Ccn lab 7 inter vlan router (18 files merged)

DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO
COMPUTER COMMUNICATION & NETWORKING
(6th
Semester, 3rd
Year) LAB EXPERIMENT # 7/1
Name: __________________________________________Roll No:
______________________________
Score: ______________Signature of the Lab Tutor: _______________________ Date:
_______________
To configure Inter VLAN Routing using router and L3 Switch
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES
Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to:
i. Cable a network according to the topology diagram
ii. Perform basic configuration tasks on a switch
iii. Create Inter VLANs
iv. Assign switch ports to a VLAN
v. Add, move, and change ports
vi. Verify Inter VLAN configuration with Router & L3 Switch
vii. Enable trunking on Inter-switch connections
viii. Verify trunk configuration
Task 1:
Prepare the Network as per instructions:
Create a network for small enterprise comprises of three
departments namely:
I. Sales
II. Accounts
III. Human Resource (HR)
The network must meet the following conditions:
1. The network must be comprises of three L2 Switches, each
switch should have:
2. 4 users for Sales, 3 for accounts, & 2 for HR department
respectively.
3. Use Router for communication between the users of each
department.
4. Repeat same Scenario using Router instead of L3 Switch.
Note: Write all the necessary configuration commands:

(6th
Semester, 3rd
Task 3:
Create the addressing table:
Addressing Table
Device
(Host Name)
interface IP Address Subnet Mask Default
Gateway
Initial Port Assignment (Switches/Router)
Ports Assignment Networks
FINAL CHECK LIST
1. Return all equipment and materials to their proper storage area.
2. Last date for submission is 10th
Aug 2018

(6th
Term, 3rd
Year) LAB EXPERIMENT # 8A/1
Name: __________________________________________Roll No: ________________
Score: ____________Signature of the Lab Tutor: _______________ Date: ___________
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVE
Upon successful completion this experiment, the student will be able to learn:
1- Logging into a router
2- Setting the hostname
3- Configuring passwords
4- To save configuration file of router.
EQUIPMENT
 PC
 Router with console
 RJ-45 TO DB-9 adapter
 RJ-45 TO RJ 45 rollover cable
DISCUSSION & CONFIGRATION:
Router
A Router shown in Fig.1 is a layer 3 network device that moves data between different
network segments and can look into a packet header to determine the best path for the
packet to travel. Routers can connect network segments that use different protocols. They
also allow all users in a network to share a single connection to the Internet or a WAN. It
is used to improve network performance by;
• segmenting the network and creating separate collision & broadcast domains.
• reducing competition for bandwidth.
• Broadcasts are not forwarded to other network segments.
• Increases security by using Access Lists.
LOGGING INTO ROUTER AND BECOMING FAMILIAR WITH ROUTER
INTERFACES, HOSTNAME, SETTING PASSWORDS, SAVING
CONFIGURATION

(6th
Term, 3rd
Year) LAB EXPERIMENT # 8B/1
Name: __________________________________________Roll No: ________________
Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to learn:
(i) To configure the interfaces of a router for communication between user
of different networks.
EQUIPMENT
 Two PCs
 one Router
 Two cross-over cables
DISCUSSION
Router is a device which is used to connect different networks together. In this lab we
will connect two different networks with a router using Pc and try to communicate these
pcs via router.
CONFIGURATION OF ROUTER INTERFACES

(6th
Term, 3rd
Setup a network similar to the one in the diagram. Any router that meets the interface
requirements may be used. And follow the steps required to achieve this lab activity.
Step 1: Configuring Router interfaces
For Router0
Press Enter to Start
Router>
Router>en
Router#config t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#hostname Router0
Router0(config)#^Z
%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
Router0(config)#int fa0/0
Router0(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.254 255.255.255.0
Router0(config-if)#no shut
%LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface fastEthernet0, changed state to up
Router0(config-if)#^Z
a. Why we have assigned ip address of which class and how many host ip address it has?
________________________________________________________________________
Router0#config t
%LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface fastEthernet0, changed state to up
Step 2: Configuring the work stations
Configure the workstations with the proper IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway.
a. The configuration for the host connected to the Router0 with fa0/0 interface is:
IP Address: 192.168.1.1
IP subnet mask: 255.255.255.0
Default gateway: 192.168.1.254
a. The configuration for the host connected to the Router0 with fa0/1 is:
IP Address: 192.168.2.1

(6th
Term, 3rd
a. Why the hosts have been assigned the default gateway addresses?
__________________________________________________________
Step 3: Check the interface status
Router1#sh ip int brief
Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol
Fa0/0 192.168.1.254 YES unset up up
Fa0/1 192.168.2.254 YES unset up up
Step 4: Check the routing table entries
Router0#sh ip route
Router1#sh ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, * - candidate default
U - per-user static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
192.168.1.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C 192.168.1.0 is directly connected, fa0/0
C 192.168.2.0 is directly connected, fa0/1
Step 7: Check connectivity from host to host
Ping PC-0 to PC-1
C:>ping 192.168.2.1
Pinging 192.168.2.1 with 32 bytes of data:
Reply from 192.168.2.1: bytes=32 time=60ms TTL=241
Ping statistics for 192.168.2.1: Packets: Sent = 5, Received = 5, Lost = 0 (0% loss),

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Term, 3rd
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 50ms, Maximum = 60ms, Average = 55ms
Ping PC-1 to PC-0
C:>ping 192.168.1.1
FINAL CHECK LIST
2. Submit your answers to question, before the next laboratory.

