Running Head: ADULT OBESITY LITERATURE REVIEW 1 ADULT OBESITY LITERATURE REVIEW 2 Adult Obesity Literature Review Lola Olubiyi NRS 490 Heather Ziemianski January 22, 2017 Introduction Obesity is a health situation whereby the affected person(s) has fats in excessive level in the body. Some individuals are unaware of the growing incidences or number of cases related to the obesity. In the United States, there are more than 70 percent of men and 60 percent women in adult population that are overweight. The risks that are associated with obesity include the development of life-threatening diseases like heart failure, cancer, hypertension gall bladder, osteoarthritis, and the category II of diabetes (Zhao, 2013). This paper, therefore, aims at looking at the literature review of the past studies on adult obesity. In this study, data is collected from different previous studies that have discussed adult obesity. Areas of the present research and coming research on adult obesity and its complications are also addressed in this paper. Literature Reviews According to the study by Goededcke and his colleague, in 7786 sampled women of ages between nineteen to ninety-five years in South Africa, the black females recorded a higher prevalent of obesity and overweight.Females of different ancestry were at 52 percent, females with the white complex at 49.2 percent while the women of Indian origin were at 42.8 percent. There was higher Body Mass Index among the women residing in the towns as compared to the women living in rural places. It was noted that the Body Mass Index increased as one age. The overall rate of obesity was higher in men (29 percent) and women (56 percent) (Goededcke, 2010). This prevalence is higher as compared to other nations in Africa especially females because 30 percent of women in South Africa of age 30 to 59 have cases of obesity. North Africa also has a higher prevalence of obesity as South Africa . In his cross sectional study using 1430 rural and urban individuals from Luo, Maasai, and Kamba females of ages 17 to 68 years, Christensen and his colleagues found out that there was an increase in the inside and under skin fats, fat in the area of the arms and the waist circumference as one gets older. This was common among the Maasai females as well as in individuals in the urban areas. The incidence of the overweight BMI (≥ 25) and obesity BMI (≥ 30) was greater among people dwelling in town as compared to those in villages. The rate of the overweight was at 39.8 and 15.8 percent of the city and community areas respectively. Residents from cities recorded a higher rate of abdominal viscera and under skin fat thickness. High prevalence of overweight was due to the accumulation of fats among the Maasai (Christensen, 2011). Report from the World Health Organization indicates that China, Asia, Indonesia, Japan, as well as Bangladesh have higher obesity prevalence. The pathological obesity in India is at five percent of ...

1. Running Head: ADULT OBESITY LITERATURE REVIEW
1
ADULT OBESITY LITERATURE REVIEW
2
Adult Obesity Literature Review
Lola Olubiyi
NRS 490
Heather Ziemianski
January 22, 2017
Introduction
Obesity is a health situation whereby the affected person(s) has
fats in excessive level in the body. Some individuals are
unaware of the growing incidences or number of cases related to
the obesity. In the United States, there are more than 70 percent
of men and 60 percent women in adult population that are
overweight. The risks that are associated with obesity include
the development of life-threatening diseases like heart failure,
cancer, hypertension gall bladder, osteoarthritis, and the
category II of diabetes (Zhao, 2013).
This paper, therefore, aims at looking at the literature review of
the past studies on adult obesity. In this study, data is collected
from different previous studies that have discussed adult
obesity. Areas of the present research and coming research on
adult obesity and its complications are also addressed in this
paper.
Literature Reviews

2. According to the study by Goededcke and his colleague, in 7786
sampled women of ages between nineteen to ninety-five years in
South Africa, the black females recorded a higher prevalent of
obesity and overweight.Females of different ancestry were at 52
percent, females with the white complex at 49.2 percent while
the women of Indian origin were at 42.8 percent. There was
higher Body Mass Index among the women residing in the
towns as compared to the women living in rural places. It was
noted that the Body Mass Index increased as one age. The
overall rate of obesity was higher in men (29 percent) and
women (56 percent) (Goededcke, 2010).
This prevalence is higher as compared to other nations in Africa
especially females because 30 percent of women in South Africa
of age 30 to 59 have cases of obesity. North Africa also has a
higher prevalence of obesity as South Africa
.
In his cross sectional study using 1430 rural and urban
individuals from Luo, Maasai, and Kamba females of ages 17 to
68 years, Christensen and his colleagues found out that there
was an increase in the inside and under skin fats, fat in the area
of the arms and the waist circumference as one gets older. This
was common among the Maasai females as well as in
individuals in the urban areas. The incidence of the overweight
BMI (≥ 25) and obesity BMI (≥ 30) was greater among people
dwelling in town as compared to those in villages. The rate of
the overweight was at 39.8 and 15.8 percent of the city and
community areas respectively. Residents from cities recorded a
higher rate of abdominal viscera and under skin fat thickness.
High prevalence of overweight was due to the accumulation of
fats among the Maasai (Christensen, 2011).
Report from the World Health Organization indicates that

