#1242 Chemical Reaction Battery Student workbook Copyright by Genius Toy Taiwan Co., Ltd.

1. Creative Ability
can be Learned
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a ready-to-assemble model, and includes time designed to promote individual
creativity.
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learning innovation through play!
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development and the ability to work as part of a team effort.
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based curriculum with applications from daily life.
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01
(v1.0)Index
07. Diversity of Electrolytes
08. Electrolytic Solution Content
10. Monograph (2)
11. Electrolytic Reaction
Appendix: Learning Lab Packages
20. Monograph (4)
19. Eco Friendly Devices
18. Application for Chemical Battery
17. Standby Power
16. Piezoelectric Effect
15. Monograph (3)
14. Hybrid Energy
13. Chain Reaction
12. Power Performance
09. pH of Electrolytes
04. Energy Transformation
05. Monograph (1)
06. Electrolyte Solution
03. Chemical Battery
02. Metal Activity
01. Electrically Conductive Liquid
Parts List
Index
Education Philosophy 01 39
03 45
09 53
17 59
23 67
31 75
02 41
05 49
13 57
21 63
27 71
35 77
02

2. 03
01
02
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04
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Long Frame
Short Frame
Square Frame
Dual Rod
11-hole Rod
11-hole Prolate Rod
7-hole Prolate Rod
5-hole Rod
5-hole Rod-III
3-hole Rod
3-hole Dual Rod
Bended Rod
Motor Axle
Cross Axle 3CM
Cross Axle 6CM
Cross Axle 10CM
Cross Axle 15CM
Battery Holder (AA Cell)
Battery Charger (AA Cell)
Wire (Red)
Wire (Black)
Reverse Generator
Chemical Battery
Magnesium Alloy
Needle
Jar
Nylon Brush
20T Gear
40T Gear
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
60T Gear
S Pulley
L Pulley
S Ring
L Ring
L Rubber Band
Thin Pipe
Cross Axle Fixer
Two-in-one Converter
Hinge
Cross Axle Connector
90-degree Converter-I
90-degree Converter-II
Axle
Loose Axle
Pin
L Connecting Peg
Hollow Tube 3CM
Cube Conductor
Switch Conductor
Bulb
LED
Base Grid Connector
Base Grid
Spanner
Parts L i st
04
544746 48 49 50 51 52 53
43
x1x2x1
1
x2
2
x3
4
x4
6
x3
8
x5
9
10
x2
x2x6 x1x4
11
x3
393834
26 27 28 30
35
31
x1x2
x2
36
3225
20 21 22 23 24
x1x3x2x2
x1
x1 x1 x3 x3 x1 x2 x1
x1
x1 x4x2x2 x2 x2
x1
3733
29
x2 x1x2
x1
x3 x2
12 13 14
19
15
x2 x2
16
40
x1
41
x20 x2
42
45
x2x1
44
x2
3
x3
5
x2
7
x4
17
18

3. S e s s i o n
Conductive elements inside a linked circuit
can produce a pathway. When a pathway is
produced for an electric current, it can light up a bulb.
Conductive elements include metals like gold, silver, copper
and iron. If we were to substitute these conductive metals with tap water
or mineral water, we could still light the bulb. This means water can conduct
electricity just like a wire can. This is possible because of impurities in the water.
Distilled water, however, removes all impurities that are conductive ions;
therefore, it doesn't conduct electricity.
01 Brainstorming
H o w m a n y e l e c t r i c a l l y
conductive objects have you
seen before?
After using the bathroom, Tony went straight over the computer to turn
it on. Just as his hand touched the computer shell, he received a shock.
Why did this happen? Worried, Tony went to see Grandpa Rudolph to
check out if there was a problem.
Grandpa Rudolph didn’t do any kind of check-up. Instead, he asked Tony
what it was he had done immediately before turning on the computer.
Tony told Grandpa that he had gone to the bathroom. Grandpa then
asked Tony if he had washed his hands. Tony said that he had.
Grandpa Rudolph then responded very seriously. He asked Tony if he
had forgotten to dry off his hands after washing them. It was possible
that he got shocked because of his still-wet hands. Tony suddenly
remembered that he had forgotten to dry off his hands, just as Grandpa
had presumed. He couldn't believe that he
had forgotten what he had learned at school:
water conducts electricity! He promised to
remind himself to dry his
hands off after washing
them next time.
Electrically Conductive Liquid
x1
x2
x2
x2
x1
x1
x1x2
20
21
23
24
3
1
49
51
01
03
02
04
05 06
Parts List
Daily
Application
Water
Conductivity

