1 1 Criminal Justice System Shambri Chillis June 11, 2022 Criminal justice system The criminal justice system is essential to identify and prevent crimes in the community. Various functions of the criminale system now adhere to the development of technology. Modern technology helps the criminal justice system in different ways. It has made the job easier and has assisted in the prevention of crimes. Role of criminal justice practitioners in the technology development The Ccriminal justice practitioners are responsible for identifying and analyzing different crimes in the community. They are responsible for developing and implementing the technology in the criminal justice system because they can use it for different purposes. They can introduce the new trends in the criminal justice system like the officers can collect and gather the data through the technology. Human error can be reduced through it. The dataset can be maintained, and it is also essential for criminal justice practitioners to develop the technology to locate the criminals and track their local places through GPS. The technology cannot be developed untill the criminal officers implement it in the routine. The criminal system now has to use robots and cameras that help them get information about the criminals. The practitioners can also implement the technology by guiding the juniors to use it. The training is needed to make them understand the use of advanced technologies and to ensure that they use them in the right direction. The high-performance computer and internet systems are also essential for developing the technology, and it has been seen that the future will be bright regarding implementing technology (John S. Hollywood, 2018). Controversial issues criminal justice policymakers face when considering an expansion in the use of DNA in criminal justice Tthere are various controversial issues that criminal justice policymakers must consider while using DNA in the criminal justice system. The first thing that is criticized during the use of DNA is the fundamental human error, and iIt has been observed that there can be errors in the investigation, and people have to suffer. The issue in technology is also referred to as the error in using DNA because it might be possible that the results do not come correct at the first attempt. It involves several people who are not linked to the crimes but have to go for the fingerprinting tests by courts. However, DNA technology in criminal justice is highly advanced and has multiple benefits compared to disadvantages, but it has always faced significant controversy in the criminal justice system. The criminal justice system has to make sure that if DNA technology is being used, it must be error-free. The controversy has two opinions. There are two schools of thought regarding the use of DNA. One of the classes of experts thinks that DNA can be used to catch the different criminals. It is helpful in the family c ...

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Criminal Justice System
Shambri Chillis
June 11, 2022
Criminal justice system
The criminal justice system is essential to identify and prevent
crimes in the community. Various functions of the criminale
system now adhere to the development of technology. Modern
technology helps the criminal justice system in different ways.
It has made the job easier and has assisted in the prevention of
crimes.
Role of criminal justice practitioners in the technology
development
The Ccriminal justice practitioners are responsible for
identifying and analyzing different crimes in the community.
They are responsible for developing and implementing the
technology in the criminal justice system because they can use

2. it for different purposes. They can introduce the new trends in
the criminal justice system like the officers can collect and
gather the data through the technology. Human error can be
reduced through it. The dataset can be maintained, and it is also
essential for criminal justice practitioners to develop the
technology to locate the criminals and track their local places
through GPS. The technology cannot be developed untill the
criminal officers implement it in the routine. The criminal
system now has to use robots and cameras that help them get
information about the criminals. The practitioners can also
implement the technology by guiding the juniors to use it. The
training is needed to make them understand the use of advanced
technologies and to ensure that they use them in the right
direction. The high-performance computer and internet systems
are also essential for developing the technolo gy, and it has been
seen that the future will be bright regarding implementing
technology (John S. Hollywood, 2018).
Controversial issues criminal justice policymakers face when
considering an expansion in the use of DNA in criminal justice
Tthere are various controversial issues that criminal justice
policymakers must consider while using DNA in the criminal
justice system. The first thing that is criticized during the use of
DNA is the fundamental human error, and iIt has been observed
that there can be errors in the investigation, and people have to
suffer. The issue in technology is also referred to as the error in
using DNA because it might be possible that the results do not
come correct at the first attempt. It involves several people who
are not linked to the crimes but have to go for the fingerprinting
tests by courts. However, DNA technology in criminal justice is
highly advanced and has multiple benefits compared to
disadvantages, but it has always faced significant controversy in
the criminal justice system. The criminal justice system has to
make sure that if DNA technology is being used, it must be
error-free. The controversy has two opinions. There are two
schools of thought regarding the use of DNA. One of the classes