(6th
Term, 3rd
Name: __________________________________________Roll No: ________________
(i) To configure the STATIC routes between routers to allow data transfer
without the use of dynamic routing protocols.
EQUIPMENT
 Three PCs
 Three Routers with console
 Three RJ-45 TO DB-9 adapter
 Three RJ-45 TO RJ 45 rollover cable
DISCUSSION
Routing is a set of directions to get from one network to another. These directions, also
known as routes, can be dynamically given to the router by another route, or they can be
statically assigned to the router by an administrator. OR,
Routing is process that a router uses to forward packets toward the destination network.
A router makes decisions based upon the destination IP address of a packet. All devices
along the way use the destination IP address to send the packet in the right direction to
reach its destination. To make the correct directions, router must learn how to reach
remote networks.
When static routing is used, a network administrator configures information about remote
networks manually.
 The process in which Administrator manually adding routes in Routers table.
 No overhead on Router CPU
 No bandwidth usage between routers
 Security
 IP route, destination N/W, subnet mask, next hop address,
STATIC ROUTING

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Term, 3rd
PC2
R2
R1 R3
PC3
PC1
192.168.2.2/24
s1/172.16.0.1/16
e0/192.168.3.1/24
192.168.3.2/24
192.168.1.2/24
e0/192.168.1.1/24
s0/192.168.0.1/24
s0/192.168.0.2/24
e0/192.168.2.1/24
s0/172.16.0.2/16
Fig: Network Diagrm
Step 1: Configuring both Routers
For Router1
Router>
Router>en
Router#config t
Router1(config)#^Z
Router1(config)#int s0
Router1(config-if)#clock rate 64000
%LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Serial0, changed state to up
%LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Serial0, changed state to down
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0, changed state to down
Router1(config-if)#exit

(6th
Term, 3rd
Router1(config)#int e0
%LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Ethernet0, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0, changed state to up
For Router2
Router>
Router>en
Router#config t
Router2#config t
For Router 3

(6th
Term, 3rd
Router>en
Router#config t
a. The configuration for the host connected to the Router1 is:
IP Address: 192.168.1.2
IP Address: 192.168.2.2
IP Address: 192.168.3.2
a. Why the hosts have been assigned the default gateway addresses?
__________________________________________________________

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Term, 3rd
Serial0 192.168.0.1 YES unset up up
Ethernet0 192.168.1.1 YES unset up up
a. Check the interfaces on both routers with the commands show ip interface brief or
show interface.
b. Are all the necessary interfaces up?
____________________________________________
Router1#sh ip route
Router1#sh ip route
C 192.168.0.0 is directly connected, Serial0
C 192.168.1.0 is directly connected, Ethernet0
Router2#sh ip route

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Term, 3rd
Router3#sh ip route
a. Can a host on subnet 172.16. 0.0 see a host on network 192.168.3.0?
________________________________
Step 5: Adding the static routes
Router1(config)#ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.0.2
a. Why there are three static route needed on Router1 and Router3?
___________________________________
Step 6: Verify the new route
Router1#sh ip route

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Term, 3rd
S 192.168.2.0 [1/0] via 192.168.0.2
S 172.16.0.0 [1/0] via 192.168.0.2
S 192.168.3.0 [1/0] via 192.168.0.2
Router2#sh ip route
S 192.168.1.0 [1/0] via 192.168.0.1
S 192.168.3.0 [1/0] via 172.16.0.2
Router3#sh ip route

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Term, 3rd
S 192.168.2.0 [1/0] via 172.16.0.1
S 192.168.0.0 [1/0] via 172.16.0.1
S 192.168.1.0 [1/0] via 172.16.0.1
a. List the static routes listed in the routing table of Router 3?
b. What is the administrative distance?
____________________________________________
Ping host1 to host2
C:>ping 192.168.2.2
Ping host1 to host3
C:>ping 192.168.3.2

(6th
Term, 3rd
If the ping was not successful, check routing table to make sure static routes are entered
correctly.
FINAL CHECK LIST

DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING MEHRAN UNIVERSITY
OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO COMPUTER COMMUNICATION &
NETWORKING
(6th Semester, 3rd Year) LAB EXPERIMENT # 10
Name: Roll No:
Score: Signature of the Lab Tutor: Date:
TO CONFIGURE DEFAULT ROUTING USING
PACKET TRACER
(i) To configure the DEFAULT routes between routers to allow data
transfer without the use of dynamic routing protocols.
EQUIPMENT
 Two PCs
 Two Routers with console
 Two RJ-45 TO DB-9 adapter
 Two RJ-45 TO RJ 45 rollover cable
DISCUSSION
A default route, also known as the gateway of last resort, is the network route used by a
router when no other known route exists for a given IP packet's destination address. All
the packets for destinations not known by the router's routing table are sent to the default
route. This route generally leads to another router, which treats the packet the same way:
If the route is known, the packet will get forwarded to the known route. If not, the packet
is forwarded to the default-route of that router which generally leads to another router.
And so on. Each router traversal adds a one-hop distance to the route.
Once the router with a known route to a host destination is reached, the router determines
which route is valid by finding the "most specific match". The network with the longest
subnet mask that matches the destination IP address wins.
The default route in IPv4 (in CIDR notation) is 0.0.0.0/0, often called the quad-zero
route. Since the subnet mask given is /0, it effectively specifies no network, and is the
"shortest" match possible. A route lookup that doesn't match anything will naturally fall
back onto this route. Similarly, in IPv6 the default address is given by: /0.
Routers in an organization generally point the default route towards the router that has a
connection to a network service provider. This way, packets with destinations outside the

NETWORKING
organization's local area network (LAN)—typically to the Internet, WAN, or VPN—will
be forwarded by the router with the connection to that provider.
Host devices in an organization generally refer to the default route as a default gateway
which can be, and usually is, a filtration device such as a firewall or Proxy server.
For Router1
Router>
Router>en
Router#config t
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0, changed state to
down Router1(config-if)#exit

NETWORKING
a. How many interfaces are up on Router1? Mention names;
For Router2
Router>
Router>en
Router#config t
%LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Ethernet0, changed state to
up Router2(config-if)#^Z
Step 2: Configuring the server and workstation
Configure the server and workstation with the proper IP address, subnet mask, and default
gateway.
a. The configuration for the server connected to the Router1 is:
IP Address: 192.168.1.2
b. The configuration for the host connected to the Router2 is:
IP Address: 192.168.2.2

NETWORKING
show interface.
Router1#sh ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D
- EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area E1 -
OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
Router2#sh ip route