4. 1 2 3
Model
Assembled
Experiment
Complete
Model
Creation
Evaluation
Experiment
Time
Art
Attack
Experiment with both normal and saline
water. See which type is successful in
conducting electricity.
Will the brightness of bulb be different
when the chemical batteries are in
parallel circuit?
05
09
07
11
06
10
08
12
0807

5. S e s s i o n
In a narrow sense, metal activity refers
to the tendency for both metal oxidization
and reduction reactions to combine with oxygen.
The greater the reactivity, the more easily a metal will
combine with oxygen to make a metal oxide. In redox reactions,
the loss of electrons is known as oxidation, while the receiving of electrons
is known as reduction. Metals with greater reactivity can lose their electrons more
easily, naturally existing as compounds. In water, however, these metals will react
to form ions. Less reactive metals will usually exist as singular elements in nature.
Once these metals form as ions, they can easily receive electrons; thus, reducing
them back to their elemental state. Since magnesi-um has a greater
reactivity than aluminum under the same conditions, the electrochemical
power output of a strip of magnesium is higher than aluminum.
02 Brainstorming
How can we identify various
types of metals?
Parts List
While researching electricity, Alessandro Volta conducted an
experiment to understand the different reactivity of metals. He placed
different metals into saline solutions, and then connected them in a
circuit.
Volta discovered that different combinations of metals will generate
current, while others will not. He ordered the metals based on the
strength of their current ( from strongest to weakest), according to the
results of his experiment. This table is known as the Reactivity Series.
This was an important discovery in science. This reactivity series
defines the chemical reactivity of different metals. For example, the
chemical reactivity of potassium is
greater than sodium, which in turn is
greater than calcium.
x2
x1
x2x1
46
53
10
38
x5
x2 x2
x2
x1
x2
x2 x2 x2
8
20
21
23
24
41
3
50
44
01
03
02
04
Metal Activity
09 10
Metal
Showdown
Daily
Application

6. 1 2 3
Model
Assembled
Experiment
Complete
Model
Creation
Evaluation
Experiment
Time
Art
Attack
Using metal materials, such as a piece of
aluminum foil or a piece of an aluminum can,
experiment and compare the difference in
power output between magnesium alloy.
Try experimenting with different kinds
of metals to see which kind has the
greatest reactivity.
05
09
07
11
06
10
08
12
1211

7. S e s s i o n
Chemical batteries are capable of
transforming chemical energy into electrical
energy. Batteries can be divided into primary
batteries, secondary batteries, or fuel cells, based on their
charging and discharging properties, as well as the nature of their
work. Alkaline batteries can only be used once, as they cannot be replenished
by the transformed chemicals inside them. This causes issues due to the
frequent disposal of the dangerous chemicals inside the batteries. Therefore,
secondary batteries were invented. Their name refers to the recharging of reactive
substances inside the battery, which causes the chemicals in the battery to return
to their original state. In lithium ion batteries, this allows the battery
to provide power again. Via redox reactions at their electric poles, all
chemical batteries essentially use restless electrons in an external circuit
to form a current.
03 Brainstorming
Using the saline water for test,
what other factors may affect
conductivity?
During class, Tony’s teacher introduced the history behind the
first chemical battery. It was known as the “voltaic pile”, and was
named after Volta, the physicist who first in-vented it. Today’s
class was to commemorate Volta’s invention.
Curious, Tony raised the question, “Why do we use volts as units
for measuring the voltage of voltaic cells? Are Volts and Volta the
same person?” His teacher replied that the difference in names
was due to differences in translations at the time. By looking at
their birthdays and places of birth, we could see that they are the
same person. To commemorate his
contribution to the field of electricity,
the physics community name voltage
units as “volts”.
x2
1
x4
46
x2
x2
x1
x2 x2
20
21
23
24
50x2
x1
5
4
01
03
02
04
Chemical Battery
13 14
Parts List
Metal
Showdown
Daily
Application

8. 1 2 3
Model
Assembled
Experiment
Complete
Model
Creation
Evaluation
Experiment
Time
Art
Attack
Try preparing different concentrations of
saline. Which concentration has the best
conductivity?
If we replaced the salt in our water
with sugar, would the chemical battery
still run smoothly? Why?
05
09
07
11
06
10
08
12
1615

