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NETWORKING SESSION:
Circular economy and landfill mining: key
concepts to exploit waste as new resources
Overview of landfill mining impacts
SUM2016
3rd Symposium on Urban Mining and Circular Economy
Bergamo, Italy – 24.05.2016
Ernő Garamvölgyi,
Bay Zoltán Nonprofit Ltd.
SMART data collection and inteGRation platform to enhance
availability and accessibility of data and infOrmation in the EU
territory on SecoNDary Raw Materials
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon
2020 research and innovation programme under Grant Agreement No
641988
Bay Zoltán Nonprofit Ltd.
Source: www.bayzoltan.hu
Circular Economy
 "Closing the loop" of product lifecycles through greater recycling and re-use, and bring
benefits for both the environment and the economy
 Key element: Promotion of economic instruments to discourage landfilling
 From waste to resources: boosting the market for secondary raw materials and water
reuse
 Materials injected back into the economy
 Increasing security of supply
 SRM Use:
 Still account for a small proportion
 Need for demand for recycled materials
 Barriers:
 Uncertainty in quality,
 absence of EU-wide standards
 Cross-border circulation of secondary raw materials
 CRM: „Such materials could also be recovered in landfills (e.g. from discarded
electronic devices) or in certain cases from mining waste.”
Source: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/circular-economy/index_en.htm
Landfilled waste in the Hungarian context
 Landfilled waste reported in Hungary (2004-2016)
 >500 EWC codes
 5 codes >98% of all materials
EWC EWC title Mass (kg) m%
Cumulated
m%
20
TELEPÜLÉSI HULLADÉK (HÁZTARTÁSI HULLADÉK ÉS A HÁZTARTÁSI HULLADÉKHOZ
HASONLÓ KERESKEDELMI, IPARI ÉS INTÉZMÉNYI HULLADÉK), IDEÉRTVE AZ
ELKÜLÖNÍTETTENGYŰJTÖTT FRAKCIÓT IS
35 180 710 918 37.01% 37.01%
10 TERMIKUS GYÁRTÁSFOLYAMATBÓL SZÁRMAZÓ HULLADÉK 29 925 059 801 31.48% 68.49%
17
ÉPÍTÉSI-BONTÁSI HULLADÉK (BELEÉRTVE A SZENNYEZETT TERÜLETEKRŐL
KITERMELT FÖLDET IS) 19 092 441 052 20.09% 88.58%
01
ÁSVÁNYOK KUTATÁSÁBÓL, BÁNYÁSZATÁBÓL, KŐFEJTÉSÉBŐL, FIZIKAI ÉS KÉMIAI
KEZELÉSÉBŐL SZÁRMAZÓ HULLADÉK 5 031 544 274 5.29% 93.87%
19
HULLADÉKKEZELŐ LÉTESÍTMÉNYEKBŐL, A SZENNYVIZET KÉPZŐDÉSÉNEK
TELEPHELYÉN KÍVÜL KEZELŐ SZENNYVÍZTISZTÍTÓKBÓL,VALAMINT AZ IVÓVÍZ ÉS
IPARI VÍZ SZOLGÁLTATÁSBÓL SZÁRMAZÓ HULLADÉK
4 460 125 092 4.69% 98.56%
03
FAFELDOLGOZÁSBÓL ÉS FALEMEZ-, BÚTOR-, CELLULÓZ ROST SZUSZPENZIÓ-,
PAPÍR- ÉS KARTONGYÁRTÁSBÓL SZÁRMAZÓ HULLADÉK 354 982 931 0.37% 98.94%
