4. Criminal responsibilityCriminal responsibility
Sec 82 IPC- child < 7 yrs, no criminalSec 82 IPC- child < 7 yrs, no criminal
responsibilityresponsibility
Sec 83 IPC- child 7-12 yrs, liable forSec 83 IPC- child 7-12 yrs, liable for
punishmentpunishment
Indian Railways Act- child < 5 yrs notIndian Railways Act- child < 5 yrs not
liable for punishmentliable for punishment
5. ConsentConsent
Sec 89 IPC- child < 12 yrs cannot give validSec 89 IPC- child < 12 yrs cannot give valid
consent to suffer any harm which may occurconsent to suffer any harm which may occur
from an act done in good faith & for his/ herfrom an act done in good faith & for his/ her
benefit.benefit.
Sec 87 IPC- child < 18 yrs cannot give validSec 87 IPC- child < 18 yrs cannot give valid
consent( implied or expressed) to suffer anyconsent( implied or expressed) to suffer any
harm which may result from an act notharm which may result from an act not
intended or not known to cause death orintended or not known to cause death or
grievous hurt. E.g. wrestling contestgrievous hurt. E.g. wrestling contest
6. KidnappingKidnapping
Sec 361-366 IPC- offence ofSec 361-366 IPC- offence of
kidnapping- girl less than 18, boy lesskidnapping- girl less than 18, boy less
than 16 yrsthan 16 yrs
Sec 369 IPC- child less than 10 yrsSec 369 IPC- child less than 10 yrs
Sec 366(A), 372, 373 IPC- less thanSec 366(A), 372, 373 IPC- less than
18 yr girl for Prostitution18 yr girl for Prostitution
Sec 366(B)importing less than 21 yrSec 366(B)importing less than 21 yr
girl for Prostitutiongirl for Prostitution
9. Attainment of majorityAttainment of majority
18 yrs18 yrs
Adult franchiseAdult franchise
Driving licenseDriving license
When guardian appointed by Court,When guardian appointed by Court,
person attains majority at age 21person attains majority at age 21
10. EmploymentEmployment
Child labour - below 15 yrsChild labour - below 15 yrs
Adolescent labour- 15- 18 yrsAdolescent labour- 15- 18 yrs
Adult labour- more than 18 yrsAdult labour- more than 18 yrs
Indian Factory Act- child below 14Indian Factory Act- child below 14
cannot be employed in hazardous jobscannot be employed in hazardous jobs
AMENDMENT: any child below the ageAMENDMENT: any child below the age
of 14yrs cannot workof 14yrs cannot work
11. InfanticideInfanticide
Killing of an infant (child below 1 yr)Killing of an infant (child below 1 yr)
CRIMINAL ABORTIONCRIMINAL ABORTION
Viability- after 7 monthsViability- after 7 months
Gestational age of foetus important inGestational age of foetus important in
case of criminal abortion in view ofcase of criminal abortion in view of
enhanced punishmentenhanced punishment
12. Evidence in CourtEvidence in Court
118 of IEA - No minimum age118 of IEA - No minimum age
Sterility & ImpotenceSterility & Impotence
A boy is sterile before puberty , may notA boy is sterile before puberty , may not
be impotent before pubertybe impotent before puberty
A girl is sterile before puberty & afterA girl is sterile before puberty & after
menopausemenopause
14. Tattoo marks are designs made by multipleTattoo marks are designs made by multiple
small puncture wounds made through thesmall puncture wounds made through the
skin with needles or similar penetrating toolsskin with needles or similar penetrating tools
dipped in colouring agents ( dye )dipped in colouring agents ( dye )
Derived from Polynesian “Ta Tau” = to markDerived from Polynesian “Ta Tau” = to mark
15. Commonly used dyes:Commonly used dyes: indigo, cobalt, finely dividedindigo, cobalt, finely divided
carbon, china ink, cinnabar, vermillion, prussiancarbon, china ink, cinnabar, vermillion, prussian
blue , etc.blue , etc.