9. S e s s i o n
The new generation of batteries are known as fuel cells. Fuel cells
are devices that convert chemical energy from a fuel into electricity
via a chemical reaction with either oxygen or another oxidizing agent.
While there are many different kinds of fuels, hydrogen is the most common.
Fuel cells which replace hydrogen with a metal in the cathode of a battery are
known as a “metal-air electrochemical cells”. For example, magnesium transforms
into a magnesium ion after releasing an electron through an electrochemical
reaction. Oxygen receives the electron inside the solution via an “air-electrode”,
and then combines with both the magnesium ion and water to form Magnesium
Hydroxide. The electrons from the conversion process reaches the air
electrode via an external circuit, thus forming an electric current.
04 Brainstorming
Where can electricity generated
f rom c hemic al bat ter ie s be
used?
Parts List
Lately, there has been greater demand for new “green” energy
sources . As long as there is a constant supply of hydrogen
and oxygen, hydrogen fuel cells can generate electricity without
producing CO2 or exhaust. These new charging stations require a
more diversified design than conventional ones.
Sunlight and wind are not the only sources of power for green
energy charging stations. When there is no wind or sunlight,
hydrogen fuels cells can maintain the ability of charging stations to
supply and store power at specified levels.
However, due to prohibitively expensive costs, plans to use
hydrogen fuel cells to generate
power are still under development.
P e r h a p s w i t h t h e i n c r e a s i n g
popularity of hydrogen vehicles,
plans for new generation green-
e n e r g y c h a r g i n g s t a t i o n s c a n
eventually be achieved.
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x1 x2x1
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x1
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24
5
9
30
22
37
133
x2
x6
x1
46 53
x1
44
48
49
19
01
03
02
04
17 18
Energy Transformation
Charging
Station
Daily
Application

10. 1 2 3
Model
Assembled
Experiment
Complete
Model
Creation
Evaluation
Experiment
Time
Art
Attack
Using the energy transformed in the
rechargeable battery, record how long it
can power the motor.
Compare the differences in charging
performance between two chemical
batteries. Have one battery in a parallel
circuit, and one battery in a series circuit.
05
09
07
11
06
10
08
12
2019

11. 1
2
3
Model
Design
Model
Creation
Winner!
Design
Concept
My Artwork
Evaluation
S e s s i o n
Monograph
05
1
Using the theories and models you’ve learned, design a set
of fast-charging rechargeable-battery stands.
01. Water Conductivity
03. Restless Electrons
02. Metal Showdown
04. Charging Station
21 22
Model
Review

12. S e s s i o n
A solution usually consists of a solute
and a solvent. When water is the solvent, it is
called a water solution. The solute that can conduct
electricity is called an electrolyte, (e.g. table salt), while
solutes that can’t conduct electricity are called non-electrolytes, (e.g.
pure sugar). Crystals of table salt (sodium chloride) are not conductive;
however, a sodium chloride solution is conductive. This is because sodium
chloride dissociates into free ions once placed in water. Because distilled water
doesn’t contain any electrolytes, it is not conductive. On the other hand, since
both tap water and underground water are not “pure”, they are conductive. When
electrolytes are dissolved in water to produce more conductive material,
this increases the electrolyte content. When the electrolyte content
increases, the conductivity of the electrolyte solution becomes stronger.
06
Some machines use a liquid electrolyte solution as a switch to detect
signals. An example is a heart- rate monitor, which is worn on the chest
and contains both high-tech sensors and electrodes. Before using the
monitor, users have to wet any part of the skin that will make contact
with the electrodes. This makes the electrolytes in the water act as a
conductive switch, which allows detection of any electrical activity in the
heart by an electrocardiogram (ECG) that’s
attached to the skin. The data will be sent to
a wrist receiver that can sense both heart rate
and blood pressure, and further evaluates the
risk of having high blood pressure or a stroke,
helping to prevent diseases. However, once
body temperature increases, the water on the
electrodes dries out, effectively turn-ing off
the switch, and causing the
heart rate monitor to lose
its function.
Brainstorming
What different kinds of switches
have you seen?
Parts List
x1
x1
x3 x1
x3
x1
x1 x1
x1
x1 x1 x3 x1
x1
x2
x2x12
x1x1
x2
x1
x3x3
x6
5246
47
51
53
2 8
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11
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36
25
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24
12
15
16
41
5
7
01
03
02
04
Daily
Application
23 24
Electrolyte Solution
Liquid
Switch

13. 1 2 3
Model
Assembled
Experiment
Complete
Model
Creation
Evaluation
Experiment
Time
Art
Attack
Use a simple switch to power the chemical
battery. Observe how long the battery can
power the bulb after the switch is pressed.
How can you inject saline without
touching the needle with your hands?
05
09
07
11
06
10
08
12
2625