3. China, Asia, Indonesia, Japan, as well as Bangladesh have
higher obesity prevalence. The pathological obesity in India is
at five
percent of the entire country's population with China having 12
percent of their adults being overweight (WHO, 2010
).
It is evident that partnership between the health professionals
whereby the patients receives counseling proves to be useful in
improving the outcome of the overweight patients. The older
patients quickly adapt to the behavioral health changes.
According to Hillsdon and his colleague, there is effectiveness
in the professional counseling and advice in the promotion of
the level of the activity of the patients with obesity within a
short to mid-term periods. According to their study, greater
intervention intensity accompanied with more sessions tends to
be more efficient. However, the limitation of this study is that it
did not provide clear differences between the home and the
facility-based exercise sessions, as well as the professional
support and the self-directed after the guidance from the
professionals (Zhao, 2013).
Environmental and policy approach also prove to be an effective
intervention in reducing the cases of obesity among the
adults.Environmental and policy strategy promotes the physical
activities and the nutrition of the overweight
individuals.Matson-Koffman and his colleague noted approve
on the effectiveness of the through interventions like schooling,
group assistance, rewards and the accessory to showers, gyms,
and the change rooms. In conclusion, change in the menu, price
reduction; labeling, improved accessory to the healthier foods in
the vending machine and food services increases the purchase
and consumption of the healthy foods (Soler, 2010).

4. Also, Swinburn and his colleagues analyzed some of the key
interventions as well as the nutrition strategies that are effective
in preventing the excess weight gain and the obesity. The study
considered a range of interventions strategies of specific
relevance to adults and named the strategies that effectively
alters the purchasing of food including the nutrition
signposting, the policies regarding the nutrition panels
(Gortmaker, 2011).
Physical activities like walking help in reducing the body
weight. A study by Ogilvie and colleagues aimed at addressing
the approaches that can be applied in dealing with weight gain
in a population. This study looked at whether the change in
walking and cycling infrastructures leads to the reduction in the
car use and change in the active transport. According to them,
intervention through the modification of the support has some
impacts on the weight loss. The effect caused by the
infrastructural change can only be useful when there are other
psychological and social factors. Therefore, the infrastructure,
psychological factors, and the social factors must be modified
simultaneously (Heckam, 2013).
Osteoarthritis as a complication associated with the obesity
seems to go hand in hand with overweight. In his cohort study
using 1420 subjects, Framingham showed that obesity was an
independent risk element for the osteoarthritis complications
following the adjustment of the age, physical activity, and level
of the uric acid (Segula, 2014).
Conclusions
Obesity is an emerging problem in the society of today. It does
not affect only the communities but also the entire nations;
especially in developing countries.There is a need for proper

5. interventions that aims at reducing the burden of the obesity.
The interventions approach developed should partly depend on
the recognition and understanding of the complications
associated with the adult obesity. Therefore, there is a need by
the medical professionals including nurses and clinicians to
consider the complications in the obese patients and come up
with precise interventions that emphasize on the benefits of the
weight loss.
References
Christensen, A.-J. (2011). Obesity and Regional Fat
Distribution in Kenyan Population: Impact of Ethnicity and
Urbanization. Ann. Hum. Biol, 35(2), 232-249.
Goededcke, J. C. (2010, August 28). Chronic Diseases of
Lifestyle in South Africa. Retrieved January 6, 2017, from
Department of Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University
of Cape Town, South Africa:
http://www.mrc.ac.ca/chronic/cdlchapter7.pdf.
Gortmaker, S. L. (2011). Changing the Future of Obesity:
Science, Policy, and Action. The Lancet, 378(9793), 838-847.
Heckam, D. A. (2013).The 2013 Canadian Hypertension
Education Program Recommendations for Blood Pressure
Measurement, Diagnosis, Assessment of Risk, Prevention, and
Treatment of Hypertension. Canadian Journal of Cardiology,
29(5), 528-542.
Segula, D. (2014). Complications of Obesity in Adults: A Short
Review of the Literature. Malawi Medical Journal, 26(1), 20-24.
Soler, R. (2010). A Systematic Review of Selected Interventions
for Worksite Health Promotion: The Assesment of Health Risks
with Feedback. American Journal of Preventive Medicine,