06 SZERVETLEN KÉMIAI FOLYAMATBÓL SZÁRMAZÓ HULLADÉK 270 523 434 0.28% 99.22%
15
CSOMAGOLÁSIHULLADÉK; KÖZELEBBRŐL MEG NEM HATÁROZOTT FELITATÓ
ANYAGOK (ABSZORBENSEK), TÖRLŐKENDŐK, SZŰRŐANYAGOK ÉS VÉDŐRUHÁZAT 202 303 917 0.21% 99.43%
02
MEZŐGAZDASÁGI, KERTÉSZETI, AKVAKULTÚRÁS TERMELÉSBŐL,
ERDŐGAZDÁLKODÁSBÓL, VADÁSZATBÓL, HALÁSZATBÓL, ÉLELMISZER-
ELŐÁLLÍTÁSBÓL ÉS -FELDOLGOZÁSBÓL SZÁRMAZÓ HULLADÉK
159 965 622 0.17% 99.60%
16 A HULLADÉKJEGYZÉKBEN KÖZELEBBRŐL MEG NEM HATÁROZOTT HULLADÉK 139 936 244 0.15% 99.75%
04 BŐR-, SZŐRME- ÉS TEXTILIPARI HULLADÉK 63 550 528 0.07% 99.82%
07 SZERVES KÉMIAI FOLYAMATBÓL SZÁRMAZÓ HULLADÉK 54 609 863 0.06% 99.87%
11
FÉMEK ÉS EGYÉB ANYAGOK KÉMIAI FELÜLETKEZELÉSÉBŐL ÉS BEVONÁSÁBÓL
SZÁRMAZÓ HULLADÉK; NEMVAS FÉMEK HIDROMETALLURGIAI HULLADÉKA 53 212 641 0.06% 99.93%
08
BEVONATOK (FESTÉKEK, LAKKOK ÉS ZOMÁNCOK), RAGASZTÓK, TÖMÍTŐANYAGOK
ÉS NYOMDAFESTÉKEKGYÁRTÁSÁBÓL, KISZERELÉSÉBŐL, FORGALMAZÁSÁBÓL ÉS
FELHASZNÁLÁSÁBÓL SZÁRMAZÓ HULLADÉK
31 458 566 0.03% 99.96%
12
FÉMEK, MŰANYAGOK ALAKÍTÁSÁBÓL, FIZIKAI ÉS MECHANIKAI
FELÜLETKEZELÉSÉBŐL SZÁRMAZÓ HULLADÉK 15 833 710 0.02% 99.98%
18
EMBEREK VAGY ÁLLATOK EGÉSZSÉGÜGYI ELLÁTÁSÁBÓL ÉS/VAGY AZ AZZAL
KAPCSOLATOSKUTATÁSBÓL SZÁRMAZÓ HULLADÉK (kivéve a konyhai és éttermi
hulladékot, amely nem közvetlenül az egészségügyi ellátásból származik)
12 878 594 0.01% 99.99%
05
KŐOLAJFINOMÍTÁSBÓL,FÖLDGÁZTISZTÍTÁSBÓL ÉS A KŐSZÉN PIROLITIKUS
KEZELÉSÉBŐL SZÁRMAZÓ HULLADÉK 4 718 970 0.00% 100.00%
13
OLAJHULLADÉK ÉS A FOLYÉKONY ÜZEMANYAG HULLADÉKA (kivéve az étolajokat,
valaminta 05, a 12 és a 19 főcsoportokban meghatározotthulladékot) 712 720 0.00% 100.00%
09 FÉNYKÉPÉSZETI IPAR HULLADÉKA 528 797 0.00% 100.00%
14
SZERVES OLDÓSZER-, HŰTŐANYAG-ÉS HAJTÓGÁZ HULLADÉK (kivéve a 07 és a 08
főcsoportokban meghatározotthulladék) 31 434 0.00% 100.00%
Összesen: 95 055 129 108 100.00%
EWC code
cumulated
Source: Bay, OKIR, Hungary
Reasons for and against landfill mining
 Why Landfill Mining?
 Economic
Extraction recycling potential: Metals/plastics (highest values / lowest level of
degradation)
Extraction for energy recovery: un-degraded biomass (short- to medium-term
solution)
 Environmental
Reclamation of land
Landfill site is a physical barrier to a development
Landfill site is in location not for landfill operations
Reuse the available landfill space
Contaminating the groundwater / surrounding area
Source: ISWA Key Issue Paper on Landfill Mining, 2013.,
Reasons for and against landfill mining
 Why NOT Landfill Mining?