14. S e s s i o n
Electrolytes can be divided into both strong and weak types,
usually depending on the degree that the electrolyte (chemically)
disassociates. Acids, alkalis, and salts that completely disassociate in
aqueous solutions- such as sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide, and sodium chloride-
are known as strong electrolytes. Weak acids and bases-such as acetic acid and
ammonia- are known as weak electrolytes, as they only partially disassociate in
aqueous solutions. Some electrolytes can conduct electricity in a molten or solid
state; others can conduct electricity in both a molten state or an aqueous
solution. A third category can only conduct electricity in an aqueous
solution.
07
During the electrolyte conductivity experiment in class, Tony discovered that
sugar could make his bulb light up. However, his book said that sugar is not
conductive.
His teacher said that the results of the experiment could be due to either the
water or sugar in the experiment having electrolytes, which conduct electricity.
So what should they do? Tony suggested running an experiment to test the
water’s conductivity and see if the problem has something to do with the water.
The teacher agreed that this was a good idea, and had everyone test out the
water. After the bulb didn’t light up, everyone knew the problem was with the
sugar.
Tony’s teacher told everyone to first
put the sugary syrup into a petri dish.
After the water had evaporated,
everyone removed the sugar crystals
from the dish. At room temperature,
they placed the sugar into the same
water that was tested in the previous
experiment. This time, the solution
didn’t conduct electricity.
Brainstorming
What liquids from your daily life
may be electrolytes?
Parts List
x1
x1
3
1
x1
53
x1
50
x2
x2
x1 x1
x1
x2
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21
23
24
22
x1
x1
5
14
40
01
03
02
04
2827
Daily
Application
Diversity of Electrolytes
Virtually the
Same

15. 1 2 3
Model
Assembled
Experiment
Complete
Model
Creation
Evaluation
Experiment
Time
Art
Attack
Select several common liquids on hand and
see whether they can successfully drive the
chemical battery.
W i l l m i x i n g t w o o r m o r e l i q u i d s
affect the electrochemical batteries
performance?
05
09
07
11
06
10
08
12
3029

16. S e s s i o n
There are two circumstances where referencing electrolytic
solution content applies. The first is when referring to the quantity
of solution present; the other refers to the concentration of solution.
Applying different concentrations and quantities of salt water into a metal
fuel battery won’t achieve a greater level of efficiency in its electrical output.
Additionally, extending battery power time is nearly impossible, as the accumulation
of reactants increases the internal resistance of the battery, even when a higher
concentration or greater content of saline is applied. Sometimes, the battery time
even decreases. Therefore, in the metal fuel-battery field, developing technologies
where the reactant will automatically separate from the battery, thus ensuring
the battery can provide a long and stable power supply, is always a niche
of invention patents.
08
The battery most commonly used in motorcycles is the flooded
lead-acid battery. This battery is made from lead and its oxide,
and uses diluted sulfuric acid as its electrolytic solution. After
being used for some time, distilled water must be added to
maintain the electrolytic content at a dilution of 22-28% sulfuric
acid.
During regular usage, it is necessary to pay attention to how high
battery fluid levels are . If the level is low, this means the content
of the electrolytic solution is not enough, which will impact the
efficacy of its power supply. To prevent this requires adding more
water to the battery. The electrolytic solution plays a primary role
in a battery. Therefore, inventing
new types of electrolytic solutions
that can shorten the charging
time of a lithium-ion battery is an
important task.
Brainstorming
Do you think the period of time
it t akes for an elec troly tic
solution to start functioning can
be altered?
Parts List
x1
x1
3
1
x1
9
x1 x2
x2
x2
x1 x1 x1
x2
8
20
21
23
2422
x1
10
x1
x4
46
53
x2
50
x1
x1
28
29
15
40
01
03
02
04
3231
Electrolytic Solution Content
Content
Change
Daily
Application

17. 1 2 3
Model
Assembled
Experiment
Complete
Model
Creation
Evaluation
Experiment
Time
Art
Attack
Prepare two samples of the same concentration of
saline, but in different quantities. Then apply two
chemical batteries and observe difference in their
operating time.
Try applying some new saline into a
once-used chemical battery. Does the
battery keep functioning?
05
09
07
11
06
10
08
12
3433

18. pH of Electrolytes
S e s s i o n 09 Brainstorming
What happened to the original
electrolytes after ceasing all
activity?
Parts List
New environmentally-friendly energy standards require the cessation of
production of any harmful substances that may pollute the environment. As
a result, magnesium-aluminum alloy, commonly found in fuel cells, is being
inspected for whether or not they comply with these requirements.
Magnesium fuel cells produce magnesium hydroxide, a white crystal or
powder that is insoluble in water. After the magnesium fuel cell is used, its
metal plate can be extracted for cleaning the magnesium hydroxide powder
produced inside. A suspension of magnesium hydroxide in water is known as
a magnesium hydroxide emulsion. Because it is an alkaline substance, it can
make red litmus paper turn blue.
Magnesium hydroxide is used to treat
constipation, and is found in many antacids. It’s
also widely used as a flame retardant. Because
the byproduct of a magnesium fuel cell has
so many potential uses,
magnesium fuel cells
are not considered
to have polluted the
environment.
Magnesium fuel cells use salt water, as
saline is neutral and does not cause the discoloration
of litmus paper. After a magnesium fuel cell is used to generate
electricity, it will produce a white powdery substance. This substance
is called magnesium hydroxide. If the magnesium fuel cell is used long
enough to produce a sufficient quantity of magnesium hydroxide, it will form into
a suspension in the electrolytic solution; thus, transforming the originally neutral
solution into an alkaline. At which point, the red litmus paper would turn
blue, indicating a reaction
x1
x1
x1
x1 x1
x1
x1
x1
x2
x1
x1
x2 x5
x1
2
8
20
21
23
24
46
4
2213 x1
53
x2
10
43
35
31
32
01
03
02
04
35 36
Deterioration
of Electrolytic
Solution
Daily
Application