3. of experts thinks that DNA can be used to catch the different
criminals. It is helpful in the family courts to know the correct
DNA match and allows the people to get the correct family line.
It also helps to get the medical reports of criminals that are
important to know the nature of the crime. On the other hand,
the second school of thought states that DNA technology is
against human rights and privacy concerns. The privacy of a
person is deteriorated in the court before everyone. If the person
comes with no guilt, it will be a question mark on the court of
criminal justice, and the investigation is faulty. Both are
essential parts of the controversy, and the criminal justice
system must justify its use (DepartmentofJusticeArchives,
2021). Comment by Robert Resnick: How? The court needs
to issue a warrant to collect a DNA sample and that requires
sufficient probable cause
Conclusion
it is concluded that the criminal justice system has
different efficient features, and there should be proper
implementation to identify the crimes and analyze the situation.
It is essential to develop the technology and implement it
sophisticatedly. Comment by Robert Resnick: Not how you
begin this paragraph
Overall good job. Tough to follow in places. B+/88References
DepartmentofJusticeArchives. (2021). Advancing Justice
Through DNA Technology: Using DNA To Solve Crimes.
Retrieved from https://www.justice.gov/archives/ag/advancing-
justice-through-dna-technology-using-dna-solve-crimes
John S. Hollywood, D. W. (2018). Emerging Technology Trends
and Their Impact on Criminal Justice. Retrieved from
https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB9996.html
NR552A- ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY

4. Claudia Almeida -
In the U.S., States vary in the regulations related to Advanced
Practice Prescribing. Post the regulations in your home state
discussing the following:
Who is the regulatory agency?
The State of California Board of Nursing which operates under
the State of California Department of Consumer Affairs.
What is the scope of practice related to prescribing?
Under Governor Gavin Newsome, California at last joined other
states in attaining Full Practice Authority (FPA). The bill AB-
890 was approved September 29th and goes into effect January
2023 (just in time for my graduation!)
What schedules of controlled dangerous substances can be
written by the Advanced Practice Nurse?
ACPs in California may prescribe Schdules III-V and can obtain
Schedule II by taking a continuing education course for
Controlled Substances (CS) II approved by the Board of
Registered Nursing.
1. What are thee] Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
categories of scheduled drugs
There are five categories of drug’s based on their acceptable
medical use, abuse or potential for addiction. The rate of abuse
is a qualifier in the scheduling of the drug; Schedule I drugs can
create severe psychological and/or physical dependence. The
other schedules also have abuse potential but as the numbers
increase the potential decreases, with Schedule V presenting the
least potential for abuse.
Schedule I drugs are can lead to cause for criminal prosecution
as there are no currently accepted medical use with high abuse
potential. Examples are heroin, lysergic acid (LSD),
methamphetamine/ecstasy. One drug I also saw listed on the
DEA website as Schedule I is marijuana/cannabis, which I find
surprising as it is legal and sold in specialty dispensaries. The
use is not just medicinal but also sold as recreational, so I find
this to be very interesting. I am wondering whether because the
reference came from the DEA and marijuana is illegal in other

5. states if it is considered a Schedule I in California – will report
back!!!
Examples of Schedule II are combination drugs such as those
with less than 15 mg of hydrocodone per dosage unit (Vicodin),
cocaine, methadone, hydromorphone, oxycodone, fentanyl and
adderall and ritalin.
Schedule III are moderate to low risk and include drugs with
less than 90 mg of codeine per dosage unit such as Tylenol with
Codeine, ketamine, testoterone and anabolic steroids.
Schedule IV I disagree that have low potential for abuse or
dependence, and thought they would be at least under Schedule
III: benzodiazepines such as Xanax, Valium, Ativan and sleep
aids such as Ambien, or pain relievers such as Tramadol
Finally, Schedule V drugs are generally used for diarrhea,
cough, or mild analgesia like Imodium, Robitussin, Lyrica.
References:
DEA. 10 July, 2018. Drug Scheduling. Retrieved
from https://www.dea.gov/drug-information/drug-scheduling on
6 June, 2022
https://www.rn.ca.gov/pdfs/regulations/npr-b-23.pdf
Elaine Gebhardt -
In the U.S., States vary in the regulations related to Advanced
Practice Prescribing. Post the regulations in your home state
discussing the following:
· Who is the regulatory agency?
1. I currently reside in Kansas and the nursing board regulates
nurse practitioner's.
· What is the scope of practice related to prescribing?
1. In 2022 nurse practitioner's were granted full practice
authority. Nurse practitioner's have full capabilities as a
medical doctor to prescribe medications and procedures.
· What schedules of controlled dangerous substances can be
written by the Advanced Practice Nurse?
1. The same as what a medical doctor can prescribe without