 Unquantifiable variables
Difficulty in understanding the composition, estimates must be made of the
wastes within landfill. Records for many older landfills are non-existent.
Impacts that those wastes may have
 Risks
Economic:
Uncertainty of produced output, low market demand
Quality of materials: likely to be poor compared to fresh wastes, materials
contaminated with soils, leachate and other materials
Environmental:
Nuisance caused during operation
Potential for presence of hazardous materials (e.g. asbestos)
Escape of leachate or landfill gas
Residual contamination of the land or groundwater should be removed
Source:
ISWA Key Issue Paper on Landfill Mining, 2013.,
https://waste-management-world.com/a/landfill-mining-goldmine-or-minefield
Source: Feasibility and Viability of Landfill Mining and Reclamation in Scotland, 2013.
Landfill mining issues – Environment impacts
 Positive impacts
 Removal of potential source of pollution
 Manage the escape of LFG (contributor to global warming, odour issues; etc.)
 Potential for leachate is diminished (contaminate surface water and groundwater)
 Extending landfill capacity by recovering void-space.
 Reclaimed soil (daily cover material, avoiding transportation impacts)
 Producing energy(combustible waste to generate energy)
 Recycling of materials (mainly metals)
 Freeing-up land for other uses
Source: Feasibility and Viability of Landfill Mining and Reclamation in Scotland, 2013.
Landfill mining issues – Environment impacts
 Negative impacts
 Hazardous waste uncovered (e.g. asbestos). Older landfills with less robust waste
disposal practices and acceptance criteria )
 Release of landfill gases and odours (explosions, fires, odours and risk to human
health)
 Releases of liquids and leachate
 Releases of dust
 Subsidence or collapse: Excavation of a landfill area can undermine the integrity of
adjacent cells, which can sink or collapse.
 Noise
 Vermin may be attracted
 Additional traffic movements on the local road network
 LCA:
 difference between leaving the landfill to naturally degrade over an unknown
period against the impact of the LFM project
 to take into account the beneficial use of materials recovered compared against
raw extraction or production
 using traditional fossil fuels against the use of waste-derived biomass extracted
from landfill
 impact of the LFM operation, including any emissions caused by the excavation
and the premature release of contaminants
Landfill mining issues – Environment impacts
Source: ISWA Key Issue Paper on Landfill Mining, 2013.,
Landfill mining issues – Environment impacts
Source: Life cycle analysis of enhanced landfill mining: case study for the remo landfill, 2013.
 Findings in Remo landfill case study LCA
(Belgium)
 ELFM (Enhanced Landfill Mining) is
NOT always beneficial from an
environmental point of view
 Net environmental impact of ELFM
strongly depends on the quality and
the quantity of the output products
 ELFM for the total waste (IW+MSW)
resulted in a net environmental
benefit compared to the Donothing
scenario
Landfill mining issues – Economic impacts
Source: ISWA Key Issue Paper on Landfill Mining, 2013.,
Landfill mining issues – Economic impacts
 Landfill mining feasibility decisions
 Waste composition
 Historic operating conditions
 Extent of waste degradation
 Markets and prices for recovered materials
Ricardo-AEA:
 LFMR is rarely self-sufficient
 Economically viable cases:
 LFMR involving onsite energy recovery at non-hazardous landfills
 Excavation, shredding, screening and removal of ferrous metal, with sale of metal
 Recovery of soil for use as daily cover
 Compaction of waste may be economically viable based on the voidspace
recovered.
 LFMR with resource and off-site energy recovery might be feasible where wastes
are to be excavated anyway, assuming that the alternative is to pay for landfill
elsewhere.