19. 1 2 3
Model
Assembled
Experiment
Complete
Model
Creation
Evaluation
Experiment
Time
Art
Attack
Use some litmus paper to test changes in
the electrolytes of a chemical battery from
the moment the battery is turned on, to
the moment it is turned off.
H ow will the results of your test
differ if you swapped out different
electrolytes?
05
09
07
11
06
10
08
12
3837

20. 1
2
3
Model
Design
Model
Creation
Winner!
Design
Concept
My Artwork
Evaluation
S e s s i o n
Monograph
10
2
Using the models and principles you’ve learned, design a series
circuit, using a set of different electrolytic solutions as a salt
bridge for an electrochemical battery, so that it generates enough
electricity to light the lamp.
06. Liquid Switch
08. Content Change
07. Virtually the Same
09. Deterioration of Electrolytic Solution
39 40
Model
Review

21. S e s s i o n
A magnesium fuel cell is actually a sheet
of magnesium-aluminum alloy immersed in
an electrolyte fluid. During an electrochemical
reaction the magnesium plate acts as an anode,
losing electrons through oxidation to form magnesium ions. The
magnesium fuel cell will cause the undergoing electrochemical reaction to
gradually reduce over time. This allows the magnesium fuel cell to be used
as a timer. Once the magnesium is fully consumed, the reaction is
complete, and it’s when the timer stops.
11 Brainstorming
What methods are there for
observing time?
Parts List
While watching an introductory report on shipbuilding, Tony noticed a
small silvery-white object on the side of the boat, but not where there was
red lead rust-proof paint. Tony went to ask his Grandpa Rudolph about this
strange discovery.
Grandpa said that this was related to the electrochemical corrosion of
the metal. The same electrochemical reaction can supply power to help
people, but the electrochemical reaction can also subtlety damage factor.
Due to the long duration that it soaks in seawater, a ship’s iron hull is
just like a battery. In the electrochemical reactions that occur in the
hull, highly active metals act as an anode, which oxidizes the iron hull,
accelerating rust and reducing the ship’s life. Therefore, blocks of zinc
are applied to both the stern and submersed parts of the ship’s hull, so
when electrochemical corrosion occurs, the
zinc blocks corrode first, as it is more reactive
than iron. Using zinc as a “sacrificial anode”
saves the iron hull from
the affects of corrosion.
x2
x4
x3
x1
x3
x1
x2 x1 x1
x2
x1
x1 x2 x2
x3 x1
x2
x2
x2 x20x1
x1
x1
x1
x2
x1
2
8
28
20
21
23
24
12
15
16
41
5
7
46
4
6
9
30
22 37
29
13
42
45
3
17
01
03
02
04
Daily
Application
41 42
Electrolytic Reaction
Timer

22. 1 2 3
Model
Assembled
Experiment
Complete
Model
Creation
Evaluation
Experiment
Time
Art
Attack
Use the same concentration of saline and
magnesium hydroxide to power the chemical
battery three times. See whether or not the
duration of the battery’s action is the same.
Modif y the model and change its
activating time.
05
09
07
11
06
10
08
12
4443

23. S e s s i o n
Using a piece of magnesium alloy, a
chemical battery can provide 1.5V of electricity,
at a steady current of 300~500mA, for over 20 hours. If
two chemical batteries are placed in a series, their combined
voltage would exceed 3V, and could generate electricity longer than
two conventional or rechargeable batteries. This makes chemical battery
stronger and more environmentally friendly.
12 Brainstorming
Do chemical batteries produce
electricity efficiently?
Traditional methods of using fuel to generate electricity, such as burning coal,
indirectly use the thermal energy released from a chemical reaction to produce
steam. This steam would spin a generator, producing electricity as a result. So
much energy is lost during this conversion process that only about 3% of the
original energy can be effectively used.
Generating power from fuel cells eliminates these complex procedures.
Because fuel cells do not need to push a turbine in order to power equipment,
it’s energy performance is twice that of conventional forms of generating
power. As a result, many countries are constructing new fuel cell power plants
at an astonishing rate, and are intending for them to go into operation on a
commercial scale.
This new type of power generation can significantly
reduce air pollution, as well as solve the issue of
an uneven or inadequate power supply. Because of
the modernized design of
these power plants, there
is no noise or pollution,
so many nearby residents
are unaware of the plant’s
existence.
Parts List
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53
48
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4645
Daily
Application
Power Performance
Power
Tug-of-War