NETWORKING
a. What networks are displayed on R1?
b. What interfaces are directly connected on R2?
Step 5: Adding the Default routes
a. What does 0.0.0.0 showing here? Step 6: Verify
the new route Router1#sh ip route
Gateway of last resort is to network 0.0.0.0
S* 0.0.0.0 [1/0] via 192.168.0.2
Router2#sh ip route
Gateway of last resort is to network 0.0.0.0
S* 0.0.0.0 [1/0] via 192.168.0.1

NETWORKING
a. List the routes listed in the routing table of R2?
b. What is the administrative distance?
Ping host1 to server
C:>ping 192.168.2.1
If the ping was not successful, check routing table to make sure default static routes are
entered correctly
TASK: Design topology shown below and configure static routing.
FINAL CHECK LIST

(6th
Term, 3rd
Name: __________________________________________Roll No: ________________
(i) To configure the RIP dynamic routing protocol on routers.
EQUIPMENT
 Three PC
 Three Routers with console
 Three RJ-45 TO DB-9 adapter
 Three RJ-45 TO RJ 45 rollover cable
DISCUSSION & CONFIGURATION
Dynamic routing makes it possible to avoid the configuration of static routes. Dynamic
routing makes it possible to avoid the time-consuming and exacting process of
configuring static routes. Dynamic routing also makes it possible for routers to react to
changes in the network and to adjust their routing tables accordingly, without the
intervention of the network administrator.
RIP is a distance vector routing protocol that is used in thousands of networks throughout
the world. The fact that RIP is based on open standards and is easy to implement makes it
attractive to some network administrators. However, RIP lacks the power and features of
more advanced routing protocols. Because of its simplicity, RIP is a good basic protocol
for networking students.
Its key characteristics include the following:
 It is a distance vector routing protocol.
 Hop count is used as the metric for path selection.
 If the hop count is greater than 15, the packet is discarded.
 Routing updates are broadcast every 30 seconds, by default.
RIP DYNAMIC ROUTING PROTOCOL

(6th
Term, 3rd
PC2
R2
R1 R3
PC3
PC1
192.168.2.2/24
s1/172.16.0.1/16
e0/192.168.3.1/24
192.168.3.2/24
192.168.1.2/24
e0/192.168.1.1/24
s0/192.168.0.1/24
s0/192.168.0.2/24
e0/192.168.2.1/24
s0/172.16.0.2/16
Fig: Network Diagrm
For Router1
Router>
Router>en
Router#config t
Router1(config)#^Z

(6th
Term, 3rd
a. Why is the interface Serial0 changed state to down? Give reason
________________________________________________________________________
For Router2
Router>
Router>en
Router#config t
Router2#config t

(6th
Term, 3rd
For Router3
Router>en
Router#config t
Configure the workstations1 with the proper IP address, subnet mask, and default
gateway.
IP Address: 192.168.1.2
gateway.
IP Address: 192.168.2.2
gateway.
IP Address: 192.168.3.2

(6th
Term, 3rd
Serial1 172.16.0.1 YES unset up down
show interface.
____________________________________________
Router1#sh ip route
Router2#sh ip route

(6th
Term, 3rd
Router3#sh ip route
a. What networks are displayed on Router3?
_______________________________________________________________________
b. Which network is directly connected to Ethernet port?
___________________________________________
Step 5: Configuring the routing protocol on all Routers
From the global configuration mode, enter the following:
Router1(config)#router rip
Router1(config-router)#network 192.168.0.0
Router1(config-router)#^Z

(6th
Term, 3rd
a. Why there are three network entries on Router2?
_______________________________________________________________________
Router1#sh ip route
R 192.168.2.0 [120/1] via 192.168.0.2, 00:06:22, Serial0
R 172.16.0.0 [120/1] via 192.168.0.2, 00:06:33, Serial0
R 192.168.3.0 [120/2] via 192.168.0.2, 00:04:36, Serial0
Router2#sh ip route

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Term, 3rd
R 192.168.1.0 [120/1] via 192.168.0.1, 00:09:40, Serial0
R 192.168.3.0 [120/1] via 172.16.0.2, 00:05:31, Serial1
Router3#sh ip route
R 192.168.0.0 [120/1] via 172.16.0.1, 00:09:29, Serial0
R 192.168.2.0 [120/1] via 172.16.0.1, 00:02:34, Serial0
R 192.168.1.0 [120/2] via 172.16.0.1, 00:05:41, Serial0
a. List the shortest listed route in the routing table of R2?
b. What is the administrative distance and which protocol is used?
____________________________________________
Ping host1 to host2
C:>ping 192.168.2.2

(6th
Term, 3rd
Ping host1 to host3
C:>ping 192.168.3.2
If the ping was not successful, check routing table to make sure routes are entered
correctly
Lab Exercise:
Configure the network given below using network IP 192.168.20.0/24 and configure RIP
protocol on routers for hosts communication. Attach screen shot of routing table and
ping.
FINAL CHECK LIST
2. Submit your answers to question, before the next laboratory

NETWORKING
Name: Roll No:
Score: Signature of the Lab Tutor: Date:
TO CONFIGURE OSPF DYNAMIC ROUTING PROTOCOL
(i) To configure the OSPF dynamic routing protocol on the routers.
EQUIPMENT
 Three PC
 Three Routers with console
 RJ-45 TO DB-9 adapter
 RJ-45 TO RJ 45 rollover cable
 RJ-45 TO RJ 45 crossover cable
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a routing protocol used to determine the best route for
delivering the packets within an IP networks. It was published by the IETF to serve as an
Interior Gateway Protocol replacing RIP. OSPF is a link-state routing protocol, whereas
RIP and IGRP are distance-vector routing protocols. Routers running the distance-vector
algorithm send all or a portion of their routing tables in routing-update messages to their
neighbors.
OSPF sends link-state advertisements (LSAs) to all other routers within the same area.
Information on attached interfaces, metrics used, and other variables are included in
OSPF LSAs. OSPF routers use the SPF (Shortest Path First) algorithm to calculate the
shortest path to each node. SPF algorithm is also known as Dijkstra algorithm.
SPF selects the best routes by finding the lowest cost paths to a destination. The cost of a
route is equal to the sum of all the costs configured on all the outbound links between the
router and the destination network, plus the cost configured on the interface that OSPF
received the Link State Advertisement on.

