2. Outlines
Rust and Yield
Types of Rust
Methods of Control
Conclusion
• Breeding for Rust Resistance
• Genetic Modification
• Biological Control of Rust
• Agricultural Practices
• Fungicides
3. Effect of Rust on Yield
Reduce Photosynthesis
Use Nutrients
Increase Respiration
Growth and Seed Fill
Yield Loss
- LR 50 %
- YR 70 %
- SR 100 %
(Carretero et al., 2011; Kolmer et al., 2009)
4. Types of Rust
Leaf Rust
Puccinia triticina
Symptoms
• brown to orange color pustules
• leaf sheath, peduncles
• ring or a chlorotic halo around the pustules
• 10 – 30 0C
(Kolmer, 2013)
5. Types of Rust
www.cropwatch.unl.edu
Symptoms
normally on mature leaves
yellow-orange pustules
between the vines
later on the stripes turn on black
2-15 0C
Stripe (Yellow) Rust
Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici
6. Types of Rust
www.cropwatch.unl.edu
Stem Rust
Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici
Symptoms
lesions in yellow-orange colour
leaves, leaf sheath and ears
15-35 0C
7. Methods of Control
1. Breeding for Rust Resistance
Common Wheat
(Marquis)
Goatgrass
(Aegilops speltoides Tausch)
(Sr39, Lr35)
(Niu et al.2011; Xu et al., 2009)
RL5711 x Thatcher
X
Chinese Spring x RL6082
ph1b mutant
8. Methods of Control
2. Genetic Modification
• vst1 and vst2 from grapevine
• Particle bombardment Immature embryo
(Florida , Combi)
• LR 42-72%
(Serazetdinova et al., 2005)
9. Methods of Control
3. Biological Control of Rust
• Bacteria - Bacillus subtilis E1R-j (CYR32)
• antimicrobial (iturins, fengycins, surfactins)
• Chinese winter wheat, Mingxian 169
• spore : below 46% in treated 76% in non-treated
(Li et al., 2013)
10. Methods of Control
4. Agricultural Practices
• Cultivar Mixtures
Syria 20-70 % Turkey <20% in 2010 (2011 ICARDA)
• Alternate Hosts
(Huang et al., 2011; Jin et al., 2010)
11. Methods of Control
5. Fungicides
1- Seed Dressing - fluquinconazole, prochloraz
2- Spraying - pyraclostrobin, epoxiconazole + isopyrazam, metconazole
• Match the disease
• Fungicides Mixture – Different Mode of Action
(HGCA, 2013)
12. Conclusion
Using MAS breeding program
New Source Of Resistance Gene (Old Varieties, Relative Species)
More Than One Resistance Gene In New Cultivar
Diversify Cropping
13.
14. References
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