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Chs 3111 cns pathology radiology
1. CHS 3111: CENTRAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM (CNS) PATHOLOGY
Dr. Erem Geoffrey
Lecturer, Radiology Department
School of Medicine
2. Learning objectives
To learn the different terminologies used to describe
CNS radiological findings
To describe the different imaging modalities and
their indications, in investigation of the CNS
To describe the radiological anatomy of the CNS at
the different imaging modalities
3. Learning objectives
To describe the common pathology of the CNS as
demonstrated on radiological imaging
To identify emergencies of the CNS that are
demonstrable on radiological imaging
4. Common terminologies used to
describe CNS radiological findings
Plain X-ray
Opacity: opaque/dense area on an X-ray- appears
white
Sclerosis: Thickening & increase in bone density-
appears white
Radiolucency: Non opaque area on an X-ray- appears
as dark/ black area
5. Terminologies cont.
CT scan
Hypodense: Area with a lower density in comparison to another
area-appears dark/black
Hyperdense: Area with a higher density in comparison to
another area-appears bright/white
Isodense: Area with same density in comparison to another
area-similar appearance
6. Terminologies cont.
Ultrasound scan
Echogenicity: Intensity of echoes reflected by tissues
or structures from inside the body
Hyperechoic: An area with higher intensity echoes in
comparison to another area-appears brighter
Hypoechoic: An area with lower intensity echoes in
comparison to another area-appears darker/blacker
Anechoic: An area with no echoes-appears black
Isoechoic: An area with same/similar echo intensity in
comparison to another area-similar appearance
8. Radiological imaging modalities for investigation
of CNS & their indications
Plain X-ray: Skull & spine X-rays
Indications:
Infections & inflammatory diseases
Trauma
Neoplasm
Foreign body
9. Imaging modalities & indications cont.
Ultrasound
Indications:
Evaluation of intracranial diseases & anomalies in children with
open anterior fontanelle: e.g. hydrocephalus, intraventricular
haemorrhage, subdural effusion, various congenital anomalies
such as Dandy-Walker cyst
Evaluation for spinal dysraphism in neonates & young infants
36. Emergencies of CNS that demonstrable are
on radiological imaging
Trauma:
Spinal injury with cord compression
Intracranial haemorrhages
Cardiovascular diseases
Stroke especially haemorrhagic
Increased intracranial pressure
Tumours
Infection with brain oedema