NETWORKING
OSPF Areas
OSPF areas are used to impose a hierarchical structure to the flow of data over the
network. A network using OSPF will always have at least one area and if there is more
than one area, one of the two areas must be the backbone area. Areas are used to group
routers into manageable groups that exchange routing information locally, but summarize
that routing information when advertising the routes externally.
Advantages of OSPF
 OSPF is an open standard, not related to any particular vendor. OSPF is
hierarchical routing protocol, using area 0 (Autonomous System) at the top of the
hierarchy.
 OSPF uses Link State Algorithm, and an OSPF network diameter can be much
larger than that of RIP.
 OSPF supports Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSM), resulting in efficient use
of networking resources.

 OSPF uses multicasting within areas.
 After initialization, OSPF only sends updates on routing table sections which have
changed; it does not send the entire routing table, which in turn conserves network
bandwidth.
 Using areas, OSPF networks can be logically segmented to improve
administration, and decrease the size of routing tables.
Disadvantages of OSPF:
 OSPF is very processor intensive due to implementation of SPF algorithm. OSPF
maintains multiple copies of routing information, increasing the amount of
memory needed.

 OSPF is a more complex protocol to implement compared to RIP.

NETWORKING
For Router1
Router>
Router>en
Router#config t
Router1(config)#^Z
%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by
console Router1(config)#int s0
down Router1(config-if)#exit

NETWORKING
console For Router2
Router>
Router>en
Router#config t
down Router2(config-if)#^Z
console Router2#config t
For Router3
Router>
Router>en
Router#config t

NETWORKING
gateway.
IP Address: 192.168.1.2
gateway.
IP Address: 192.168.2.2
gateway.
IP Address: 192.168.3.2

NETWORKING
show interface.
b. If an interface gets down will it retain IP address or not?
Router1#sh ip route
C 192.168.0.0 is directly connected, Serial0 C
192.168.1.0 is directly connected, Ethernet0
Router2#sh ip route

NETWORKING
a. Why routers reflect network addresses only?
Router3#sh ip route
Step 5: Configuring the routing protocol on all the Routers
At the global configuration mode, enter the following:
Router1(config)#router ospf 10
Router1(config-router)#network 192.168.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
Router2(config)#router ospf 10
Router3(config-router)#router ospf 10
Router1#sh ip route
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route

NETWORKING
O 172.16.0.0/16 [110/128] via 192.168.0.2, 00:04:54,
Serial0 C 192.168.0.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0
O 192.168.2.0/24 [110/65] via 192.168.0.2, 00:04:54, Serial0 O
192.168.3.0/24 [110/129] via 192.168.0.2, 00:04:54, Serial0
Router2#sh ip route
C 172.16.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial1
O 192.168.1.0/24 [110/65] via 192.168.0.1, 00:07:48, Serial0
O 192.168.3.0/24 [110/65] via 172.16.0.2, 00:10:50, Serial1
a. What is /65 showing here?
Router3#sh ip route
O 192.168.0.0/24 [110/128] via 172.16.0.1, 00:12:18, Serial0
O 192.168.1.0/24 [110/129] via 172.16.0.1, 00:08:30, Serial0
O 192.168.2.0/24 [110/65] via 172.16.0.1, 00:12:18, Serial0

NETWORKING
a. List the remote routes listed in the routing table of Router2?
Ping host1 to host2
C:>ping 192.168.2.2
Ping host1 to host3
C:>ping 192.168.3.2
If the ping was not successful, check routing table to make sure routes are
entered correctly.

NETWORKING
Lab Exercise:
Configure the network given below using network IP 172.16.5.0/24 and configure OSPF
protocol on routers for hosts communication. Attach screen shot of routing table, topology table
and ping.
FINAL CHECK LIST

NETWORKING
Name: __________________________________________Roll No: ________________
To configure DHCP Server to provide IP Address for wired &
Wireless Network using Packet Tracer
(i) To configure DHCP server
(ii) How to use a DHCP server to assign ip address to host in a far away
networks
EQUIPMENT
 Three PC
 Two Servers

 Appropriate cables for connections
 
DNS server:
DNS stands for Domain Name Server, this server is used to translate any webpage
name to a specific ip address of this website’s server hosting address. Whenever a
website’s name is put on the web browser, the first request is sent to a DNS server’s ip
address to translate the name of the website in to a ip address, the DNS server then directs
the traffic for that website name to the translated ip address and hence the connection is
established, if there is no DNS server address configured into the end device the
communication will not take place as the browser does not know where is the server
located and what is the ip address of that server.
DHCP Server:
DHCP stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. This Protocol is configured
into the device that we want to make DHCP server, in our case it will be the Router.
Function of DHCP server is to dynamically assign ip address to the end devices of a
network. A user is not aware in a new network that which ip’s are taken or whch ip’s are
available to be used, what is the subnet mask, which ip’s have been restricted to be used by
special users like administrators etc, collecting all of that information in a new

NETWORKING
network is very troublesome as most of the time this information is not available
however the DHCP server is built in to the device and configured with all of the required
information so every new user can be assigned with an ip of that particular network just
by requesting an ip address.
We will learn in the next step how a DHCP server is configured, what tools are
required etc.
Step 1:
Design the network topology in to the packet tracer.
Step 2:
Do the basic configuration on both routers.
1) DHCP Router configuration:
2) Router>
Router>en
Router#config t
Router(config)#hostname DHCP_Server Router1(config)#^Z
console DHCP_Server(config)#int fa0/0
DHCP_Server (config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0