6. 38(2), S237-S262.
WHO.(2010). Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity, and
Health. Retrieved January 6, 2017, from
www.wh.int/dietphiscalactivity/0publications/facts/obesity/en
Zhao, W. (2013).Epidemiologic and Economic Consequences of
the Global Epidemics of Obesity and Diabetes. Nature Med, 12,
62-66.
Lola, good job. Please see my comments and track changes
within your paper.
�This paragraph is a little too short and should be further
developed
�Numbers less than 10 should be spelled out
�This paragraph is a little too short and should be further
developed
�Please review how to format your reference page
LEARNING REVIEW 1
NAME THAT EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGIST!
The Routledge Text Lists 18 Famous Theorists who have had a
Major Impact on Educational Psychology Today! Choose 15 of
Your Favs and Fill (Type) in the Chart.
Find your Information from Reliable Sources. Study your Chart
and Bring a Hard Copy to Class to Be Used in a Game Next

7. Week! Submit on Blackboard.
NAME
LIFE
CLAIM TO FAME (Best Known For in Regards to EP)
Example:
JEAN PIAGET
1896-
1980
Theory of Cognitive Development (4 Stages – Sensorimotor
Stage, Pre-Operational Stage, Concrete Operational Stage, and
Formal Operational Stage)

8. Running Head: OBESITY
OBESITY

9. 2
Adult Obesity
Lola Olubiyi
NRS 490
Heather Ziemianski
December 2016
Indentifying a Problem
Obesity is the abnormal or excess accumulation of fat within the
adipose tissue thus impairing the health of the victims. Obesity
is a public health issue that has become a global concern.
According to the World Health Organization, over 2.3 billion
adults suffer from obesity (World Health Organization, 2012).
There is a drop in the prevalence rate of adult obesity in
developed countries like the United Kingdom and Germany
(Zhao, 2013).
However, there is a continuous rise in the prevalence rate of
adult obesity in nations like Pacific regions of Asia. In Japan,
the incidence rate increased from 16.7 percent to 46 percent
between the year of 1976-1980 and to 24 percent in 2000 while
that of China rose from 3.7 percent in 1982 to 19 percent in the
year 2002 (Zhao, 2013).
Problem Discussion
Several works of literature show that adult obesity is the causes
of the co-morbidities such as the category II diabetes,
complications from cardiovascular illness, cancers and other

10. health challenges that result into morbidity and mortality as
well. Adult obesity is costly when it comes to its management
and therefore, community settings approach in coming up with
adult based strategies for the prevention of the adult obesity are
more significant. Substantial literature shows that the United
States spends a total cost of 1.2 percent of their gross domestic
product (GDP) in the treatment of adult obesity. In European
nations, a total of 10.4 billion Euros is being spent in
addressing the issue. According to these pieces of literature, the
relative economic burden to the Europe ranges from 0.09 to 0.61
percent of the country's Growth domestic products. China spent
a total 2.74 billion of the US dollars for the medical
expenditures in the year 2003 (Zhao, 2013).
Measurement of adult obesity is done using Body Mass Index
(BMI) whose unit is weight in kilogram (kg). According to the
WHO, adult obesity is classified based on the Body Mass Index
cutoffs that are set according to the co-morbidities that are
associated with the Body Mass Index. Adult obesity among the
ageing adults makes it difficult for the nurses to BMI in the
classification of the obesity. The reason for this is that BMI
sometimes overestimates the adiposity of the ageing adults. It is
also not capable of making the discrepancy between the muscle
mass and the fat thus making its reliability to be under question.
Therefore, anthropometric indices like waist circumference
(WC), waist to height ratio (WHR), waist to height ration
(WHR) and the sagittal abdominal diameter are the
recommended approach in the determination of the degree of the
fatness among the ageing adults (World Health Organization,
2012).
Impact of Adult Obesity
The impacts of adult obesity are the cases of type II diabetes,
cardiovascular disease, and cancers. Diabetes causes the