 Landfills with industrial wastes may contain more valuable material
Source:
Feasibility and Viability of Landfill Mining and Reclamation in Scotland, 2013
https://waste-management-world.com/a/landfill-mining-goldmine-or-minefield
Landfill mining issues – Social impacts
 Negative impacts
 Road congestion
 Concern over health, amenity and nuisance impact due to LFM process
 Negative impact on property value
 Positive impacts
 Places of work
 Removal of landfilled wastes
 Process that reduces/eliminates on-going risks
 Process that reduces/eliminates impacts upon health and environment
 Positive impact on property value
Source: Feasibility and Viability of Landfill Mining and Reclamation in Scotland, 2013.
Landfill mining in Miskolc (Hungary)
Source: Bay, Internet, Google
Landfill mining in Miskolc (Hungary) – in 2016
Source: Bay, Internet, http://europacentermiskolc.hu/
SmartGround investigations - approach
1. Pilot sampling (long/short list)
2. Technology process line
3. Impact assessment (ENV/ECON/SOC)
 ISWA Key Issue Paper on Landfill Mining, 2013.
 https://waste-management-world.com/a/landfill-mining-goldmine-or-minefield
 Feasibility and Viability of Landfill Mining and Reclamation in Scotland, Scoping Study,
S. Ford, K. Warren, C. Lorton, R. Smithers, A. Read, M. Hudgins, 2013.
 Life cycle analysis of enhanced landfill mining: case study for the remo landfill, M.
Danthurebandara, S. Van Passel, K. Van Acker, 2nd International Academic Symposium
on Enhanced Landfill Mining, 2013.
 SMART data collection and inteGRation platform to enhance availability and
accessibility of data and infOrmation in the EU territory on SecoNDary Raw Materials,
Horizon 2020, Grant Agreement No 641988
Literature references
18www.smart-ground.eu
Project Coordinator
Marco de la Feld
ENCO s.r.l.
m.delafeld@enco-consulting.it

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LANDFILL MINING IMPACTS

  • 1. NETWORKING SESSION: Circular economy and landfill mining: key concepts to exploit waste as new resources Overview of landfill mining impacts SUM2016 3rd Symposium on Urban Mining and Circular Economy Bergamo, Italy – 24.05.2016 Ernő Garamvölgyi, Bay Zoltán Nonprofit Ltd.
  • 2. SMART data collection and inteGRation platform to enhance availability and accessibility of data and infOrmation in the EU territory on SecoNDary Raw Materials This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Grant Agreement No 641988
  • 3. Bay Zoltán Nonprofit Ltd. Source: www.bayzoltan.hu
  • 4. Circular Economy  "Closing the loop" of product lifecycles through greater recycling and re-use, and bring benefits for both the environment and the economy  Key element: Promotion of economic instruments to discourage landfilling  From waste to resources: boosting the market for secondary raw materials and water reuse  Materials injected back into the economy  Increasing security of supply  SRM Use:  Still account for a small proportion  Need for demand for recycled materials  Barriers:  Uncertainty in quality,  absence of EU-wide standards  Cross-border circulation of secondary raw materials  CRM: „Such materials could also be recovered in landfills (e.g. from discarded electronic devices) or in certain cases from mining waste.” Source: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/circular-economy/index_en.htm