24. 1 2 3
Model
Assembled
Experiment
Complete
Model
Creation
Evaluation
Experiment
Time
Art
Attack
Simultaneously connect the chemical battery
and conventional battery to the motor. Observe
how the series power supply differs from the
single power supply.
What would the results be if the two power
supplies were each connected to a motor
and tested for their pulling force?
05
09
07
11
06
10
08
12
4847

25. S e s s i o n
Here we would like to introduce a special
kind of fan. It has three adjustable speed modes:
low, medium and high. The system for providing this
adjustable function is different from regular fans. The adjustable
speed system we use here simulates the design of both battery cells
and battery packs. Each electrochemical battery is seen as a battery cell. When
the fan operates at “low” speed, the battery pack utilizes one battery cell. If the
fan operates at “medium” speed, the battery pack utilizes two battery
cells. When the fan works at “high” speed, it requires more electricity;
therefore, the battery pack utilizes all three battery cells.
13 Brainstorming
I s t h e r e a n y w a y w e c a n
increase the motor ’s output
power?
Nowadays, laptops, automatic tools, and energy storage equipment,
all require batteries as their main or backup power source. Usually the
needed battery pack is very large. Howev-er, regular electrochemical
batteries are limited by their material properties; each battery can only
produce a specific electrical output, and that capacity is usually small.
Resources need to be well thought-out and organized.
In order to meet this demand, battery designs change every battery into
a “battery core”. After detailed planning, assembling, production and
testing, all battery cells are packed together as one battery pack. Some
battery packs are even added to control circuit boards- this is what we
commonly see in all-in-one battery sets. From appearance, it looks like
one battery, but inside, it actually consists
of many battery cells. They are connected
together, amplifying the synergetic effect,
which in turn, increases the volume
of electricity from the
battery pack.
x1
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Parts List
Chain Reaction
Fan
Daily
Application

26. 1 2 3
Model
Assembled
Experiment
Complete
Model
Creation
Evaluation
Experiment
Time
Art
Attack
Observe the differences in the movement of a
motor connected to a series power supply, both
before and after turning the supply on.
Try to switch the order of the two power
supplies to see what the difference in
the motor’s movement will be.
05
09
07
11
06
10
08
12
5251

27. S e s s i o n
Hybrid cars are vehicles which have
two distinct energy supplies. Hybrid cars in
the mar-ket today use a combination of an internal
combustion engine and a battery-driven electric motor to move.
Since hybrid cars use more than one power supply source, the design of
its drive system can compensate for the disadvantages of each individual power
supply source, providing greater efficiency. For example, internal combustion
engines have a power out-put range where they are most efficient. If the internal
combustion engine collaborates with an electric motor, this can adjust
the engine’s load. This allows the engine to operate in its optimum range,
thereby saving fuel.
14 Brainstorming
What other ways can we drive
cars should we run out of oil?
Parts List
Tony went to the hospital with Grandpa Rudolph. As they were in a rush, they
took a taxi to go there. While driving, the car was very quiet and comfortable.
Grandpa Rudolph told the taxi driver, “This must be a luxury car!”
The driver explained that this car was a hybrid car. The reason why it was so
quiet was be-cause now the car was being powered by electricity. Tony was
really curious, so he asked the driver, “How can we recognize a hybrid car since
its appearance is exactly the same as a regular car?”
The driver showed Tony the taxi’s dashboard, and asked if he noticed anything
special about it. Tony found the dashboard of the hybrid car to be really different
from traditional cars. On the dashboard, it
not only showed the tachometer and the
speedometer found in traditional cars, it
also showed a hybrid system
indicator. Tony was really
intrigued by it.
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53 54
Hybrid Energy
Hybrid Car
Daily
Application

28. 1 2 3
Model
Assembled
Experiment
Complete
Model
Creation
Evaluation
Experiment
Time
Art
Attack
eplace the normal battery with a series-
connected electrochemical battery. How
does the operating time change?
Try to create a device which allows
the car’s two sets of power packs to
supply electricity at different times.
05
09
07
11
06
10
08
12
5655

29. 1
2
3
Model
Design
Model
Creation
Winner!
Design
Concept
My Artwork
Evaluation
S e s s i o n
Monograph
15
3
Try to use the theories you have learned and the models
you have built to design a hybrid car with a lamp holder.
11. Timer
13. Fan
12. Power Tug-of-War
14. Hybrid Car
57 58
Model
Review