11. elevation of the BMI and the WC in adults with obesity.
According to the study by Ruth and Jean (2011), the pooled
relative risks in BMI were 6.75 (5.55 to 8.19) among men adults
and 12.41 (9.03 to 17.06) in women adults (Ruth, 2011).
The meta-analysis data by Jean and Ruth showed that pooled
relative complications in the category of BMI of discrete classes
of cancers ranged from 1.05 to 2.29 in men adults while that of
women ranged from 1.13 to 3.22 (Ruth, 2011). According to the
recent researches by World Cancer Research Fund together with
the American Institute for Cancer Research esophagus, colon,
rectum, pancreas, postmenopausal, kidney, and the endometrium
are the cancers that come as a result of adult obesity (World
Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer
Research, 2014). A study in Asia Pacific regions reveals that
there has been a standard deviation increase in the index results
in the risk of developing ischemic heart illness (World Health
Organization, 2012).
Obesity is caused by hormones, genetic backgroundand varied
social and the environmental factors like the sedentary lifestyle
and the unhealthy dietary behavior. Dietary cases include the
high energy density diet with increase fats, sugary foods, intake
of saturated fats, reduced intakes of carbohydrates and the fiber
foods, reduction in the consumption of fruits and vegetables.
Social inequality influences the diet and health of the
community. Environmental interactions, the predisposition of
the genetic and the behavior of the community on the gain
weight are affected by the adaptation to the environmental
agents like behavior, alteration in the behavior that impacts on
the genotypes of the community. The adverse environment
during postnatal periods causes the development of adult
obesity. The negative situation is due to the nutrition of the
mother or the perinatal lifestyle of the mother impacts on the
program of development in a fetus.

12. Community health approach in developing the community-based
approach to the adult obesity is the effective way of dealing
with this issue. The approaches have to be those that develops
and implements the prevention strategies of the adult obesity.
Some of these approaches can be those that aim at targeting the
barriers to changes in the lifestyle of the persons in the
community, the socioeconomic and the environmental factors.
Variations in the environment of food and the physical activities
are important in dealing with the adult obesity. Policies like
fiscal food, a must nutrition panels that formulates and reforms
the manufacturing of foods, the implementing the labeling of
foods and nutrition, and the restriction in the selling and
banning the advertisement of unhealthy foods are effective in
influencing food environment. Another approach is changing the
eating and physical activity behavior of the individuals at the
community level. The community must be educated on the
aware of the critical of the exercise and the types of food to be
taken to reduce the risk of developing obesity. Therefore, it is
important to use policy-based community interventions like
educating them community.
There should also be a supporting health service and clinical
interventions to remove the barriers to the management of the
adult obesity. At the level of physician practice, there is a lack
of enough time in addressing the adult obesity during
continuous clinical visits, no reimbursement, lack of enough
training and lower self-efficacy in dealing with obese patients.
There is also stigmatization at the patient level, no financial
incentives, and challenges in the accessory to the services of
obesity management.
When the education and awareness concerning obesity are
conducted, the number of patients administered to the clinics
will reduce thus reducing the nursing workforce in the
administration of the obese patients

13. .
References
Ruth, C. W. (2011, March). Prevention of Overweight and
Obesity: How Effective is
The Current Public Health Approach. International
Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 7(3),
765-783.
World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer
Research. (2014). Food, Nutrition,
Physical Activity and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global
Perspective. American Institute for Cancer Research.
World Health Organization. (2012, October 5). Obesity and
Overweight.
Retrieved December 11, 2016, from
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/
Zhao, W. (2013).Epidemiologic and Economic Consequences of
the Global Epidemics of
Obesity and Diabetes. Nature Med, 12, 62-66.
Lola, good job. Please see my comments within your paper.
What is the significance of pronlem and the implications to the
nursing profession?
Topic
Task
Completion
Comments/Feedback
Points
Project
Topic Identification
· Explains setting and/or context in which nursing problem,
issue, suggestion, initiative, or educational need is observed.
☐

14. _____ / 10
· Explains theproblem, issue, suggestion, initiative, or
educational need.
☐
_____ / 10
· Describes the impact of the project topic on a) the work
environment,b) the quality of care provision, and c) patient
outcomes.
☐
_____ / 5
· Discusses the significance of and the implications to the
nursing profession.
☐
_____ / 5
· Proposes a solution to the identified project topic.
☐
_____ / 10
Total
_____ / 40
Question
Development
· Identified components of PICOT:
P - Population of Focus
I - Intervention

15. C - Comparison
O - Outcome
(T - Time)
☐
_____ / 30
· PICO (T) question/statement development.
☐
_____ / 10
Total
_____ / 40
Literature Source Selection
· Performance of Rapid Appraisal (see below) on a minimum of
15 peer-reviewed articles.
☐
.
_____ / 100
Total
_____ / 100
�Your header should also include the page number
�This does not really have anything to do with your identified
problem since it should be specific to your identified site from
week 1.
�Same comment as above. This information is not relevant to
this specific site or problem.
�Good use of headers to organize your paper