  • 5. Landfilled waste in the Hungarian context  Landfilled waste reported in Hungary (2004-2016)  >500 EWC codes  5 codes >98% of all materials EWC EWC title Mass (kg) m% Cumulated m% 20 TELEPÜLÉSI HULLADÉK (HÁZTARTÁSI HULLADÉK ÉS A HÁZTARTÁSI HULLADÉKHOZ HASONLÓ KERESKEDELMI, IPARI ÉS INTÉZMÉNYI HULLADÉK), IDEÉRTVE AZ ELKÜLÖNÍTETTENGYŰJTÖTT FRAKCIÓT IS 35 180 710 918 37.01% 37.01% 10 TERMIKUS GYÁRTÁSFOLYAMATBÓL SZÁRMAZÓ HULLADÉK 29 925 059 801 31.48% 68.49% 17 ÉPÍTÉSI-BONTÁSI HULLADÉK (BELEÉRTVE A SZENNYEZETT TERÜLETEKRŐL KITERMELT FÖLDET IS) 19 092 441 052 20.09% 88.58% 01 ÁSVÁNYOK KUTATÁSÁBÓL, BÁNYÁSZATÁBÓL, KŐFEJTÉSÉBŐL, FIZIKAI ÉS KÉMIAI KEZELÉSÉBŐL SZÁRMAZÓ HULLADÉK 5 031 544 274 5.29% 93.87% 19 HULLADÉKKEZELŐ LÉTESÍTMÉNYEKBŐL, A SZENNYVIZET KÉPZŐDÉSÉNEK TELEPHELYÉN KÍVÜL KEZELŐ SZENNYVÍZTISZTÍTÓKBÓL,VALAMINT AZ IVÓVÍZ ÉS IPARI VÍZ SZOLGÁLTATÁSBÓL SZÁRMAZÓ HULLADÉK 4 460 125 092 4.69% 98.56% 03 FAFELDOLGOZÁSBÓL ÉS FALEMEZ-, BÚTOR-, CELLULÓZ ROST SZUSZPENZIÓ-, PAPÍR- ÉS KARTONGYÁRTÁSBÓL SZÁRMAZÓ HULLADÉK 354 982 931 0.37% 98.94% 06 SZERVETLEN KÉMIAI FOLYAMATBÓL SZÁRMAZÓ HULLADÉK 270 523 434 0.28% 99.22% 15 CSOMAGOLÁSIHULLADÉK; KÖZELEBBRŐL MEG NEM HATÁROZOTT FELITATÓ ANYAGOK (ABSZORBENSEK), TÖRLŐKENDŐK, SZŰRŐANYAGOK ÉS VÉDŐRUHÁZAT 202 303 917 0.21% 99.43% 02 MEZŐGAZDASÁGI, KERTÉSZETI, AKVAKULTÚRÁS TERMELÉSBŐL, ERDŐGAZDÁLKODÁSBÓL, VADÁSZATBÓL, HALÁSZATBÓL, ÉLELMISZER- ELŐÁLLÍTÁSBÓL ÉS -FELDOLGOZÁSBÓL SZÁRMAZÓ HULLADÉK 159 965 622 0.17% 99.60% 16 A HULLADÉKJEGYZÉKBEN KÖZELEBBRŐL MEG NEM HATÁROZOTT HULLADÉK 139 936 244 0.15% 99.75% 04 BŐR-, SZŐRME- ÉS TEXTILIPARI HULLADÉK 63 550 528 0.07% 99.82% 07 SZERVES KÉMIAI FOLYAMATBÓL SZÁRMAZÓ HULLADÉK 54 609 863 0.06% 99.87% 11 FÉMEK ÉS EGYÉB ANYAGOK KÉMIAI FELÜLETKEZELÉSÉBŐL ÉS BEVONÁSÁBÓL SZÁRMAZÓ HULLADÉK; NEMVAS FÉMEK HIDROMETALLURGIAI HULLADÉKA 53 212 641 0.06% 99.93% 08 BEVONATOK (FESTÉKEK, LAKKOK ÉS ZOMÁNCOK), RAGASZTÓK, TÖMÍTŐANYAGOK ÉS NYOMDAFESTÉKEKGYÁRTÁSÁBÓL, KISZERELÉSÉBŐL, FORGALMAZÁSÁBÓL ÉS FELHASZNÁLÁSÁBÓL SZÁRMAZÓ HULLADÉK 31 458 566 0.03% 99.96% 12 FÉMEK, MŰANYAGOK ALAKÍTÁSÁBÓL, FIZIKAI ÉS MECHANIKAI FELÜLETKEZELÉSÉBŐL SZÁRMAZÓ HULLADÉK 15 833 710 0.02% 99.98% 18 EMBEREK VAGY ÁLLATOK EGÉSZSÉGÜGYI ELLÁTÁSÁBÓL ÉS/VAGY AZ AZZAL KAPCSOLATOSKUTATÁSBÓL SZÁRMAZÓ HULLADÉK (kivéve a konyhai és éttermi hulladékot, amely nem közvetlenül az egészségügyi ellátásból származik) 12 878 594 0.01% 99.99% 05 KŐOLAJFINOMÍTÁSBÓL,FÖLDGÁZTISZTÍTÁSBÓL ÉS A KŐSZÉN PIROLITIKUS KEZELÉSÉBŐL SZÁRMAZÓ HULLADÉK 4 718 970 0.00% 100.00% 13 OLAJHULLADÉK ÉS A FOLYÉKONY ÜZEMANYAG HULLADÉKA (kivéve az étolajokat, valaminta 05, a 12 és a 19 főcsoportokban meghatározotthulladékot) 712 720 0.00% 100.00% 09 FÉNYKÉPÉSZETI IPAR HULLADÉKA 528 797 0.00% 100.00% 14 SZERVES OLDÓSZER-, HŰTŐANYAG-ÉS HAJTÓGÁZ HULLADÉK (kivéve a 07 és a 08 főcsoportokban meghatározotthulladék) 31 434 0.00% 100.00% Összesen: 95 055 129 108 100.00% EWC code cumulated Source: Bay, OKIR, Hungary
  • 6. Reasons for and against landfill mining  Why Landfill Mining?  Economic Extraction recycling potential: Metals/plastics (highest values / lowest level of degradation) Extraction for energy recovery: un-degraded biomass (short- to medium-term solution)  Environmental Reclamation of land Landfill site is a physical barrier to a development Landfill site is in location not for landfill operations Reuse the available landfill space Contaminating the groundwater / surrounding area Source: ISWA Key Issue Paper on Landfill Mining, 2013.,
