Dengue fever in southern florida1 change

1. Dengue Fever in Southern Florida
1
Change in Mosquito Ecology Leading to Increase in Dengue
Fever in Southern Florida Comment by Zohir Chowdhury: Add
the word climate change somewhere in the title since that’s the
main focus of the paper
National University: Public Health
COH400: Environmental Health
February 21, 2021
Abstract Comment by Zohir Chowdhury: Refer to grading
rubric. Multiple elements are missing that will lead to points
deduction.
By influencing mosquito behavior, vector growth, and
mosquito/human encounters, the environment affects the dengue

2. ecosystem. Although these relationships are established, it is
unknown what effect climate change would have on
transmissions. Statistical and method temperature simulations
have been used to improve our understanding of these
interactions and forecast the impact of predicted climate change
on dengue fever incidence, however, these simulations have
yielded conflicting findings.
We identified critical environmental impacts on the dengue
virus's ecology and assessed temperature dengue models'
capacity to explain climate-dengue interactions, predict
outbreaks, and forecast climate change consequences. We study
the proof through lab experiments, field research, data analysis
of correlations among proxies, dengue disease occurrence, and
environmental conditions linked directly and indirectly to
climate and dengue.
Health effects of dengue fever can range from a major drop in
blood pressure leading to shock to internal bleeding and or gan
damage. In some cases, dengue can even lead to death. In
pregnant women, dengue can be dangerous because it can be
spread to the baby during childbirth. In the region of Southern
Florida, most cases of dengue fever are brought in from
individuals who have traveled to places such as the Caribbean,
South America, or Asia. While traveling to areas where Dengue
is widespread is the most common cause for seeing it here in the
U.S., there have recently been 26 cases that were locally
acquired.
Table of Contents
Background 4
Aedes Mosquitoes 5
Control of Aedes Mosquitoes 5
Geographical Location 6
Dengue Occurrence in Florida 7
Health Effects 8
Causes of Dengue Fever 9
Weather and Climate Variability 10

3. Clinical Diagnosis 12
Dengue Fever Symptoms 13
Dengue Fever Treatment 13
Clinical Management 14
Laboratory Diagnosis 15
Public Health Response 15
Conclusion 17
References 18
Tables 20
Table 1 20
Figures 21
Figure 1 21
Figure 2 22
Figure 3 23
Figure 4 24
Change in Mosquito Ecology Leading to Increase in Dengue
Fever in Southern Florida Comment by Zohir Chowdhury: All
over the paper, check for sentences that do not have a reference.
You cannot JUST have a reference at the end of the paragraph,
you need to reference “sentences” and then follow -up with
transitional words that connect that reference to additional
content from that same reference to build your paragraph. Of
course, it’s never a good idea to ONLY have one reference in a
single paragraph. Use multiple references.
Dengue is a mosquito-borne infection transmitted by any of the
dengue virus infections that are directly connected. Another
dengue (DENV) contamination offers protection to a specific
pathogen forever and therefore does not provide long-term
protection to other strains of the virus. There are four strains of
dengue, thus, an individual may be afflicted up to four times as
exposure to one strain does not yield immunity to the others.
Dengue is now the most severe vector-borne infectious disease
transmitted by mosquitoes to humans.

4. Over the past five decades; the high prevalence of dengue has
increased approximately 30-fold. According to Ebi& Nealon
(2016), the spread of both the major Aedes species and their
spores is correlated with globalization, commerce, urban
growth, transportation, cultural shifts, and insufficient domestic
water sources, and warming climates.
This paper's primary purpose is to discuss dengue virus study
influencing vector behavior, agent growth, mosquito/human
relationships, and environment influences dengue ecosystem. It
is important for people to be aware of this problem, especially
in the Southern region of Florida, because of the severe
symptoms associated with dengue. The objective is to provide
people with information concerning the mosquito problem, how
dengue is transmitted, ways to keep yourself safe, and
symptoms that one may experience and when to seek medical
care. It is also important to know how the change in climate is
contributing to this problem and making it worse. Background
With Aedes mosquitoes originating in Africa, and
Ae.albopictus, originating in Asia, these species of mosquito
have increasingly extended their scope. These mosquitoes are
distributed between regions and travel overland in rubber tires
or other containers wherein eggs were also laid by the
international shipping sector. The dengue virus spreads rapidly
by contaminated passengers, whose numbers have increasingly
risen in the past few decades. Global warming by several
interconnected pathways can improve all of these dengue
transmission factors(Morin et al., 2016). Aedes Mosquitoes
The control and prevention of dengue have mainly focused on
controlling insect pests from the Aedes mosquito. The primary
vector, Ae. aegypti is directly connected to people as well as
their residences. Jordan (2020) states that the mosquitoes utilize
water - holding capacity vessels in and around homes to
conclude their production. In contrast, humans provide enough
blood feeds essential for the production of eggs by the Aedes
mosquito.
Post rainfall or floods, eggs lay primarily on the underside of