30. S e s s i o n
Some materials, such as potassium
tartrate crystals, exhibit the piezoelectric
effect. When its crystalized structure is deformed from
a mechanical stress, a voltage change is generated. These kind
of materials are usually used to produce piezoelectric chips, an element in
piezo switches. Its surface, i.e., the interface that a user sees, can be printed as
required. Piezoelectric chips are embedded in an insulated layer. This insulating
layer is placed in between two pieces of conducting foils, which act as switch
contacts. On the bottom of the switch, there is a carrier plate which supports the
whole module. When we lightly touch the piezoelectric switch, the motion
will cause a change of voltage output from the switch element.
16 Brainstorming
What other applications in daily
life will be controlled by the
button?
Parts List
Manual control switch-operated cranes are commonly found in working
environments that require the lifting of heavy objects. When workers need to
move things, they can do so with the manual control switch, which allows them
to easily transport things by crane both quickly and safely.
The buttons on the manual control switch were intentionally designed to be
very solid. They don’t damage easily during collision. The crane is activated
only when the button on the switch is pressed down by someone’s finger. If
they remove their finger from the button, then the crane stops operating. Each
button on the manual controller has its own
function. With this controller, the user can
operate the crane just by using one hand.
In addition, the operators don’t need to be
near the moving objects
and the crane, which
keeps them safe.
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03
02
04
Daily
Application
59 60
Piezoelectric Effect
Finger
Racing

31. 1 2 3
Model
Assembled
Experiment
Complete
Model
Creation
Evaluation
Experiment
Time
Art
Attack
How many times you can pressurize the
model within 30 seconds? How many
times does the gear rotate as a result?
Try to design a circuit structure that
only operates once when pressed.
05
09
07
11
06
10
08
12
6261

32. Standby Power
S e s s i o n 17 Brainstorming
W h at e m e r g e n c y m e asur e s
does you family have if there is
a power outage at home?
Parts List
Offices commonly use uninterrupted power
systems (UPS) as back-up power supplies.
Most UPS look like a box, and are comprised of batteries,
circuit boards, and relays. Once installed, an AC supply is first
connected to the UPS, which is then connected to a computer. Usually, the UPS
battery is used to maintain a fully-charged state. Once the circuit board detects a
power failure or a difference in AC voltage, it quickly switches over to the connected
battery-powered supply. The DC in the battery changes into AC, allowing the UPS
to supply the computer with emergency power for a ten minute buffer
time, avoiding any loss of information or damage to the system.
Once arriving at the hospital with Grandpa Rudolph, Tony was surprised to find
that there was a power outage. Curious, Tony noticed that despite the power
outage, the lights in the hospital were still on. Tony suggested to his Grandpa
that a battery was responsible.
Grandpa said that this was not from a battery supply. Everyday in hospitals,
many patients need to be operated on. Because of this, a hospital cannot
be allowed to suffer from a loss of power. Therefore, hospitals use diesel
generators as a back-up power source to sustain a steady supply of power in
the event of a power outage.
While a power outage may affect a hospital’s general electric system,
suspending part of the lighting and air
conditioning, the sustained power supplied
by the back-up generators ensures
that paramount medical
instruments, clinical
management enters,
and other facilities are
unaffected.
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Being
Prepared
Daily
Application

33. 1 2 3
Model
Assembled
Experiment
Complete
Model
Creation
Evaluation
Experiment
Time
Art
Attack
Record how long your back-up power
supply can move the motor af ter the
battery is removed.
Design a mechanism that makes the
back-up power supply automatically
start once the battery is dead.
05
09
07
11
06
10
08
12
6665

34. S e s s i o n 18 Brainstorming
What ways are there to
determine the volume of rainfall?
Tony was watching the news one night on a particular area. The news
was reporting that due to heavy rainfall having caused multiple landslides
and subsidence, many people had been injured over the past few days.
Watching images from the horrible disaster, Tony recalled the theory
behind chemical batteries that he had learned about in school. If the
rain could be turned into a solution for a chemical battery, then it would
be possible to build a generator which produced electrici-ty whenever it
rained. The generated electricity could serve as a warning sign. Such a
de-vice could operate on a chemical battery instead of a conventional
power supply. As a re-sult, people
can evacuate before a giant disaster,
avoiding unnecessary casualties. Deter-
mined, Tony started to build a model to
experiment with.
Rainfall warning devices can monitor rainfall
volume, as well as detect the pH level of rain, via a
rain gauge and a counter. Generally, if the volume of rainfall
reaches 50mm in a sin-gle day, it’s considered “heavy rain”; if it
exceeds 350mm, it’s considered “extreme torren-tial rain”. When there’s
extreme torrential rain, the possibility of landslides in mountain-ous areas, or flooding
in low-lying land, is very high. The pH of rain generally is at around 6. When the pH
is below 5, it has become acid rain. Acid rain impacts crop growth and rusts
the external metal building materials. A similar device could be used as a
monitoring system for the water level in a dam.
Parts List
x2
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x2
2
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21
23
24
12
46
31
x1
4
50
x1
x1
x1 x1
39
36
25
01
03
02
04
Application for
Chemical Battery
67 68
Rainfall
Warning Device
Daily
Application

