.
 Add mycotoxin-absorbing products.
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If Moldy Feeds Are the Only Option

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Disaster Management

29.  Establish feed and fodder banks
 Crop insurance schemes
 Silage and Hay
 Drought / Flood resistant crops
 Fodder Densification
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Planning

30.  Pilot Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme (WBCIS)
 National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (NAIS)
 Seed Village Programme
 National Food Security Mission (NFSM)
 Gramin Bhandaran Yojana : A Capital Investment Subsidy
Scheme for Construction/Renovation of Rural Godowns
 Initiative for Nutritional Security Through Intensive Millets
Promotion (INSIMP)
 Rainfed area development programme
 Plant Protection Scheme
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Drought Management

32. 32
Silage Making

33. Storage Facilities
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Take home message!!!

35. Research scholar
(ANN)
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THANK YOU