  • 7. Reasons for and against landfill mining  Why NOT Landfill Mining?  Unquantifiable variables Difficulty in understanding the composition, estimates must be made of the wastes within landfill. Records for many older landfills are non-existent. Impacts that those wastes may have  Risks Economic: Uncertainty of produced output, low market demand Quality of materials: likely to be poor compared to fresh wastes, materials contaminated with soils, leachate and other materials Environmental: Nuisance caused during operation Potential for presence of hazardous materials (e.g. asbestos) Escape of leachate or landfill gas Residual contamination of the land or groundwater should be removed Source: ISWA Key Issue Paper on Landfill Mining, 2013., https://waste-management-world.com/a/landfill-mining-goldmine-or-minefield
  • 8. Source: Feasibility and Viability of Landfill Mining and Reclamation in Scotland, 2013. Landfill mining issues – Environment impacts  Positive impacts  Removal of potential source of pollution  Manage the escape of LFG (contributor to global warming, odour issues; etc.)  Potential for leachate is diminished (contaminate surface water and groundwater)  Extending landfill capacity by recovering void-space.  Reclaimed soil (daily cover material, avoiding transportation impacts)  Producing energy(combustible waste to generate energy)  Recycling of materials (mainly metals)  Freeing-up land for other uses
  • 9. Source: Feasibility and Viability of Landfill Mining and Reclamation in Scotland, 2013. Landfill mining issues – Environment impacts  Negative impacts  Hazardous waste uncovered (e.g. asbestos). Older landfills with less robust waste disposal practices and acceptance criteria )  Release of landfill gases and odours (explosions, fires, odours and risk to human health)  Releases of liquids and leachate  Releases of dust  Subsidence or collapse: Excavation of a landfill area can undermine the integrity of adjacent cells, which can sink or collapse.  Noise  Vermin may be attracted  Additional traffic movements on the local road network
  • 10.  LCA:  difference between leaving the landfill to naturally degrade over an unknown period against the impact of the LFM project  to take into account the beneficial use of materials recovered compared against raw extraction or production  using traditional fossil fuels against the use of waste-derived biomass extracted from landfill  impact of the LFM operation, including any emissions caused by the excavation and the premature release of contaminants Landfill mining issues – Environment impacts Source: ISWA Key Issue Paper on Landfill Mining, 2013.,
  • 11. Landfill mining issues – Environment impacts Source: Life cycle analysis of enhanced landfill mining: case study for the remo landfill, 2013.  Findings in Remo landfill case study LCA (Belgium)  ELFM (Enhanced Landfill Mining) is NOT always beneficial from an environmental point of view  Net environmental impact of ELFM strongly depends on the quality and the quantity of the output products  ELFM for the total waste (IW+MSW) resulted in a net environmental benefit compared to the Donothing scenario
  • 12. Landfill mining issues – Economic impacts Source: ISWA Key Issue Paper on Landfill Mining, 2013.,