NETWORKING
DHCP_Server (config-if)#no shut
%LINK-5-changed: Interface Faabyteethernet 0/0, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Fastethernet 0/0,
changed state to up
DHCP_Server (config-if)#exit
DHCP_Server (config)#int fa0/1
DHCP_Server (config-if)#ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0
%LINK-5-changed: Interface Fastethernet 0/1, changed state to up
3) On Router1
Router>en
Router#config t
Router1(config-if)#ip add 192.168.2.2 255.255.255.0
Router1(config-if)#no sh
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0,
changed state to up
Router1(config-if)#int fa0/1
Router1(config-if)#ip add 192.168.3.1 255.255.255.0
Router1(config-if)#no sh
changed state to up
4) Activate routing protocol on both routers
DHCP_Server(config)#router rip
DHCP_Server(config-router)#version 2
DHCP_Server(config-router)#network 192.168.1.0
DHCP_Server(config-router)#network 192.168.2.0
Router1(config-router)#version 2

NETWORKING
5) Configure DHCP Server on Router:
DHCP_server(config)#ip dhcp pool Net1
DHCP_server(dhcp-config)#network 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0
DHCP_server(dhcp-config)#default-router 192.168.1.1
DHCP_server(dhcp-config)#dns-server 192.168.1.2
DHCP_server(dhcp-config)#exit
DHCP_server(config)#ip dhcp pool Net2
DHCP_server(dhcp-config)#network 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.0
DHCP_server(dhcp-config)#default-router 192.168.3.1
DHCP_server(dhcp-config)#dns-server 192.168.1.2
To avoid ip conflict we will restrict some ip’s for administration purpose.
DHCP_server(config)#ip dhcp excluded-address 192.168.1.1 192.168.1.10
DHCP_server(config)#ip dhcp excluded-address 192.168.3.1 192.168.3.10
6) In this lab we will need PC3 to also receive a ip from DHCP server which is
connected with Router 1. PC3 will send a broadcast request for ip assignment but
Router 1 will drop that request as Routers generally do not entertain a broadcast
requests, we have to configure Router1 in a way that it accepts request from PC3 and
forward it to DHCP_server.
Router1(config-if)#ip helper-address 192.168.2.1

NETWORKING
7) Assign static ip’s to DNS and Web server. DNS would be assigned 192.168.1.2
ip address and Web server would assign 192.168.1.3 ip address.
8) Request ip addresses in all PC’s
PC 1

DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO COMPUTER COMMUNICATION &
NETWORKING
DNS server
PC 2

NETWORKING
PC 3

NETWORKING
Task: Design a topology given below according to the requirements. Assign Ip address to all Pcs
connected with Router 3
FINAL CHECK LIST
2. Submit your answers to question, before the next laboratory

NETWORKING
Name: __________________________________________Roll No: ________________
To configure standard & extended ACLs on router using Packet Tracer
(i) To configure ACL
(ii) How to Control and Manage the Flow of the Data
EQUIPMENT
 Six PC
 Two Servers

ACL:
An access control list (ACL) is a table that tells a computer operating system
which access rights each user has to a particular system object, such as a file directory or
individual file. Each object has a security attribute that identifies its access control list.
The list has an entry for each system user with access privileges. In simpler terms the
ACL is like a authorization list to a security guard outside of a VIP hotel. Anyone trying
to access the hotel will first have to get checked from the guard that whether this person
is authorized to access the hotel or not, after verification the person is either permitted or
denied the entry.

NETWORKING
Step 1:
Design the network topology in to the packet tracer.
Step 2:
1) R1 configuration:
Router>en
Router#config t
Router(config)#hostname R1
R1(config)#int fa 0/0
R1(config-if)#ip add 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
R1(config-if)#no sh
changed state to up

NETWORKING
R1(config-if)#int fa0/1
R1(config-if)#ip add 192.168.4.1 255.255.255.0
R1(config-if)#no sh
changed state to up
int se0/0/0
R1(config-if)#ip add 192.168.5.1 255.255.255.0
R1(config-if)#clock rate 64000
R1(config-if)#no sh
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/0/0, changed state to down
On Router2
Router>en
Router#config t
R2(config)#int fa0/0
R2(config-if)#ip add 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0
R2(config-if)#no sh
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on
Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up
R2(config-if)#int fa 0/1
R2(config-if)#ip add 192.168.3.1 255.255.255.0
R2(config-if)#no sh
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on
Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to up
R2(config-if)#int se0/0/0
R2(config-if)#ip add 192.168.5.2 255.255.255.0
R2(config-if)#no sh
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/0/0, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/0/0, changed
state to up
2) Activate routing protocol on both routers
R1(config)# R1(config)#router rip
R1(config-router)#version 2
R1(config-router)#network 192.168.1.0

NETWORKING
R1(config-router)#exit
R2(config)#router rip
R2(config-router)#version 2
R2(config-router)#exit
After the basic configuration your topology should be up in all interfaces
3) Assign static ip’s to PC’s along with the gateway address according to the topology.
4) Check routing table at this point to confirm the routing entries are correct.

NETWORKING
5) From Pc 0 of Management network try to ping other pc’s and check the
basic connectivity.
Name based ACL Commands:
a) Router(Config)#ip access-list standard <ACL_no/Name>
For standard ACL number is from <1-99>
b) Router(Config-std-nacl)# <deny/permit> <matching
parameters> Applying ACL to an interface
c) Router(Config)#interface <type/slot>
d) Router(Config-if)#ip access-group <ACL_no./Name> <in/out>
6) Configuring Standard ACL:
Task 1: Accounts department and management department employees should not be
able to access company’s server except managers of accounts and sales. The
respective ip’s of managers of both departments are 192.168.2.5 and 192.168.3.5,
they should be able to access the servers without interruption.

NETWORKING
Task 2: Sales department should not be able to reach or access management.
In Task 1 we have to restrict the accounts and sales department so that restriction
has to be placed on Router 1 further away from source.
R1(config)#access-list 1 permit host 192.168.2.5
R1(config)# access-list 1 permit host 192.168.3.5
R1(config)#deny 192.168.2.0 0.0.0.255
R1(config)#deny 192.168.3.0 0.0.0.255
R1(config)#Permit any
R1(config)#exit
R1(config-if)#ip access-group 1 out
Now check the connectivity of the sales and accounts network.
a) Check the connectivity of manager’s pc’s in both networks trying to reach server.