5. water-holding vessels and hatch into larvae. Under favorable
climatic conditions, the larvae turn into pupae and afterward
mature mosquitoes in a little over a week. Females are primarily
affected after biting a seroconversion person with dengue
viruses. There could also be vertical transmitting amongst ages
to a degree, even though its meaning is discussed.Control of
Aedes Mosquitoes
It is quite hard to regulate or eradicate Aedes mosquitoes;
however, if climate and ecological conditions are appropriate,
their population can be developed after their establishment.
Aedes mosquitoes adjust to humanity's aspects and rebound
through natural disasters, such as drought or human influence
interventions, in their ecosystems. Aedes eggs can tolerate
dehydration and live without water for many periods, hatching
directly after becoming immersed following rainfall. This rapid
development means that a community could rebound shortly
after eliminating all larvae, pupae, and adult Aedes mosquitoes
by a mosquito control project.
Considering such obstacles and the need for sustainable
population strategies to vector control, implementing an
integrative manner has recently become integrating locally
relevant mosquito control products within enhanced dengue
monitoring, including epidemic reaction. Various innovative
and successful mosquito control instruments are undergoing
production, demonstrating specific proof of observational
effect; such remains a subject of ongoing study.Geographical
Location Comment by Zohir Chowdhury: Include maps and
graphs WITHIN the section, not at the end of the paper. Call the
figure or the table from the text. See syllabus guidelines (very
detailed guidelines were provided)!
Southern Florida is in the souther n area of the United States.
It's among the three "dimensional" places most commonly
referred to as Florida, with Central Florida and North Florida
being others. This cognomen includes the populated metro
region of Miami and the Florida Keys. Comment by Zohir
Chowdhury: Such contractions are not used in technical writing

6. Florida is in a precarious condition concerning arboreal
diseases. The geographical location, climate, environment,
travel, and trade volumes all are favorable to the spread of
inherited disease. Foreign-made dengue cases have been
frequently reported in Florida over the past couple of decades.
A gradual increase has also followed the origin of dengue as
just a major public health problem in the United States in the
number of reports imported. Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral
infection that has caused considerable health concerns in
various parts of the country, especially in tropical and
subtropical cities and their suburbs.
The climate of Florida is transforming. The peninsula of Florida
has warmed by 1 degree over the last decade. The climate is
changing with the warming of the earth. Since the 1700’s;
carbon dioxide in the air has increased 40% and contributes to
trapping heat in relation to global warming. The ocean rises
about an inch each day, and heavy torrential rains have become
increasingly intense. Throughout the decades ahead, the
temperature will continue to increase. Storm damage is likely
to rise, destroying corals, increasing the effectiveness and
frequency of uncomfortably hot summer days.
Only incomplete and intermittent resistance to contamination
with many other subtypes is provided by contamination with
one serotype. The risk of contracting a more severe form of
dengue shock fever is potentially increased by professional and
non or simultaneous contamination with different strains. The
Dried Healthy subjects and patients and Miami are among the
early records of dengue in the state. More severe outbreaks
affected nearly 12,000 individuals, including Key West, Miami,
Tampa, and Jacksonville. Figure 2 represents the areas in
Florida with Dengue fever outbreak. Comment by Zohir
Chowdhury: This is the ONLY place that I see a reference to a
figure. See syllabus detailed guidelines. Follow APA format.
See APA.Dengue Occurrence in Florida
Although historically current in Florida, in previous decades,
the United States successfully removed the virus. A small