Optimum depth of penetration:Optimum depth of penetration: superficial layers ofsuperficial layers of
dermis.dermis.
Permanency of tattoo marks:Permanency of tattoo marks: depends on type ofdepends on type of
dye used, its depth of penetration & part of bodydye used, its depth of penetration & part of body
tattooed.tattooed.
16. Latent tattoo marks:Latent tattoo marks:
Visible by using UV light, by rubbing the part, by examiningVisible by using UV light, by rubbing the part, by examining
with magnifying glass in strong lightwith magnifying glass in strong light
Natural disappearance of tattoo marks:Natural disappearance of tattoo marks:
Vermillion, cinnabar – disappear after min of 10 years.Vermillion, cinnabar – disappear after min of 10 years.
Black pigments ( Indian ink ) – permanentBlack pigments ( Indian ink ) – permanent
Artificial removal of tattoo marks:Artificial removal of tattoo marks:
Surgical removal & skin grafting, electrolysis; applyingSurgical removal & skin grafting, electrolysis; applying
Carbon dioxide snow; derm abrasion; laser; causticCarbon dioxide snow; derm abrasion; laser; caustic
substancessubstances
17. Forensic importance ofForensic importance of
tattoo markstattoo marks
Identity:Identity:
Race, religion, nationality, occupation, name ofRace, religion, nationality, occupation, name of
person or his beloved ones, date of birth / marriage,person or his beloved ones, date of birth / marriage,
etc.etc.
Mental make up / desire: obscene figuresMental make up / desire: obscene figures
Drug addicts (concealing site)Drug addicts (concealing site)
Homosexuals (blue bird on back or web of thumb)Homosexuals (blue bird on back or web of thumb)
19. SCARSSCARS
Acquired defectAcquired defect
Marker of identityMarker of identity
Result of repair mechanismResult of repair mechanism
Covered by epitheliumCovered by epithelium
Devoid of pigmentation, sweat glandsDevoid of pigmentation, sweat glands
& hair follicles& hair follicles
Gives info about nature of injury &Gives info about nature of injury &
causative agentcausative agent
21. Photo superimpositionPhoto superimposition
Photographs of the skull are taken.Photographs of the skull are taken.
Transparencies of skull photograph & that ofTransparencies of skull photograph & that of
life-time photograph are focused on thelife-time photograph are focused on the
same sensitive printing paper.same sensitive printing paper.
After maximum alignment, a positive printAfter maximum alignment, a positive print
will be taken.will be taken.
Attempt is made to study the matching /Attempt is made to study the matching /
non-matching of major anatomicalnon-matching of major anatomical
landmarks.landmarks.
22. Video superimpositionVideo superimposition
2 video images (one of photograph &2 video images (one of photograph &
other of skull) are mixed on one videoother of skull) are mixed on one video
display unit.display unit.
Negative matching – Skull is not that of the person in the photographNegative matching – Skull is not that of the person in the photograph
Positive matching – Skull could be that of the person in the photographPositive matching – Skull could be that of the person in the photograph
24. These methods use modeling clay orThese methods use modeling clay or
plasticine to build up theplasticine to build up the depth ofdepth of
tissuetissue on the skull to that of a livingon the skull to that of a living
individual.individual.
Shape of the eyes, nose and mouthShape of the eyes, nose and mouth
cannot be confidently predictedcannot be confidently predicted andand
are largely guesswork.are largely guesswork.
26. Anatomical structures, which define theAnatomical structures, which define the
outer surface of the face are pastedouter surface of the face are pasted
onto the skullonto the skull
Temporalis, zygomaticus & masseter muscles,Temporalis, zygomaticus & masseter muscles,
orbicularisorbicularis
oris, parotid gland, buccal fatty pad, fat pad of chin.oris, parotid gland, buccal fatty pad, fat pad of chin.