16. �Not relevant to this problem at your idenitified site
�This should not be a paragraph by itself
Running head:
ADULT OBESITY
1
ADULT OBESITY
2
Lola Olubiyi
NRS 490
Heather Ziemianski
December 2016
In obese adults aged above 40 years, what is the effect of health
education in their quality of lives as compared to those not
receiving health educations?
PICOT STATEMENT
POPULATION: Obese adults aged above 40 years
INTERVENTION: The effect of health education in their

17. quality of life
COMPARISON: Those not receiving health education
OUTCOME: Lifestyle changes
TIME: Outcome will be measured for 4weeks
In obese adults aged above 40 years, what is the impact of
health education provision on their quality of lives as compared
to those not receiving health educations?
Obesity is an instance in which adult individuals have a body
mass index (BMI) that is greater than 30 kg/ M2. This is a
measure that is calculated by dividing the weight of an
individual by the square of their height that is usually in meters.
Obesity affects all age populations but it those at high risk is
the geriatric populations aged above 40 years due to a sedentary
lifestyle, natural reduction of lean muscle mass and increase in
fat deposition in parts of the body as well as imbalanced
nutrition. In females, weight gain and obesity may ensue due to
menopause besides other contributing factors (Bendich &
Deckelbaum, 2015).
Obesity is associated with various effects on people in different
age groups but especially among the elderly. These effects pose
some risks to their health and consequently having a significant
detrimental effect on their quality of lives as compared to those
that are not obese. It is known to be a risk factor for coronary
heart disease, heart failure, heart attack and stroke. It
contributes significantly to the development of these heart
pathologies which reduce the heart’s efficiency, a factor that
may result in death. It also leads to the development of
hypertension and other pathologies associated with it such as
renal failure. Additionally, obesity has been known to be the
sole and main contributor to insulin resistance that disrupts the
normal body mechanism of controlling blood glucose levels.
This, therefore, leads to type 2 diabetes mellitus in both
children and adults. The impact of such diabetes in the

18. community is reduced productivity, early death, and
overdependence on other people by the affected individuals for
sustenance and treatment. On the other hand, obesity has been
considered a risk factor for cancer, osteoarthritis, respiratory,
reproductive and urinary problems (Fillit et al. 2016). As a
matter of fact, there are approximately up to three
million elderly individuals that are provided with emergency
treatment of injuries and fractures that are as a result of falls.
Obesity has a big role to play in both falls and fractures.
Obesity is itself a risk factor for falls, and it contributes much
towards the level of injuries that can be sustained. Also, greater
BMI is one of the causes of bone resorption and osteoporosis
which subsequently leads to easy fracture of the bones due to a
slight impact.
These factors that contribute this state of poor quality of life
due to disability can, however, be controlled so as not to cause
obesity. Nursing interventions such as health education
provision to the affected and the “at risk” populations can be
done. According to Luquis and Perez (2014), the education is
aimed at changing lifestyle with regard to diet and exercises. As
stipulated by Bendich and Deckelbaum, (2015), more than 67%
of those subjected to health education exhibit practices of
taking balanced diet according to daily recommended dietary
allowance besides being physically active as compared to their
counterparts who receive no health education in which only
12% of them exhibit the same practices. Governmental and non-
governmental agencies that deal with nutrition can utilize
conflict sociological theory whose perspective focuses on the
social and political inequality to ensure that obesity does not
develop as a result of social inequalities such as inaccessibility
to healthy foods (Fillit et al. 2016). Evidently, social disparities
can bar individuals from participating in healthy exercises due
to a shortage of facilities, funds and sufficient time.
References

19. Bendich, A., & Deckelbaum, R. J. (2015). Preventive Nutrition:
The comprehensive guide for health professionals. Totowa, N.J:
Humana Press.
Fillit, H. M., Rockwood, K., & Young, J. B.
(2016). Brocklehurst's Textbook of Geriatric Medicine and
Gerontology. Elsevier Health Sciences UK.
Luquis, R. R., & Perez, M. A. (2014). Cultural competence in
health education and health promotion. San Francisco, Calif:
Jossey-Bass.
Lola, good job. Please see my comments and track changes
within your paper.
�The day should be included and not just the month and year
�What is the time period?
�This should start on the next page.
�The timeframe should also be included in your PICOT
question.
�Numbers less than 10 should be spelled out
�This should start on a new page