35. 1 2 3
Model
Assembled
Experiment
Complete
Model
Creation
Evaluation
Experiment
Time
Art
Attack
Record how much rain the gauge should
collect before activating the chemical
battery.
How can you adjust the volume of
water volume needed to activate the
chemical battery?
05
09
07
11
06
10
08
12
7069

36. S e s s i o n 19 Brainstorming
What machines could have their
power sources replaced with
green energy?
Parts List
Tony and Grandpa Rudolph went grocery shopping together. While Tony
was walking around, he saw a giant machine nearby. He had never seen this
machine before, so he stopped to check it out.
Tony found out that there were two big spinning brushes at the front of the
machine. While the brushes were spinning, it would draw the trash on the
ground in and make it disap-pear! Tony was curious and asked Grandpa
Rudolph, “If this floor sweeper is like a vacu-um, then why it quieter than the
vacuum at home? Also, the vacuum at home has a plug, but this floor sweeper
appears to be wireless.”
Grandpa Rudolph answered that this kind of floor sweeper is a motor vehicle
designed to be quiet. It is driven by an accumulator, which is why it doesn’t
require a plug while sweeping the floor. At the same time, it’s able to keep a
stable and quiet noise level. In addi-tion, the
outdoor floor sweeper can also apply a solar
panel on its roof. This
make it even more
e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y
friendly.
The role that devices play in our daily lives is
growing increasingly more important. Gen-erally, eco-
friendly devices are required to have low CO2 emissions and
are energy-saving. Promoting environmentalism through selecting
and recycling eco-friendly devices is a way to avoid wasting energy. This is
especially important since there are a huge amount of alka-line batteries produced
each year, but few are ever recycled. Rechargeable devices can be seen as eco-
friendly, as they prevent the pollution problems that stem from single-use
bat-teries. For example, buying a chargeable razor or facial cleaner over
battery ones is more eco-friendly.
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01
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04
71 72
Eco Friendly Devices
Floor
Sweeper
Daily
Application

37. 1 2 3
Model
Assembled
Experiment
Complete
Model
Creation
Evaluation
Experiment
Time
Art
Attack
Record how long a floor sweeper can last
on an electrochemical battery.
How we can extend how long the floor
sweeper operates for?
05
09
07
11
06
10
08
12
7473

38. 1
2
3
Model
Design
Model
Creation
Winner!
Design
Concept
My Artwork
Evaluation
S e s s i o n
Monograph
20
4
Try to use the models and the theories you have learned
to create a common household appliance that is driven by
green energy.
16. Finger Racing
18. Rainfall Warning Device
17. Being Prepared
19. Floor Sweeper
75 76
Model
Review

39. 77 7877 78
Learning Lab- Individual Packages Learning Lab- School Packages
Target: age 2-6 (Kindergarten)
30 mins/ session;
120 sessions in total
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50 mins/ session;
80 sessions in total
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40 mins/ session;
100 sessions in total
Target: age 7+ (Elementary School)
40 mins/ session;
40 sessions in total
Target: age 7+ (Elementary School)
40 mins/ session;
100 sessions in total
#1250 Creative World Set #1251 Scientific Experiment Set-
Power Machine
#1252 Scientific Experiment Set-
Green Energy
#1253 Technology Explorer Set
#1254 Brick Contraption Set
Creative World
Technology Explorer
Brick Contraption
Scientific Experiment
30 mins/ session; 30 sessions/ package
50 mins/ session; 20 sessions/ package
#1230 Wonderful World1
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#1231 Theme Park2
#1232 Little Artist3 #1233 Fun Cube4
#1248 Basic Set
#1245 Vibro & Gyro16#1244 Robot15
#1246 Programmable
Controller
17 #1247 S4A Interactive
Bricks
18
40 mins/ session; 20 sessions/ package
#1238 Gas & Pneumatics9
#1240 Light & Solar Energy11
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#1234 Force &
Simple Machine
5 #1235 Motion &
Mechanism
6
#1236 Electricity & Circuit7 #1237 Electromagnetism
& Motor
8
#1239 Wind Power10
#1241 Liquid & Hydraulics12
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Creative Classroom
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