7. percentage of persons with recent travel histories to a dengue-
endemic nation were recorded annually. There were no dengue
records acquired in Florida since 1934 that were published until
2009. An epidemic of dengue in Palm Springs was reported in
2009-2010. During the spring and summer of 2009, 22 people
were diagnosed in Key West with dengue fever. In 2010, 66
instances of Key West-associated nationally contracted dengue
were recorded in Florida, with occurrence periods between
September and November 2010.
Many other reports concerning people who travel to places
where dengue is prevalent are recorded annually in Florida.
Examples of regions with endemic dengue include the
Caribbean, South America, and Asia. The relative vicinity of
dengue regions like Puerto Rico along with regular foreign
travel by citizens of Florida and foreign refugees make it more
difficult for dengue to be reintegrated.
In Florida, after the Palm Springs epidemic, many intermittent
dengue presentations were reported. Around 2013, the Martin
Area epidemic occurred. Dengue transmitting in Main Largo
was observed around 2020 and seemed to be ongoing. There
seems to be some proof that perhaps the United States' behavior,
like regular use of ventilation and screen windows, and
additional time inside, will safeguard us against significant
outbreaks.
One could safeguard oneself against dengue and other mosquito-
borne infections when travelling to a tropical or semi tropical
region (Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, Central, and South
America) by implementing the recommendations in our
Protection section, as well as using mosquito repellent. More
details can be accessed on Traveler's information websites.
Table 1 shows the occurrence of Dengue in relation to cases
acquired in travel, and cases transmitted locally within the state
of Florida. Health Effects
The occurrence of dengue viral disease is related to the
increasing number of cases, the extension of outbreak regions,
and increased medical occurrence. Dengue shock syndrome,

8. which is frequently lethal if not treated correctly, has also been
classified amongst evolving and re-emerging disorders (Kukreti,
2020). The result showed a DF complication amino replacement
throughout the PrM form I to R and a DSS complication amino
replacement throughout the Antibodies genes of D to G, which
could substantially modify these proteins' existence. DF stress
nucleotide base turnovers were expected to alter its crystal
structures in the 3' non - coding area.
“Via ecosystem invasion, current population pressures,
resettlement, agricultural production, forest destruction and
depletion, global trade and travel, environmental degradati on,
and people alter infectious diseases ecosystems. Growing their
influences in several various complex ways," stated Bethan
Purse, an environmental scientist with the United Kingdom
Center for Ecology and Hydrology, independent, non-profit
research. Hot weather can also be detrimental, sometimes
hazardous. According to Muurlink et al. (2020), some persons,
particularly infants, the aged, the ill, and the poor, are
particularly vulnerable. Extreme temperatures cause warmth
including deficiency which affects the respiratory and nervous
system of humans. Dengue cases identified from Key West in
2010 are shown in the graph below. Source Dept. of Health
Florida Source. Comment by Zohir Chowdhury: Why is this
quoted? Paraphrase and synthesize in your writing Comment by
Zohir Chowdhury: Follow APA
Severe dengue fever can lead to internal bleeding and organ
damage. Blood pressure can also drop to dangerous levels
causing shock. In some cases it can even lead to death. Pregnant
women can transfer the virus to their baby during childbirth.
Symptoms of Dengue fever can range from headache, rash,
vomiting, and fatigue to more serious problems like blood in
urine, severe stomach pain, and difficulty breathing. Causes of
Dengue Fever
None of the four forms of dengue viruses causes dengue fever.
From being with an infected individual, you cannot get dengue
fever. Alternatively, dengue fever is transmitted by mosquito

