l llllzx

1. 360 degree Steering Android
Under the guidance of
Internal guide name:
External guide name:
By
Student1
Student2

2. AIM of the Project
 Production cars are designed to under steer and rarely do they oversteer. If a
car could automatically compensate for an understeer/oversteer problem, the
driver would enjoy nearly neutral steering under varying operating
conditions. Four-wheel steering is a serious effort on the part of automotive
design engineers to provide near-neutral steering. Also in situations like low
speed cornering, vehicle parking and driving in city conditions with heavy
traffic in tight spaces, driving would be very difficult due to vehicle’s larger
wheelbase and track width. Hence there is a requirement of a mechanism
which result in less turning radius and it can be achieved by implementing
four wheel steering mechanism instead of regular two wheel steering

3. The major building blocks of this project
 Regulated power supply.
 Micro controller.
 Bluetooth.
 DC Motor
 Driver
 Steering

4. 360 degree Steering Android
Regulated
Power Supply
Micro
Controller
Motor
Driver
LED
Indicator
Bluetooth
Reset
Crystal
Oscillator
DC
Motors
Battery

5. Regulated Power Supply
 PIC Microcontrollers requires a 5V DC for its operation.
 The aim of this block is to convert battery voltage to 5V DC.
 The process of conversion is shown below:
7805
voltage
regulator
Battery
based
power
source
Bridge
Rectifier
(Protection
for polarity
reversal)
5volts to
Microcontro
ller

6. Arduino
A programmable micro controller for prototyping
electromechanical devices
You can connect Digital and Analog electronic signals:
 Sensors (Gyroscopes, GPS Locators, accelerometers)
 Actuators (LEDS or electrical motors)

7. Different types of Arduinos
Arduino Mega 2560
Arduino LilyPad
Arduino Uno
DIY Arduino
Boarduino Kit

8. Arduino Components

9. ATmega328 Features
ATmega328 data sheet p. 1

10. ATmega328 Microcontroller
Pin
number
Pin
name
Special
functio
n

11. What do we need?

12. 1.- Download and install the Arduino
Software

13. 2.- Configure the Arduino software for the
correct chip
(Select the Microcontroller)

14. 3.- Configure the Serial Port

15. Input
Status
Bar
Program
Notificat
ion Area

16. 7.- Upload it
8.- Once it upload, you must see the
following messages in the Status bar
and the Program notification Area

17. 9.- Insert LED
It is blinking!!!

18.  Pins
 On the bottom side there are labels for the
signal direction and voltage levels:



19.  KEY: according to the data sheet, I need to pull-up this pin while
power-on-reset of the module to enforce AT mode. I have not been
able to verify this yet. I have been told that some modules have this pin
not connected at all?
 VCC is indicated in the range of 3.6V-6V. The module worked for me
both with 3.3V and 5V.
 GND: Ground
 TXD: serial output of the module, to be connected to RX of the
microcontroller. Note that this signal is using 3.3V logic level
 RXD: serial input of the module, to be connected to the TX of the
microcontroller. Note that this signal is using 3.3V logic levels.
 STATE: connected to LED2 (Pin32) of the module, but no meaning?
At least on my module the pin was always low, regardless if paired or
not.

20.  Reset is used for putting the microcontroller into a 'known'
condition. That practically means that microcontroller can
behave rather inaccurately under certain undesirable
conditions. In order to continue its proper functioning it has
to be reset.
 A switch placed between the digital input and ground will
short the digital input to ground when it is pressed. This
means the voltage seen at the input will be high when the
switch is open and low when the switch is closed.
RESET BUTTON

21. Crystal oscillator
 An oscillator is a tuned electronic circuit used to
generate a continuous output waveform.
 The maximum operating frequency of PIC
Microcontrollers is 20 MHz
 Crystal oscillator is used in the project because of
the fact that crystal is more stable to temperature
than other types of oscillators.

22. DC motor with driver
 A DC motor is a electric motor that works on
Direct Current (DC).
 Motor supply: 9-15V DC.
 DC motor can be made to run in both
directions by changing the supply polarities.
 Microcontroller cannot run the motor in both
directions and is not capable of driving the
motor when it is directly connected to it.
 So, motor driver (H-bridge IC) is used as an
interface between motor and Microcontroller.
 Motor driver used in the project is L293D (2
H-bridges).