NETWORKING
As we can see both manager’s PC’s are able to reach servers, now let’s try other PC’s

NETWORKING
As we can see the rest of the network is restricted and unreachable.
Task 2:
Sales should not be able to access management department.
This will be done using name based standard ACL on Router 1.
R1(config)#ip access-list standard restrict_sales
R1(config-std-nacl)#permit host 192.168.3.5
R1(config-std-nacl)#deny 192.168.3.0 0.0.0.255
R1(config-std-nacl)#permit any
R1(config-std-nacl)#exit
R1(config-if)#ip access-group restrict_sales out
R1(config-if)#exit
Now check the status can apart from the manager, rest of the network access the
management network?
As we can see above manager’s pc can access the management network
In above figure it’s evident that rest of the network of sales cannot reach management
network

NETWORKING
7) Configuring Extended ACL
Task 1:Account department users are allowed to access web service of server but
manager of accounts 192.168.2.5 is not allowed to use web service.
Task2: Accounts department users are not allowed to use FTP server but
manager of accounts 192.168.2.5 is allowed to access FTP server.
To achieve Task1 ACL is applied on Router 2 near to the source.syntax of
extended ACL. The ip address of server is 192.168.4.200
R2(config)#access-list <100-199> <permit/deny> <protocol> <source-add> <destination-add> eq <port-number>
Task1:
We can also configure name-based ACL
R2(config)#ip access-list 101
R2(config)#deny tcp host 192.168.2.5 192.168.4.200 0.0.0.0 eq 80
R2(config)#permit tcp 192.168.2.0 0.0.0.255 192.168.4.200 0.0.0.0 eq 80
Task2: R2(config)#permit tcp host 192.168.2.5 192.168.4.200 0.0.0.0 eq 21
R2(config)#deny tcp 192.168.2.0 0.00.255 192.168.4.200 0.0.0.0 eq 21
Now we will apply this acl on R2 interface fa0/0 closest to the source network.
R2(config-if)#ip access-group 101 out
R2(config-if)#exit
NOTE: after destination address we will give wildcard mask to show network
NOW if manager tries to access Web service it will be denied and only allowed
FTP service. On the other hand, any user from account can use Web service but FTP service is
blocked.
.

NETWORKING
Task: Design the topology shown below
1) Allow Web service to user having ip address 192.168.1.100 and 192.168.1.200 but block
their FTP service of the server.
2) Block Web service to user having ip address 192.168.1.1 but allow FTP service to this
user.
3) Block all services for user 192.168.1.33 to the server.
FINAL CHECK LIST

NETWORKING
Name: __________________________________________Roll No: ________________
To configure Static & Dynamic Network Address Translation (NAT), & Port
Address Translation (PAT)
(i) What is the Role of NAT & PAT in ipv4 addressing scheme
(ii) How to configure static NAT
(iii) How to configure Dynamic NAT
(iv) How to configure Overload (PAT)
EQUIPMENT
 Two PC
 One server Servers

NAT:
Network address translation or commonly known as NAT is a concept which was
introduced when the task forces of Telecommunication like, ITU,IEEE figured out that
soon ipv4 addresses will run out and there will be scarcity of network addresses, in
simple terms the internet was at risk. One solution was already developed that was ipv6
but until ipv6 was adopted as the universal standard for logical addressing another
solution or mechanism was needed to provide logical addresses to the overwhelming
growth of internet users., hence NAT was introduced.
NAT is used in a way that multiple private networks can have same private ip
addresses but they’ll be translated as they leave there gateway interface, the translated ip
is called public ip address.
NAT has multiple ways to be implemented in a router, like static NAT and Dynamic
NAT, there is another method or a way which is called overloading (PAT) which will be
discussed later on.
STATIC NAT:
Static NAT is a mechanism of NAT in which each private ip is mapped to a
public ip addressed manually, the configuration takes place by the administrator in which

NETWORKING
the mapping is done as per requirement and is fixed, every host of the network has a
specific private ip and that will be mapped to a specific public ip address and this cannot
change until reconfigured manually, hence the name STATIC NAT.
Commands used in STATIC NAT:
a) Defining inside and outside interface on the router.
The network in a Router before Exit interface or gateway interface is the inside part
of your network, and the interface from which the data is travelling to internet is the
outside of your network.
Inside and Outside Interface will be defined by using the commands given below.
R(Config-if)# ip nat inside (apply this command when you are into the inside
interface)
R(Config-if)#ip nat outsideside (apply this command when you are into the inside
interface)
b) R(Config)#ip nat inside source static <private ip of host > <public ip of host>
Repeat this command for every host in a network
Commands used in DYNAMIC NAT:
a) R(Config-if)# ip nat inside (apply this command when you are into the inside
interface)
R(Config-if)#ip nat outside (apply this command when you are into the inside
interface)
b) R(Config)#access-list <number> permit <ip address of network> <wildcard mask of
network>
c) Ip nat pool <name of pool> <start of public ip address> <end of public ip address>
netmask <subnet mask>
d) Ip nat inside source list <number> pool <name>
Commands used in OVERLOAD (PAT):
a) R(Config-if)# ip nat inside (apply this command when you are into the inside
interface)
R(Config-if)#ip nat outsideside (apply this command when you are into the inside
interface)
b) R(Config)#access-list <number> permit <ip address of network> <wildcard mask of
network>
c) Ip nat pool <name of pool> <start of public ip address> <end of public ip address>
netmask <subnet mask>
d) Ip nat inside source list <number> pool <name> overload
.