9. bites. The two different types of mosquitoes that transmit
dengue viruses most frequently are prevalent, mostly around
human accommodation (Khetarpal& Khanna, 2016). It is
transmitted by each of the Four dengue subtypes and is
transmitted from person to person by female Aedes mosquitoes.
Dengue disease progresses from moderate fever to dengue fever,
including shock syndrome in severe cases.
Internationalization, intensified airline travel, and rapid
urbanization have also contributed to a rise in infection rates
and contributed to extending the dengue's demographic and
geographic spread. Due to four antigenic dengue virus subtypes,
every one worthy of expressing border and bacterial infection
immune reaction against three remaining subtypes, dengue
vaccine production has been a daunting task.
A flavivirus genus-group infection causes dengue fever, the
viral group disease that involves viruses including yellow fever,
West Nile, and encephalitis spread by ticks. Without cross-
immunity, there are four common dengue viruses. In their
lifespan, individuals can have up to four dengue outbreaks.
Some risk factors of dengue fever include living in or traveling
to tropical areas. If you have previously had dengue fever that
will increase your risk of more severe symptoms if you were to
get it again. For those that live in areas such as Southern
Florida there is more of a risk, due to the warmer weather and
bodies of water. Mosquitos are drawn to warmer climates and
lakes or swamps, which Florida has a lot of. Additionally, any
standing water that remains for a long time will attract
mosquitoes to the area.Weather and Climate Variability
Florida has one of the largest Aedes concentrations for its
subtropical and tropical climate. Aegypti communities in the
United States, as shown by frequent occurrences of Aedes-borne
infection, raise the risk of disease. According to Cohut (2020),
Climate and weather fluctuations can influence Aedes
mosquitoes and Adenoviruses via diverse pathways. The relative
humidity is the main factor of bites rate, growth of eggs, young
mosquitoes, mosquito virus production time, and survival at all

10. life cycle stages of the mosquito(Institute of Medicine (US)
Forum on Microbial Threats 2008). In Florida, Aedes Aegypti
have existed for more than two centuries, possibly making
themselves the longest known species in northeastern North
America; throughout the decade of the 1980s, individual
candidates for both the longest species were removed or
substituted by vector control.
Laboratory tests analyzing these variables showed the optimal
survival temperature range within the life cycle stages of the
Aedes mosquito. In certain conditions, the high temperature
could raise mosquitoes' mortality and morbidity to reduce
dengue risk. Aedes, nevertheless, evolved to create unique by
roosting in the sewer system and finding shading in warm
climates throughout the daytime—the period throughout the
salivary glands of Aedes between eating and malware scanning.
For P. falciparum and Salmonella enterica, aegypti reduced
from 9 days at 26 ° C or higher ° C to 5 days at 30 ° C. At
extreme temps, feeding activity is more regular, thus
influencing the route of transmitting. If mosquitoes become
contaminated with DENV while they receive their first tissue
sample, 10% will survive long enough to be contagious to
people, a percentage that depends on the weather.
Dengue Transmission
Social and economic influences and global health predictors are
significant drivers of Aedes spatial trends, including dengue
transmitting, in contrast to climate and weather factors.
Modifications in urban ecosystems, like industrial agriculture,
reservoirs, drainage, rapid urbanization, and rises in
immigration, transportation, including commerce, may influence
the production of viruses, including viruses, including ensuring
the utilization of breeding grounds and the density of
susceptible people.
It is essential to mention that dengue and chikungunya (CHIK)
viruses might infect an individual at the very same time since
both are transmitted by the very same species of mosquitoes
(Schrama et al. 2020). Therefore it is critical because both

11. dengue fever and CHIK are considered by clinicians while
assessing suspected cases of traveling to areas in which both
infections are available. Checking seems to be the only method
CHIK, and dengue fever can reliably distinguish from a
healthcare professional.
Such correlations are dynamic, differing spatial and temporal,
and can lead to a non-feedback among glaciation, social-
economic, and other variables. Based on the unique social and
economic background, several non-climatic variables, like low-
quality urban housing, inadequate availability of safe water,
including sanitary conditions, including restricted access to
wastewater treatment, are likely to increase instead of
minimizing the consequences of climate change.Clinical
Diagnosis
"The "broken bones flu," or "normal dengue fever," is
categorized by 3-14 days of the sudden prevalence of severe
fever after a contaminated mosquito's bite. The indications are
cranial headaches, discomfort, syncope, Mcgregor, signs of
haemorrhagia, rash, including low count of white blood cells.
The patient can report bulimia and vomiting as well. If
occurring, acute symptoms generally last around one week.
Fatigue, dysfunction, and eating disorders can continue over
several weeks. There are no signs or slight signs of such a large
percentage of dengue infections.
The most popular hemorrhage presentations can be considered
mild and also have a positive test for the tourniquet, skin
reddening, rhinorrhea (keloid scarring, cyclic voltammetry)
(bleeding of the nostrils), and epithelial bleeding (bleeding of
the gums). More extreme forms of continuous bleeding,
hematochezia, menstrual leakage, esophageal varices, and
bleeding intracranially.
The medical system is currently being reevaluated by the World
Health Organization (WHO). Definitions for DHF as well as
dengue fever. Researcher’s learned through various
investigations have recognized the existence of threats of
dengue problems throughout the absence of one or more for