27. Adding clay using the tissue depthAdding clay using the tissue depth
marker guidelinesmarker guidelines
28. Finishing touches are applied andFinishing touches are applied and
tissue depth markers are coveredtissue depth markers are covered
30. 1. Which of the following is NOT a1. Which of the following is NOT a
criterion used in Gustafson's methodcriterion used in Gustafson's method
of assessing age from teethof assessing age from teeth
a) Attritiona) Attrition
b) Paradentosisb) Paradentosis
c) Secondary dentinec) Secondary dentine
d) Primary dentined) Primary dentine
31. 2.2. According to Section 89 IPC, a childAccording to Section 89 IPC, a child
cannot give valid consent to suffercannot give valid consent to suffer
any harm which can occur from anany harm which can occur from an
act done in good faith, if he/she isact done in good faith, if he/she is
belowbelow
a) 10 yearsa) 10 years
b) 14 yearsb) 14 years
c) 12 yearsc) 12 years
32. 3. According to Haase’s rule, the intra-3. According to Haase’s rule, the intra-
uterine age of a foetus (up to a crown-uterine age of a foetus (up to a crown-
heel length of 25cm) can beheel length of 25cm) can be
determined bydetermined by
a) Calculating the square root of the crown-a) Calculating the square root of the crown-
heel length.heel length.
b) Dividing the crown-heel length by 5.b) Dividing the crown-heel length by 5.
c) Multiplying the crown-heel length by 5.c) Multiplying the crown-heel length by 5.
d) Doubling the crown-heel length.d) Doubling the crown-heel length.
33. 4. Beyond a crown-heel length of4. Beyond a crown-heel length of
25cms, the age of foetus can be25cms, the age of foetus can be
determined bydetermined by
a) Age = length/ 2a) Age = length/ 2
b) Age = (length)b) Age = (length)22
c) Age = length/ 5c) Age = length/ 5
d) Age = length x 5d) Age = length x 5
34. 5.5. The minimum age for criminalThe minimum age for criminal
responsibility according to the Indianresponsibility according to the Indian
Railways Act isRailways Act is
a) More than 5 yearsa) More than 5 years
b) More than 7 yearsb) More than 7 years
c) More than 12 yearsc) More than 12 years
d) More than 14 yearsd) More than 14 years
35. 6. A girl is sent to reformatory school6. A girl is sent to reformatory school
on being convicted of a criminalon being convicted of a criminal
offence, if her age is less thanoffence, if her age is less than
a) 15 yearsa) 15 years
b) 16 yearsb) 16 years
c) 17 yearsc) 17 years
d) 18 yearsd) 18 years
36. 7.7. All the following are importantAll the following are important
medicolegal points with reference tomedicolegal points with reference to
the age of 18 years EXCEPTthe age of 18 years EXCEPT
a) Minimum age to enter governmenta) Minimum age to enter government
servicesservices
b) Attainment of majority (both sexes)b) Attainment of majority (both sexes)
c) Minimum age of marriage (females)c) Minimum age of marriage (females)
d) Minimum age for consenting to sexuald) Minimum age for consenting to sexual
actact
37. 8. The study of incremental lines in the8. The study of incremental lines in the
enamel of tooth to assess the age ofenamel of tooth to assess the age of
a person is known asa person is known as
a) Haase’s rulea) Haase’s rule
b) Morissons’s Methodb) Morissons’s Method
c) Boyde’s Methodc) Boyde’s Method
d) McNaughten Ruled) McNaughten Rule
38. 9. When a boy of 5 years kills an infant9. When a boy of 5 years kills an infant
he can be awardedhe can be awarded
a) Death Sentencea) Death Sentence
b) Life Imprisonmentb) Life Imprisonment
c) Solitary confinementc) Solitary confinement
d) None of them.d) None of them.
39. 10. To become a competent witness, a10. To become a competent witness, a
person should attain the age of :person should attain the age of :
a) 12 yearsa) 12 years
b) 10 yearsb) 10 years
c) 8 yearsc) 8 years
d) 6 yearsd) 6 years
e) None of theme) None of them
