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Nutrient Loss Reduction Drainage Water Recycling
1. MANAGING WATER FOR TOMORROWโS AGRICULTURE
Nutrient loss reduction potential of
drainage water recycling systems based on
on-farm water storage size
Ben Reinhart, Project Manager
Jane Frankenberger, Project Director
Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University
2. MANAGING WATER FOR TOMORROWโS AGRICULTURE
Water storage
and management
in the Midwest
โข Improve
drainage to
support
production
โข Tile drains
increase loss of
nitrate (and
phosphorus) Outlet
(i.e. stream)
3. MANAGING WATER FOR TOMORROWโS AGRICULTURE
Options for
reducing
nutrient loads
โข Reduction
efficiencies are
highly variable
across practices
Source: Iowa Nutrient Reduction Strategy Science Assessment
Nitrogen Reduction Target = 41%
5. MANAGING WATER FOR TOMORROWโS AGRICULTURE
โข How will this
vary across
climate and
soils?
โข How much
storage is
needed to meet
crop or water
quality targets?
Designing drainage water recycling systems
6. MANAGING WATER FOR TOMORROWโS AGRICULTURE
Water balance
in DWR systems
โข Track:
1. Daily drain flow
3. Water level
and volume
2. Soil water
storage
7. MANAGING WATER FOR TOMORROWโS AGRICULTURE
Soil water
storage
โข Defining the soil
water reservoir
โข Variables:
+ Eff. Precip. (Pe)
+ Irrigation (I)
- Evaporation/
Transpiration
(ET)
Daily Soil Water = Pe + I โ ET
8. MANAGING WATER FOR TOMORROWโS AGRICULTURE
Soil water
storage
โข Effective
Precipitation
โข FAO CLIMWAT
โข Reference/Crop
ET
โข Daily climate on-
site (L. Bowling,
Purdue)
โข FAO CropWat Kc
(Maize)
9. MANAGING WATER FOR TOMORROWโS AGRICULTURE
Storage level
and volume Avg. Depth
Area
โข Variables:
+ Drain flow (D)
+ Precipitation (P)
- Evap.(E)
- Irrigation (I)
- Seepage (S)
Daily Water Volume =
D + P โ E โ I โ S
10. MANAGING WATER FOR TOMORROWโS AGRICULTURE
Water level and
volume
โข Measured daily
drain flow and
precipitation
โข Evaporation (NWS
pan avg. monthly values)
โข Seepage (3mm/day
constant)
0
2
4
6
8
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
mm/day
Evaporation
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
mm/day Drain flow
11. MANAGING WATER FOR TOMORROWโS AGRICULTURE
Water balance
in DWR systems
โข As water is
added to the
system:
1. Capture if
capacity > flow
2. Bypass if
capacity < flow
12. MANAGING WATER FOR TOMORROWโS AGRICULTURE
Water balance
in DWR systems
โข As water is
removed from
the system:
1. Irrigation
applied if
demand < stored
volume
2. Storage Deficit
if demand >
stored volume
13. MANAGING WATER FOR TOMORROWโS AGRICULTURE
Davis Purdue
Agriculture
Center (DPAC)
Field Data
(2006-2016, daily)
โข Drain flow
โข Weather
โข Water Quality
โข Nitrate-N
โข Total Phosphorus
(2012-2016)
Data from Saadat, Bowling,
Frankenberger
14. MANAGING WATER FOR TOMORROWโS AGRICULTURE
Davis Purdue Agriculture Center (DPAC)
Drain flow: 368 mm/yr (avg.); 232 mm Min., 470 mm Max
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Nitrate-Nitrogen(mg/l)
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
TotalPhosphorus(mg/l)
15. MANAGING WATER FOR TOMORROWโS AGRICULTURE
Various Sizes of
Storage
2% of field area
4% of field area
6% of field area
8% of field area
10% of field area
Avg. Depth: 3 m
Field Area: 80 ac.
10%
8%
6%
4%
2%
Drainage water recycling in MI
5 acres 1 acre
each
16. MANAGING WATER FOR TOMORROWโS AGRICULTURE
Results: % of Annual Drain Flow Captured
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
2% 4% 6% 8% 10%
Storage Area/Field Area
Avg
17. MANAGING WATER FOR TOMORROWโS AGRICULTURE
0
10
20
30
40
Orig.
Load
2% 4% 6% 8% 10%
Storage Area/Field Area
Avg
Results: Nitrate-N Load Captured (kg/ha)
N
18. MANAGING WATER FOR TOMORROWโS AGRICULTURE
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Orig.
Load
2% 4% 6% 8% 10%
Storage Area/Field Area
Avg
Results: Total Phosphorus Load Captured (kg/ha)
N
P
19. MANAGING WATER FOR TOMORROWโS AGRICULTURE
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
Desired 2% 4% 6% 8% 10%
Storage Area/Field Area
Avg
Results: Applied Irrigation (mm/yr)
20. MANAGING WATER FOR TOMORROWโS AGRICULTURE
Results: Spatial Variability
DPAC (Indiana)
Drain Flow: 232-470 mm
Southeast Research Farm (Iowa)
Drain Flow: 56-535 mm
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
2% 4% 6% 8% 10%
Storage Area/Field Area
Avg
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
2% 4% 6% 8% 10%
Storage Area/Field Area
Avg
Data courtesy Dr. Matt Helmers, Iowa State University
Example - % of Annual Drain Flow Captured
21. MANAGING WATER FOR TOMORROWโS AGRICULTURE
Conclusions
How much
storage do we
need?
โข 4% storage= 31%
avg. reduction
โข 6% storage= 49%
avg. reduction
โข 8% storage= 66%
avg. reduction
DWR
4%
DWR
6% DWR
8%
22. MANAGING WATER FOR TOMORROWโS AGRICULTURE
Next Steps
1. Evaluation
across variable
climate and
soils
2. Development
of online tool
for evaluating
DWR systems
23. THIS MATERIAL IS BASED UPON WORK THAT IS SUPPORTED BY THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
UNDER AWARD NUMBER 2015-68007-23193, โMANAGING WATER FOR INCREASED RESILIENCY OF DRAINED AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPESโ,
HTTP://TRANSFORMINGDRAINAGE.ORG. ANY OPINIONS, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, OR RECOMMENDATIONS EXPRESSED IN THIS PUBLICATION ARE THOSE OF
THE AUTHOR(S) AND DO NOT NECESSARILY REFLECT THE VIEW OF THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
University of Missouri
MANAGING WATER FOR TOMORROWโS AGRICULTURE
Managing Water for Increased
Resiliency of Drained Agricultural
Landscapes
Editor's Notes
Donโt focus on the tool but rather the activity of tracking water balances and nutrient reductions