12. DHF, more than just the new requirements (Schrama et al.
2020). Notwithstanding the term, the essential characteristic
that separates DHF is not rapidly losing through dengue fever,
and instead plasma contamination through systemic arterial leak
procure permeation.Dengue Fever Symptoms
Dengue fever can be a painful, debilitating disease but is rarely
fatal. Changes begin 3-14 days after being bitten by a mosquito.
Symptoms include fever, extreme headaches, blurred vision,
muscle aches, as well as vomiting. In certain instances,
gastrointestinal discomfort such as bloody diarrhea might also
be apparent. Side effects of dengue fever usually last for 4-7
days. The infection is frequently wrongly identified since flu as
well as other conditions are close to the indications.
Hemorrhagic dengue fever is an uncommon but far more severe
type of dengue infection, which, if it is not identified and
treated through supportive treatment, may be deadly. Prior
contamination with such a distinct dengue pathogen is the major
risk factor for viral disease.Dengue Fever Treatment
There is no cure for dengue fever or dengue hemorrhagic fever,
but rapid assessment and understanding of symptoms
successfully prevent deaths. There is no dengue vaccination,
and the testing has indeed been difficult due to variations in the
four virus forms, although there are already many contenders
for vaccines in progress. Encourage patients to drink a lot of
water as well as relax a lot.
Inform patients that they should consider antipyretics to
regulate their temperatures. Kids with dengue are also at risk of
convulsive disease. Mostly during the tumultuous period of the
disease, epilepsy. Alert patients to stop the medication and
other non - steroidal medicines, anti-inflammatory drugs since
they raise the bleeding risk. Track the moisture state of your
patients in the explosive phase of the disease.
Educate patients and parents on the effects of sleep deprivation
and track the production of urine. If fluids may not be tolerated
orally by patients, they can need IV fluids (Khetarpal& Khanna,
2016. Test physiologic state. Monitoring the hydration of your

13. patients during the febrile stage. Educate patients and parents,
referring to the symptoms of dehydration and monitoring for the
production of their urine.
If liquids are not tolerated orally by patients, they may need
intravenous antibiotics. Evaluate pharmacodynamic condition
by monitoring the pulse rate, oxygen saturation, stroke volume,
heart rate, and regular urine production. Conduct
pharmacodynamic evaluations, hemoglobin baseline
examination, and blood platelets. Keep monitoring your clients;
during splenectomy, near. Dengue Critical Process
Defervescence starts, and it takes 24-48 hours.Clinical
Management
For outpatients, emphasize the need for preservation of
appropriate hydration. Observing for signs of extreme alarm
dengue and early initiation of adequate dengue care is critical
to avoiding problems such as excessive shock and acidosis of
metabolism. Efficient DHF and DSS monitoring mean selective
monitoring of the prompt and appropriate IV maintenance fl uid
therapies with hypotonic alternatives and regular re-evaluation
of the hemodynamic condition and vital signs of the person
across the process of criticism.
Healthcare professionals must discover to understand this
disease in its earliest stages. Acetaminophen should be
prescribed to patients. Morphine and medroxyprogesterone
acetate, anti-inflammatory medicines, can exacerbate the
propensity to bleeding. Many dengue conditions are treated with
this and, in kids, can be related to Reyes syndrome's
growth.Laboratory Diagnosis
Unambiguous dengue disease patients require verification in the
laboratory, by either trying to isolate the infection or trying to
detect dengue-specific antibodies. For viruses DENV RNA
segregation or identification in the serum Streptomycin,
legitimate reversal samples chain of reductase polymerase
events (RT-PCR), It is important to gather an acute-phase serum
sample within five days after the onset of symptoms.
If the infection cannot be extracted or identified from such a