6. restrictions.
· Is there any additional education needed to prescribe?
1. In Kansas nurse practitioners have to be nationally certified
by an organization recognized by the nursing board.
Advanced practice registered nurses; senate sub. for hb 2279.
(2022). Kansas State Legislature. Retrieved June 6, 2022,
from https://www.kslegislature.org/li/b2021_22/measures/docu
ments/summary_hb_2279_2022
Please describe the term pharmacokinetic process (in your
terms)
According to Whalen, (2018) "Pharmacokinetics refers to what
the body does to a drug." (p. 1)
Woo and Robinson (2019) states, "Pharmacokinetics is the
branch of pharmacology dealing with the absorption,
distribution through the body metabolism, and excretion of
drugs." (p. 24)
The pharmacokinetic process how the medication works in the
body. How the body metabolizes the medication. How much is
metabolized. How and when it is eliminated from the body.
Where the medication is most concentrated. Which organs are
the most impacted.
Overall, this term means what the medication and the body do
together. The most important consideration when creating a
medication is if the pharmacokinetic process is the same in
every body that is metabolizing it, if each body is not doing it
properly than it may not have the same or best outcomes for the
patient.
Whalen, K. (2018). Lippincott illustrated reviews:
Pharmacology (7th ed.).
Woo, T. M., & Robinson, M. V. (2019). Pharmacotherapeutics
for advanced practice nurse prescribers (5th ed.).
Danielle Fortin -
Advanced practice registered nurse (APRN) means a licensed
registered nurse authorized to practice in the State of Vermont

7. who, because of specialized education and experience, is
licensed and authorized to perform acts of medical diagnosis
and to prescribe medical, therapeutic, or corrective measures
under administrative rules adopted by the Board (Vermont
General Assembly, 2022).
Within the state of Vermont, the regulatory agency is the
Vermont State Board of Nursing (American Association of
Nurse Practitioners, 2022). Vermont is a full authority state
when it comes to the scope of practice. This means that, the
state practice and licensure laws permit all NPs to evaluate
patients; diagnose, order and interpret diagnostic tests; and
initiate and manage treatments, including prescribing
medications and controlled substances, under the exclusive
licensure authority of the state board of nursing (American
Association of Nurse Practitioners, 2022). In the state of
Vermont, APNP have authority to prescribe schedule II-V
controlled substances (American Medical Association, 2017).
Schedule II controlled substances consists of medications that
have a high potential for abuse. Where level V substances have
a low potential for abuse relative to substances listed in
Schedule IV and consist primarily of medications containing
limited quantities of certain narcotics (U.S. Department of
Justice Diversion Control Division, 2022).
The only educational requirements for prescriptive authority in
Vermont is the completion of coursework including advanced
pathophysiology, advanced assessment, and
pharmacotheraputics for NP licensure (American Medical
Association, 2017).
What are three Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
category's of scheduled drugs?
Schedule I: drugs, substances or chemicals are defined as drugs
with no current acceptable medical use and a high potential for
abuse. Examples are: heroin, LSD, marijuana, ecstasy,
methaqualone and peyote (DEA, n.d).
Schedule II: drugs, substances or chemicals are defined as drugs
with a high potential for abuse, with use potentially leading to

8. severe psychological or physical dependence. These drugs are
also considered dangerous. Examples include: Vicodin, cocaine,
methamphetamine, methadone, hydromorphone (Dilaudid),
meperidine (Demerol), oxycodone (OxyContin), fentanyl,
Dexedrine, Adderall, and Ritalin (DEA, n.d).
Schedule III: drugs, substances or chemicals defined as drugs
with a moderate too low potential for physical and
psychological dependence. Examples are: Tylenol with codeine,
ketamine, anabolic steroids and testosterone (DEA, n.d).
American Association of Nurse Practitioners. (2022).
Vermont. https://www.aanp.org/advocacy/vermont
American Medical Association. (2017). State law chart: Nurse
Practitioner Prescriptive Authority. https://www.ama-
assn.org/sites/ama-assn.org/files/corp/media-
browser/specialty%20group/arc/ama-chart-np-prescriptive-
authority.pdf
DEA. (n.d.). Drug scheduling. https://www.dea.gov/drug-
information/drug-scheduling
U.S. Department of Justice Diversion Control Division. (2022).
Controlled Substances
Schedules. https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/schedules/
Vermont General Assembly. (2022). Vermont Statues
Outline. https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/fullchapter/26/
028
Be sure to respond completely to all of the following questions
in a well thought out essay of no less than 500 words. What is
the role of criminal justice practitioners in the development and
implementation of technology in the criminal justice system?
Describe some of the controversial issues criminal justice
policy makers face when considering an expansion in the use of
DNA in criminal justice. Utilize APA 7th Edition and include a
title page and reference page. Be sure to utilize level headings
as per APA 7th edition.