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Computer Graphics 01.pptx
1.
COMPUTER GRAPHICS Skill Enhancement
Course (Introduction)
2.
©Prepared by SKM Computer
Graphics refers to several things: The manipulation and the representation of the image or the data in a graphical manner. Various technology required for the creation and manipulation. Types of Computer Graphics Raster Graphics: In raster graphics pixels are used for an image to be drawn. It is also known as a bitmap image in which a sequence of image is into smaller pixels. Basically a bitmap indicates a large number of pixels together. Vector Graphics: In vector graphics, mathematical formulae are used to draw different types of shapes, lines, objects and so on.
3.
©Prepared by SKM Application
of Computer Graphics Computer graphics user interfaces GUIs : A graphic, mouse-oriented paradigm which allows the user to interact with a computer. Business presentation graphics : "A picture is worth a thousand words". Weather Maps : Real-time mapping, symbolic representations. Satellite Imaging : Geodesic images. Photo Enhancement : Sharpening blurred photos. Medical imaging : MRIs, CAT scans, etc. - Non-invasive internal examination. Engineering drawings : mechanical, electrical, civil, etc. - Replacing the blueprints of the past. Architecture : Construction plans, exterior sketches - replacing the blueprints and hand drawings of the past. Art : Computers provide a new medium for artists. Training : Flight simulators, computer aided instruction, etc. Entertainment : Movies and games.
4.
©Prepared by SKM We
will cover: Basic concepts of Graphics Devices How CRT monitor works Displaying technique of: Monochrome And Colour Monitor ,
5.
©Prepared by SKM Cathode
Ray Tubes (CRT): The primary output device in a graphics system is a video monitor.
6.
©Prepared by SKM Construction
of a CRT – Components of CRT: 1. Electron Gun: Electron gun consisting of a series of elements, primarily a heating filament (heater) and a cathode. The electron gun creates a source of electrons which are focused into a narrow beam directed at the face of the CRT. 2. Control Electrode: It is used to turn the electron beam on and off. 3. Focusing system: It is used to create a clear picture by focusing the electrons into a narrow beam. 4. Deflection Yoke: It is used to control the direction of the electron beam. It creates an electric or magnetic field which will bend the electron beam as it passes through the area. 5. Phosphorus-coated screen: The inside front surface of every CRT is coated with phosphors. Phosphors glow when a high-energy electron beam hits them.
7.
©Prepared by SKM Types
Of Deflection: Electrostatic Deflection The electron beam (cathode rays) passes through a highly positively charged metal cylinder that forms an electrostatic lens. This electrostatic lens focuses the cathode rays to the centre of the screen in the same way like an optical lens focuses the beam of light. Two pairs of parallel plates are mounted inside the CRT tube. Magnetic Deflection Here, two pairs of coils are used. One pair is mounted on the top and bottom of the CRT tube, and the other pair on the two opposite sides. The magnetic field produced by both these pairs is such that a force is generated on the electron beam in a direction which is perpendicular to both the direction of magnetic field, and to the direction of flow of the beam. One pair is mounted horizontally and the other vertically.
8.
©Prepared by SKM Monochrome
monitors: Monochrome monitors are computer monitors that display a single colour against a solid background. While somewhat plain, the use of a single phosphor to generate the single colour in each pixel makes it possible for the monitor to provide a very clear and crisp looking display. An IBM computer with a green monochrome monitor •A monochrome monitor is a type of CRT computer monitor •Monochrome monitors have only one colour of phosphor • Either P1, P3 or P4 phosphor is used •Monochrome monitors produce sharper text and images than colour CRT monitors
9.
©Prepared by SKM Colour
CRT Monitors: The CRT Monitor display by using a combination of phosphors. The phosphors are different colours. There are two popular approaches for producing colour displays with a CRT are: Beam Penetration Method Shadow-Mask Method
10.
©Prepared by SKM 1.
Beam Penetration Method CRT screen is coated with two layers of phosphor, red and green Displayed colour depends on how far the electron beam penetrates the phosphor layers Use random-scan Advantages: Inexpensive Disadvantages: Only four colours are possible Quality of pictures is not as good as with another method.
11.
©Prepared by SKM 2.
Shadow-Mask Method A shadow mask CRT has 3 phosphor colour dots at each pixel position. One phosphor dot emits: red light Another emits: green light Third emits: blue light Figure shows the delta-delta shadow mask method commonly used in colour CRT system.
12.
©Prepared by SKM Working
procedure : Shadow-Mask Method Deflection system of the CRT operates on all 3 electron beams simultaneously When the three beams pass through a hole in the shadow mask, they activate a dotted triangle, which occurs as a small colour spot on the screen.
13.
©Prepared by SKM Shadow-Mask
Method Advantage: Realistic image Million different colours to be generated Shadow scenes are possible Disadvantage: Relatively expensive compared with the monochrome CRT. Relatively poor resolution Convergence Problem
14.
©Prepared by SKM Random
Scan display: Random Scan System uses an electron beam which operates like a pencil to create a line image on the CRT screen. The system cycles back to the first line and design all the lines of the image 30 to 60 time each second. Random-scan monitors are also known as vector displays or stroke-writing displays or calligraphic displays. Advantages: A CRT has the electron beam directed only to the parts of the screen where an image is to be drawn. Produce smooth line drawings. High Resolution Disadvantages: Random-Scan monitors cannot display realistic shades scenes.
15.
©Prepared by SKM Raster
Scan Display Information of on and off pixels is stored in refresh buffer or Frame buffer. Televisions in our house are based on Raster Scan Method. The raster scan system can store information of each pixel position, so it is suitable for realistic display of objects. Frame Buffer is also known as Raster or bit map. In Frame Buffer the positions are called picture elements or pixels. Advantages: Realistic image Million Different colours to be generated Shadow Scenes are possible. Disadvantages: Low Resolution Expensive
16.
©Prepared by SKM Types
of Scanning or travelling of beam in Raster Scan Interlaced Scanning Non-Interlaced Scanning In Interlaced scanning, each horizontal line of the screen is traced from top to bottom. Due to which fading of display of object may occur. This problem can be solved by Non-Interlaced scanning. In this first of all odd numbered lines are traced or visited by an electron beam, then in the next circle, even number of lines are located. For non-interlaced display refresh rate of 30 frames per second used. But it gives flickers. For interlaced display refresh rate of 60 frames per second is used.
17.
©Prepared by SKM Random
Scan Raster Scan 1. It has high Resolution 1. Its resolution is low. 2. It is more expensive 2. It is less expensive 3. Any modification if needed is easy 3.Modification is tough 4. Solid pattern is tough to fill 4.Solid pattern is easy to fill 5. Refresh rate depends on resolution 5. Refresh rate does not depend on the picture. 6. Only screen with view on an area is displayed. 6. Whole screen is scanned. 7. Beam Penetration technology come under it. 7. Shadow mask technology came under this. 8. It does not use interlacing method. 8. It uses interlacing 9. It is restricted to line drawing applications 9. It is suitable for realistic display. Differentiate between Random and Raster Scan Display:
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