14. specimen, a palliative care serum test is collected to be
diagnosed serologically at least six days after onset of signs by
checking for dengue Specific antibodies with such enzyme-
linked IgM primary antibodies. Many studies for anti-dengue
antibodies show non - specific results for flaviviruses, namely
West Mediterranean and St. Pathogens with Louis
Encephalopathy. The specificity and accuracy of the test results
can differ. It may need to be checked by a research facility.
Comment by Zohir Chowdhury: You need to include a
CAUSAL PATHWAY diagram. See syllabus guidelines. The
diagram is constructed by your group based on climatic and
non-climatic factors. See guidelines and listen to the recordings
for the Live Zoom class 1 and 2. Public Health Response
Comment by Zohir Chowdhury: See syllabus detailed
guidelines: CLIMATE ADAPTATION and CLIMATE
MITIGATION. Addressing the dengue health effect is part of
climate adaptation strategy. Again, see syllabus and rubric—
both!
Community education and awareness programs, clean-up
initiatives, ecological habitat degradation, and spraying of
pesticide habitat were primary response vector internal controls.
Door-to-door outreach drives and the search and kill program,
which were run concurrently by Female Community Health
Volunteers, were the most effective response initiatives
(FCHVs) (Colarossi, 2020). It included the demonstration of
vectors of environmental degradation and the use of covers for
water containers.
Another respondent described these FCHVs as the most
generous collaborators in the outbreak as society people seem to
believe them more often than others. None measures pesticide-
treated wastewater or even that pesticide net has been in use. To
enhance emergency preparedness or washing, there has been no
procedure used. Especially recognizing that disinfection
negatively impacts our well-being due to public requests, local
authorities still use it.
Excellent community mobility could be related to the

15. effectiveness of both the education projects and search and
destruction initiatives. Confrontation in Southern Florida may
have benefited health care, recognizing community programs
and civil society in health systems in particular. This is
compared to several other research that states that redeployment
might not be sufficient for opposing groups. Nevertheless,
evidence demonstrates how tension facilitated the creation of
community work services and the participation of FCHV.
There are several explanations for such a better social
engagement to be built on. Research demonstr ates that
community engagement with dengue for mosquito identification
and the management of larval indexes but with other vector-
borne illnesses is essential in an outbreak. Nevertheless, a
thorough analysis allows for effective monitoring of community
outreach achievements, despite insufficient evidence that
perhaps the interventions impact dengue propagation. Statistical
information must be included in any additional research.
The Martin County Health Department provided an immediate
response to an outbreak and provided information to community
health providers. A survey was done in the area on local
resident’s and blood samples were taken from random
individuals to help identify any risk factors. They also inspected
several places in the area to find the mosquito’s breeding
activity and implemented intense mosquito control efforts. They
continue to have a mosquito control program and continue to
inform the community on ways to reduce the risk of mosquito-
borne illnesses, as well as keeping community health care
providers up to date on mosquito-borne illnesses.
All prevention and seek and destroy activities need to be
expected throughout the local district public health departments,
using functional active and integrating dengue into existing job
titles. Enhancements in community development, not just
picking a few jurisdictions, should also include areas vulnerable
to dengue. It is essential to ensure the initiatives' viability, and
the public should be active in decision-making.
A much more organized community collaboration organization

16. between various sectors, including water supply and sanitation,
needs to be determined. In Florida, such "community working
groups" were also responsible for all aspects, including
developing strategies, sharing public interest, and measuring
outcomes (Khetarpal& Khanna, 2016. It illustrates how
societies could become a personality, but they will need some
initial guidance to create power. If the background allows, this
community development can work with the private sector or the
government.Conclusion
The frequency of dengue outbreaks since the 20th century has
all been affected by changes in climate conditions, trends of
human habitation, migration, and community density, the spread
of the primary two mosquito species, as well as water-
management innovations. The competing partnership amongst
Ae.aegypti as well as Ae. Albopictus, the prior two vectors,
may contribute to possible improvements throughout the spread
of the disease pharmacology. In Florida in the US, dengue
transmission in Queens-land was considered in this study.
References
Cohut, M. (2020). Climate change and the spread of the West
Nile virus in the. Retrieved 7 February 2021, from?
COLAROSSI, J. (2020). Ticks and Mosquitoes, Infectious
Disease Carriers, Are Expanding Their Range. Retrieved 7
February 2021, from http://www.bu.edu/articles/2020/ticks-
mosquitoes-infectious-disease-carriers-expanding-their-range/
Ebi, K. L., & Nealon, J. (2016). Dengue in a changing climate.
Environmental Research, …
· General Project Directions & Useful Tips for Signature
Assignment:
Topic:Change in mosquito ecology leading to increase of
(Dengue Fever) in Southern Florida.
****YOU MUST FOLLOW EVERY STEP ON THE GUIDE for
Climate Change Case Study Final Report****, LOCATED