23. DC motor
 In any electric motor, operation is based on simple
electromagnetism. A current-carrying conductor generates a
magnetic field; when this is then placed in an external
magnetic field, it will experience a force proportional to the
current in the conductor, and to the strength of the external
magnetic field.
 Every DC motor has six basic parts -- axle, rotor (armature),
stator, commutator, field magnet's, and brushes. In most
common DC motors the external magnetic field is produced by
high-strength permanent magnets.

24.  The stator is the stationary part of the motor -- this includes
the motor casing, as well as two or more permanent magnet
pole pieces. The rotor (together with the axle and attached
commutator) rotate with respect to the stator. The rotor
consists of windings (generally on a core), the windings
being electrically connected to the commutator.
 Advantages of DC motor:
1. High output power relative to motor size and weight.
2. Encoder determines accuracy and resolution.
3. High efficiency. It can approach 90% at light loads.
4. High torque to inertia ratio. It can rapidly accelerate loads.
5. Has "reserve" power. 2-3 times continuous power for short
periods.

25. PWM
 PWM stands for Pulse Width Modulation
 This technique is used to either increase or decrease the
ON time of the pulse waveform (i.e., changing the duty
cycle).

26. LED INDICATORS
 Led indicators have a life of at least ten years and
consume 90 per cent less power than conventional indicators.
 Depending on the type of the materials (Ga,As,p) led will
gives the output in different colors (red, Yellow, green etc..)
 LED’s emitted low-intensity red light, but modern versions are
available across the visible, ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths,
with very high brightness.
 LED’s are used as indicator lamps in many devices, and are
increasingly used for lighting. Introduced as a practical
electronic component

27. ADVANTAGES OF LED
Long life : Lifetimes can exceed 100,000 hours, as compared to
1,000 hours for tungsten bulbs
Robustness : No moving parts, no glass
Size : Typical package is only 5 mm in diameter
Energy efficiency : Up to 90% less energy used translates into
smaller power supply required
Versatility : Available in a variety of colors

28. Applications of led
 Medical Instrumentation
 Bar Code Readers
 Color & Money Sensors
 Electronic Gadgets
 Encoders
 Optical Switches
 Embedded systems
 Fiber Optic Communication

29. Steering
 This vehicle has all the four modes of steering described above, though it
sports a truly complex drive-train and steering layout with two transfer
cases to drive the left and right wheels separately. The four wheels have
fully independent steering and need to turn in an unconventional direction
to ensure that the vehicle turns around on its own axis. Such a system
requires precise calculation to make certain that all three steering modes
function perfectly. The 360 degree rotation mode of 4WS is applied by
chain movement which helps in movement of wheels in the required
position. The movement of wheels are in a way that the vehicle will move
or turn in 360 degree. Also since the 360 degree mode does not require
steering inputs the driver can virtually park the vehicle without even
touching the steering wheel. All he has to do give throttle and brake
inputs and even they can be automated in modern cars. Hence such a
system can even lead to vehicles that can drive and park by themselves

30. 
Advantages
 It consumes very less time to turn from one direction to other direction.
 It is more efficient compare to other type of load carry vehicle.
 This type of load carry vehicle is easily parked in any direction.
 It is less costly load carry vehicle.
 Eco friendly.
 Less noise operation.
 Battery operated thus no fuel required.
 More efficient.
 Battery is using in this 360 degree wheel rotation vehicle to move forward and backward, so it is a
kind pollution free vehicle
Disadvantages
 This type of load carry vehicle is not applicable to carry more weight.
 Battery power is required to move of the vehicle.

31. Application
 In Industries for automation of raw material like automated guided vehicle.
 In automobile sector there are so many types of vehicle are using to carry goods
from one position to another position, there is space problem in the industry so this
vehicle is used in automobile applications because this vehicle consumes very less
space compare to other type of vehicle.
 This vehicle is used in small Industries for transportation of raw material from one
position to another position.
 Modern development and economical progression of Indian society resulted in
increase of vehicle in park so there are also problem. In park other vehicle are
taking more space to move from one direction to other direction and 360 degree
wheel rotation vehicle have capability to move parallel direction so this vehicle is
easily move from one direction to other direction in park.
 Take easily U-turn because front wheel of this vehicle are rotating freely by steering,
chain drive and sprocket arrangement.
 It is used in hospitals to carry the patient from one room to another room. Because
there are lots of patients those are staying in one room