  • 13. Landfill mining issues – Economic impacts  Landfill mining feasibility decisions  Waste composition  Historic operating conditions  Extent of waste degradation  Markets and prices for recovered materials Ricardo-AEA:  LFMR is rarely self-sufficient  Economically viable cases:  LFMR involving onsite energy recovery at non-hazardous landfills  Excavation, shredding, screening and removal of ferrous metal, with sale of metal  Recovery of soil for use as daily cover  Compaction of waste may be economically viable based on the voidspace recovered.  LFMR with resource and off-site energy recovery might be feasible where wastes are to be excavated anyway, assuming that the alternative is to pay for landfill elsewhere.  Landfills with industrial wastes may contain more valuable material Source: Feasibility and Viability of Landfill Mining and Reclamation in Scotland, 2013 https://waste-management-world.com/a/landfill-mining-goldmine-or-minefield
  • 14. Landfill mining issues – Social impacts  Negative impacts  Road congestion  Concern over health, amenity and nuisance impact due to LFM process  Negative impact on property value  Positive impacts  Places of work  Removal of landfilled wastes  Process that reduces/eliminates on-going risks  Process that reduces/eliminates impacts upon health and environment  Positive impact on property value Source: Feasibility and Viability of Landfill Mining and Reclamation in Scotland, 2013.
  • 15. Landfill mining in Miskolc (Hungary) Source: Bay, Internet, Google
  • 16. Landfill mining in Miskolc (Hungary) – in 2016 Source: Bay, Internet, http://europacentermiskolc.hu/
  • 17. SmartGround investigations - approach 1. Pilot sampling (long/short list) 2. Technology process line 3. Impact assessment (ENV/ECON/SOC)
  • 18.  ISWA Key Issue Paper on Landfill Mining, 2013.  https://waste-management-world.com/a/landfill-mining-goldmine-or-minefield  Feasibility and Viability of Landfill Mining and Reclamation in Scotland, Scoping Study, S. Ford, K. Warren, C. Lorton, R. Smithers, A. Read, M. Hudgins, 2013.  Life cycle analysis of enhanced landfill mining: case study for the remo landfill, M. Danthurebandara, S. Van Passel, K. Van Acker, 2nd International Academic Symposium on Enhanced Landfill Mining, 2013.  SMART data collection and inteGRation platform to enhance availability and accessibility of data and infOrmation in the EU territory on SecoNDary Raw Materials, Horizon 2020, Grant Agreement No 641988 Literature references 18www.smart-ground.eu
  • 19. Project Coordinator Marco de la Feld ENCO s.r.l. m.delafeld@enco-consulting.it

Editor's Notes

  1. No real info on content No info on content before 2004
  2. More prevalent at older landfills that were in operation at a time when waste disposal practices and waste acceptance criteria were not as robust. Special handling and disposal requirements to mitigate risk.
  3. Enhanced Landfill Mining: “the safe conditioning, excavation and integrated valorisation of (historic and/or future) landfilled waste streams as both materials (Waste-toMaterial, WtM) and energy (Waste-to-Energy, WtE), using innovative transformation technologies and respecting the most stringent social and ecological criteria” municipal solid waste and assimilated industrial waste (MSW & AIW), industrial waste (IW)
  4. A resident may perceive that a completed LFMR project…