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Pathway Diagram Example (not a perfect scoring example)
Figure 1. Pathway diagram illustrating global temperature
increase’s ocean warming and its effect on methylmercury
poisoning in the Pacific Islands.
1.Sunderland, E. M., Krabbenhoft, D. P., Moreau, J. W., Strode,
S. A., & Landing, W. M. (2009). Mercury sources, distribution,
and bioavailability in the North Pacific Ocean: Insights from
data and models. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 23(2).
2.Mason, R. P., Fitzgerald, W. F., & Morel, F. M. (1994). The
biogeochemical cycling of elemental mercury: anthropogenic
influences. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 58(15), 3191-
3198.
3.Hansen, J., Sato, M., Ruedy, R., Lo, K., Lea, D. W., &
Medina-Elizade, M. (2006). Global temperature change.

19. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103(39),
14288-14293.
4.Schuster, P. F., Schaefer, K. M., Aiken, G. R., Antweiler, R.
C., Dewild, J. F., Gryziec, J. D., ... & Liu, L. (2018).
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https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2014.47.2.7

20. FOLLOW THIS GUIDE FOR YOUR PAPER***GUIDE for
Climate Change Case Study Final Report***(Page Limit:
including all visuals, you have a minimum of 10 pages and
maximum of 15 pages double-spaced , excluding title page,
abstract, and reference pages within this limit. Please include
headings/sub-headings to isolate appropriate sections)
% Grade
Outstanding
Title Page (1%)
Uses proper APA style as outlined by APA (running heads, title,
names of authors, etc.)
Abstract/Executive Summary & Keywords(10%)
Abstract/Executive Summary includes a summary of the major
issues: 1. health effect addressed, 2. geographic region
identified, 3. key elements of causal pathway briefly
summarized, and 4. brief public health response included. A
reader must be able to gather the most important points of the
report just by reading this section.
Appropriate keywords (5-7) included below the abstract with
“Keywords” heading.
A word limit of between 200 and 300 words is maintained in
this section (use MS Word to do a word count on this section’s
main text and include the count BELOW Keywords).
Introduction/Background (8%)
Explains the significance and importance of the chosen topic in
a logical and organized manner.
Review of the pertinent background literature is thorough,
relevant, and organized. Sources are varied and properly cited
in this section.

21. The section wraps up by including objective(s) OR emphasis of
the chosen topic.
Geographic Location (8%)
Discusses the geographic location thoroughly with topic
relevant information making excellent connection to the chosen
region. Provides detailed map(s) or other geo-coded visual
material(s) pertinent to the topic & geographic area.
Health Effects (8%)
The biology, epidemiology, and health effects associated with
the topic are addressed in depth. The health effects should be
properly tied to the geographic region with relevant
information.
Causal Pathway
(15%)
Clearly and concisely explains the cause(s) and appropriate
pathway connecting “changes in climate” that is forecasted in
the geographic region to the chosen health effect. Cause-effect
relationships are clearly explained with appropriate visual(s)
and directional arrows with a comprehensive list of sources.
Students show clear understanding of system thinking.
The students are able to properly identify all major climatic and
non-climatic factors affecting this health problem.
Public Health Response (15%)
At least one public health response (climate mitigation, climate
adaptation as pertinent to the health effect, climate resilience) is
addressed in depth with geographic region specific policies and
information. The students have clearly included and described a
comprehensive list of public health approaches to addressing
the chosen climate change problem.
Synthesis of Peer-reviewed journal papers and government
reports