NETWORKING
Step 1:
Design the network topology in to the packet tracer
Step 2:
Give ip addresses to PC0.PC1,Server0 192.168.1.10,192.168.1.11,192.168.1.12
respectively and give default gateway as 192.168.1.1
1) R0 configuration:
Router>en
Router#conf t
R1(config-if)#ip add 192.168.1.254 255.255.255.0
R1(config-if)#no shut
R1(config-if)#
changed state to up
R1(config-if)#int fa0/1
R1(config-if)#ip add 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
R1(config-if)#
On Router1

NETWORKING
Router>en
Router#conf t
R2(config-if)#ip add 1.1.1.2 255.255.255.0
R2(config-if)#
changed state to up
R2(config-if)#ip add 2.2.2.254 255.255.255.0
2) Configure Static Nat on R1
R1(config-if)#ip nat inside
R1(config-if)#exit
R1(config-if)#ip nat outside
R1(config-if)#exit
R1(config)#ip nat inside source static 192.168.1.1 1.1.1.1
After the basic configuration your topology should be up in all interfaces and static
NAT is also configured.
Now to check the configuration.
3) Configure static route on Router1
R1(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 fa0/1
4) Confirm NAT
Enable ip debug in R2 to check the incoming traffic’s ip address.
R2#debug ip icmp
ICMP packet debugging is on
Ping from each host to R2

NETWORKING

NETWORKING
As we can see above the ip address of destination of host is shown as
1.1.1.1 respectively and it is confirmed our private ip’s are now
translated to public ip addresses.
4) Configure DYNAMIC NAT
Inside and outside interfaces are already configured
R1(config)#access-list 1 permit 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255
R1(config)#ip nat pool dynamic 1.1.1.3 1.1.1.10 netmask 255.255.255.0
R1(config)#ip nat inside source list 1 pool dynamic

NETWORKING
As we can see in above images our dynamic NAT had only two public ip’s in the
pool which were allocated to pc1 and pc 2 since there was no other public ip left
to assign server (3
rd
host) and the ping was failed from server.
5) Configure Overload (PAT)
Port Address Translation:
PAT is a type of NAT translation, the difference the mapping takes place on
unique port numbers instead of different public ip’s. The public ip remain same for all
hosts.
Configuration:
Dynamic PAT
R1(config)#access-list 1 permit 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255
R1(config)#ip nat inside source list 1 pool dynamic overload
Static PAT
R1(config)#ip nat inside source list 1 interface fa0/1 overload

NETWORKING
As we can see the ping from three different hosts to R2 were successful and all hosts had
same destination address of 200.124.22.1. This is the advantage of PAT that one public ip is
enough for entire network to reach internet, this can save a lot of ip addresses and misuse of
scarce ipv4 addresses.
Task 1: Answer the following questions.
1) Why was NAT introduced?
2) How many types of Nat available, which Nat mechanism is generally used for
commercial purpose ISP’s?
3) If there is NAT available why was there a need of PAT mechanism?
4) What is the difference between Static NAT, Dynamic NAT, Overload?
Task 2: Design the following topology and perform the PAT accordingly.
FINAL CHECK LIST
Submit your answers to question, before the next laboratory.

Scenario for Inter Vlan using L3 switch
Configuring L3 switch for Inter Vlan Routing
L3 Switch interface configuration:
1.Create Vlans on L3 switch
Switch(config)# vlan 10
Switch(config-vlan)# name HR
Switch(config)# vlan 20
Switch(config-vlan)# name Accounts
2.Configuring interface For Trunk in L3 switch
Switch(config)# interface fastEthernet 0/24
Switch(config-if)# switchport mode trunk
Switch(config-if)# switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q
Switch(config-if)# exit

3.Configuring L3 switch for routing
Switch(config)# ip routing
Switch(config)# interface vlan 10
Switch(config-if)# ip address 192.168.10.254 255.255.255.0
Switch(config-if)# exit
Switch(config)#interface vlan 20
Switch(config-if)#ip address 192.168.20.254 255.255.255.0
Switch(config-if)#exit
Switch(config)#interface vlan 30
Switch(config-if)#ip address 192.168.30.254 255.255.255.0
Switch(config-if)#exit
4. Router’s Routing Table
Switch# show ip route
C 192.168.10.0/24 is directly connected, Vlan10
Note: in order to perform routing in L3 switch ip routing command
should be enabled

VLAN 10
VLAN 20
VLAN 30
Scenario of Inter Vlan using Router
Configuring Router for Inter Vlan
Router’s interface configuration configuration:
1.Turning port status to up
Router(config)# interface fastEthernet 0/0
Router(config-if)# no shutdown
Router(config-if)# exit
2.Configuring Logical sub interface For VLAN 10
Router(config)# interface fastEthernet 0/0.10
Router(config-subif)# encapsulation dot1Q 10
Router(config-subif)# ip address 192.168.10.254 255.255.255.0
Router(config-subif)# exit

Router(config-subif)#ip address 192.168.20.254 255.255.255.0
Router(config-subif)#ip address 192.168.30.254 255.255.255.0
5.Router’s Routing Table
Router# show ip route
C 192.168.10.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0.10
Note:Switch port connected with router’s interface should be in Trunk
mode

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________________________________________________________________________
Submitted by: Saad Khan
Roll No# 17-16Tl20
Name: _____________Saad Khan________________ Roll No: ____17-16TL20____
________________________________________________________________________
TRANSMISSIOM MEDIA & CONNECTORS
Upon successful completion this experiment, the student will be able to:
(i) Familiar with the different connectors & transmission media
(ii) Making of RJ- 45 connector (wiring standard)
EQUIPMENTS
 RJ 45 connectors
 Twisted pair wire (UTP)
 Crimping tools
 LAN Cable Tester
DISCUSSION
TRANSMISSION MEDIA
Twisted-pair cabling
Most networks are connected with twisted-pair cabling. The cable that runs from your
telephone to the wall is probably twisted-pair. Different types and categories of twisted-
pair cable exist, but they all have two things common:
 The wires come in pairs
 The pairs of wires are twisted around each other.
The twisting of wires reduces crosstalk, the bleeding of a signal from one wire to another,
which can corrupt signals and cause network error.
Transmitting cables have a naturally created magnetic field around them. When two
wires are placed in close proximity, their electronically created magnetic fields cancel
each other out. This cancellation insulates the signal from the effects of signal bleeding.
When the wires are twisted around one another, the magnetic cancellation is further
enhanced. The twisting of the wires not only protects the signal inside from the internal
crosstalk, but also guards against other external forms of signal interference.
UTP
Unshielded twisted- pair (UTP) cabling is used for a variety of electronic
communications. UTP cable supports data transmissions of 4, 10, 16, and 100 Mbps.
The maximum segment length for UTP is 100 meters.