22. (10%)
Each section flows well and contains technically in-depth
materials as found in peer-reviewed journal papers and reputed
government or agency websites. Uses ample peer-reviewed
journal papers/report to provide the required depth in the report.
Visual Materials
(15%)
Uses a variety of visuals, such as figures, diagrams, maps,
tables, photos (as applicable to the report). Balances the text
with visuals and introduces all visuals within the text, as
dictated by APA style. All visuals have proper captions and are
sequentially numbered according to APA style. All visuals have
clear source information in the caption or below the visual.
Overall quality of technical writing
(5%)
Excellent writing. Text is clearly divided into sections and sub-
sections (headings and sub-headings) by topic. Summarizes the
conclusions. Displays writing proficiency, topic sentences,
grammar, flow, precise language. Uses a variety of technical
terms and the writing style is varied and technically and
scientifically appropriate for the chosen topic.
Citation and References
(5%)
The entire document has no more than one missing in-text
citation and all in-text citations are APA style. The reference
section is complete and has no missing or unused citations.
Clearly exceptional work!

23. Running head: PUBLIC HEALTH EFFECTS
1
PUBLIC HEALTH EFFECTS
5
Public Health Effects
Teresa Bingham, Jacquie Caruso, Ivory Castro, Tyler McKee
National University
February 7, 2021
Public Health Effects
Topic
Change in mosquito ecology leading to increase in (Dengue
Fever) in Southern Florida.
Public health effect
Increased spread of dengue overwhelms health care centers
Country or area/location
Southern Florida
Pathways Diagram

24. Climatic causes and pathways to this problem
Climate change
Exposure Pathways
Health Effects
Human Activity
Environmental effects
Overwhelmed health centers
1, 3
3, 4
2,3
6
5
4
3
1
1,2
Social factors
· Population
· Density Settlement
They cause and spread Dengue
The heat Islands suitable for breeding daytime bitibng Aedes
aegypt mosquito
Several degrees warmer grounds formed
Heat Islands
Creation of microclimate
Landscaping activities like creation of flower pots and jars,
tires
Urbanization

25. Public health response to addressing the problem.
Mordecai, an assistant professor of biology at Stanford’s School
of Humanities and Sciences in his review about anticipated rise
of some mosquito- borne diseases states that “development of
accurate point of care diagnostics for dengue and chikungunya
viruses and community-based mosquito control measures, such
as trash removal and covering standing water will be
increasingly important for targeted care and prevention.

26. References
Cohut, M. (2020). Climate change and the spread of the West
Nile virus in the. Retrieved 7 February 2021, from
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/west-nile-virus-in-
the-us-a-case-study-on-climate-change-and-health#An-
impending-global-health-crisis?
COLAROSSI, J. (2020). Ticks and Mosquitoes, Infectious
Disease Carriers, Are Expanding Their Range. Retrieved 7
February 2021, from http://www.bu.edu/articles/2020/ticks-
mosquitoes-infectious-disease-carriers-expanding-their-range/
Githeko, A. K., Lindsay, S. W., Confalonieri, U. E., & Patz, J.
A. (2000). Climate change and vector-borne diseases:a regional
analysis. Retrieved 2 7, 2021, from World Health Organization:
https://www.who.int/bulletin/archives/78(9)1136.pdf
Institute of Medicine (US) Forum on Microbial Threats. (2008).
Vector-Borne Diseases: Understanding the Environmental,
Human Health, and Ecological Connections, Workshop
Summary. Retrieved 2 7, 2021, from Washington (DC): National
Academies Press (US:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK52939/
JORDAN, R. (2020). Mosquito-borne disease threat | Stanford
News. Retrieved 7 February 2021, from
https://news.stanford.edu/2020/09/09/mosquito-borne-disease-
threat/
Kukreti, I. (2020). Climate change can affect diseases
transmitted by insects, vectors: UN report. Retrieved 7 February
2021, from https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/climate-
change/climate-change-can-affect-diseases-transmitted-by-
insects-vectors-un-report-72174
Muurlink, O., & Taylor-Robinson, A. (2020). The ‘lifecycle’ of

27. human beings: a call to explore vector-borne diseases from an
ecosystem perspective. Infectious Diseases Of Poverty, 9(1).
doi: 10.1186/s40249-020-00653-y
Schrama, M., Hunting, E., Beechler, B., Guarido, M., Govender,
D., & Nijland, W. et al. (2020). Human practices promote
presence and abundance of disease-transmitting mosquito
species. Scientific Reports, 10(1). doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-
69858-3