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________________________________________________________________________
Roll No# 17-16Tl20
Advantages
 It is thin, flexible cable that is easy to string between walls
 Most modern buildings come with CAT 5 UTP already wired into the wall outlets
or at least run between the floors.
 Because UTP is small, it does not quickly fill up wiring ducts
 UTP costs less per foot than nay other type of LAN cable
Disadvantages
 It is more susceptible to interference than most other types of cabling. The pair
twisting does help, but is does not make the cable impervious to electrical noise.
 It is limited to segments of 100 meters.
STP
Shielded twisted-pair (STP) cabling is similar to UTP in that the wire pairs are twisted
around each other inside the cable. However, STP also shielding around the cable to
further protect it from external interference. The shielding of the individual pairs of wires
further reduces the chance of crosstalk. Of course, shielding the individual wire pairs
increases the overall diameter and weight of the cable the maximum segment length of
STP cable is 100 meter.
The advantages of STP over UTP are:
 It has greater protection from interference and crosstalk due to shielding.
The disadvantages of STP include:
 STP has a higher cost per foot
 The STP shield must be grounded at both ends; if grounded improperly, it can
cause serious interference.
 Heavier and less flexible, STP is more difficult to install
 Because of its thickness, STP may not fit down cable ducts.

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Semester, 3rd
________________________________________________________________________
Roll No# 17-16Tl20
COAXIAL CABLING
Coaxial cable consists of a solid core (often made of copper) or wire strand conductor
that is surrounded by insulation. Just outside of the insulation is a shield, which is a foil
or copper braid that protects the inner conductor. A protective jacket (external coasting)
surrounds the outside of the cable.
Coaxial cable supports data-transmission rates of 10 Mbps. The two most commonly
used types of coaxial cable are Thicknet and Thinnet. Thicknet is a thicker then Thinnet.
Thicknet can be up to 500 meters long whereas Thinnet segments are limited to 185
meters. Figure show coaxial cable.
The advantages of using coaxial cabling on the LAN include the following:
 The segment lengths are longer than UTP or STP
 Shielding is built in.
 Hubs between stations are not required.
Disadvantages
 It is not easy to run as UTP because it is not as flexible or thin.
 It is more expensive than UTP.
 It requires more room in wiring ducts than UTP.
FIBER OPTIC CABLE
Fiber optic cable carries light pulses rather than electrical signals along its fibers. This
cable is made of glass or plastic fibers, rather than copper wire like most other network
cabling. The core of the cable is usually glass. Surrounding the glass is a layer of
cladding made of glass or plastic. It traps the light in the core. The cladding is usually
wrapped either an insulating layer. This fiber is then surrounded with Kevlar, which the
strong substance used in bulletproof vests. Finally, a protective outer sheath made of
either PVC or Teflon (plenum grade) is added.

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________________________________________________________________________
Roll No# 17-16Tl20
The light pulses carrying the signals in fiber optic cable originating from a light emitting
diode (LED) (multimode cable) or Laser (single- mode cable).
Multimode cable can support transmission up to 100 Mbps, over segments up to 2 km.
Single-mode cable can transmit up to 2 Gbps with the segments that span up to 62 miles.
Fiber optic cable is the media choice for connections between LANs, between buildings,
across MANs (metropolitan area network), and where there is excessive interference or
security issue.
Advantages
 It can transmit over long distances, farther than any other network media
 It is not susceptible to electromagnetic interference.
 It is immune from cross talk
 It supports extremely high transmission rates
 The cable has a small diameter and can be use in narrow wiring ducts
 It is not susceptible to eavesdropping.
Disadvantages
 It is more expensive than other types of networking media
 It is more difficult and expensive to install than other types of network media. The
ends of each cable must be polished perfectly flat and scratch free before they are
inserted into the connection device.
 Because it is fragile, fiber optic cable must be installed carefully and protected
after installation
CONNECTORS
RJ-45 connectors
RJ-45 plugs are similar to those you'll see on the end of your telephone cable except they
have eight versus four or six contacts on the end of the plug and they are about twice as
big. Make sure they are rated for CAT 5 wiring. (RJ means "Registered Jack"), as
shown in the fig:
Thinnet connectors
The most common connectors for RG-58 cabling on Thinnet networks are barrel
connectors, T-connectors, and terminators. These connectors are known as British
Naval Connectors, or simply BNC connectors. A barrel connector connects two sections

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Roll No# 17-16Tl20
of coaxial cabling. A T –connector fits on the end of the network interface card (NIC)
and connects a station to two sections of RG-58 cabling. Terminators are placed on each
end of a Thinnet network segment to absorb signals as they reach the end of the wire.
This absorption keeps the signals from reflecting and preventing other station from
transmitting. Fig
Thicknet connectors
Although a Thicknet also uses coaxial cabling, the connectors can be different. Thicknet
cable can be attached directly to computers using larger BNC- style connectors that are
similar to the Thinnet connectors, but Thicknet is extremely difficult to manipulate and
usually is connected indirectly.
In this direct method, a small device called a vampire tap pierces the Thicknet cable to
mark a connection with the core. The tap is then attached to a transceiver external to the
NIC. A drop cable, no more the n 50 feet long, connects the transceiver to an attachment
unit interface (AUI) port on the NIC. Unlike a BNC attachment or RJ-45 attachment,
the AUI attachment on the NIC is not a transceiver.
Fiber optic connector
Optical fiber connectors mostly used are “ST” (a) and the “SC” (b) and they must be able
to support at least 200 cycles for extraction/insertion without introducing attenuation over
1 dB, as shown in the fig:

Ccn lab 7 inter vlan router (18 files merged)

Ccn lab 7 inter vlan router (18 files merged)

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