4. The News
Original news article from online sources
- screen capture/crop image of article
- use as many articles to fill one page
(insert newspaper article pics - collage styled)
*Create collage from screenshot mash will provide
5.
6.
7. Key Info - mental health perspective
Infographic page with key stats/information from articles
- pandemic focused around addiction and mental health
- colour scheme - Solace CI
- font - mixed
- size - mixed
- reference provided
*Info in slide 5
*Mental health wellness
*Solace Icon only
8.
9.
10. Mental health before and after
• Mental health is one of the leading causes of disability and health
loss in Malaysia (Guan, Lee & Francis et al. 2018).
• Workplace mental health issue costs Malaysian economy RM4.46
Billion in 2018 (Raaj, Navanathan et al. 2020).
• Malaysia has a deficit in psychologists and psychiatrist with a ratio of
1.27 per 100,000 population (Guan, Lee & Francis et al. 2018).
• Lack of expertise has caused Malaysia to struggle not only to
maintain the current model of care but we are unable to develop and
deliver better evidence based treatment approaches (Raaj, Navanathan
et al. 2020).
11.
12. Number of reported drug addicts (AADK, 2020) = 128, 325
individuals
Approximately 50% are admitted in government recovery
facilities = 64, 163 individuals
Approximately 60% relapse rate per year in patients from
government treatment facilities = 38, 498 individuals
Averaging the cost of treatment per person to be RM3000 a
month, the approximate loss due to relapses per annum is RM
1.386 Billion
13. Disebabkan Pandemic?
• Association between internet addiction
and health anxiety during COVID 19 (Khodabakhsh,
(Ramasamy, et al. 2021)
• Rise in behavioural addictions
• MCO and isolation complicates recovery.
• Without healthy interpersonal
connections, drugs and alcohol
become best friends.
14.
15. Adolescent Brain
Changes
• Physical addiction appears to
occur when repeated use of
a drug changes the way your
brain feels pleasure
• Addiction causes physical
changes to some nerve cells
(neurons) in your brain
• These changes can remain
long after you stop using the
drug
16. Adolescent Brain &
Behaviour
• 13 to about age 25, a pruning and
strengthening process is happening
• the brain cells and neural connections
that get used the least get pruned away
and die off; those that get used the most
get stronger.
• rapidly changing and most vulnerable to
outside influences
• the brain region that’s responsible for
making complex judgments (the
Prefrontal Cortex) isn’t fully mature, and
therefore is prone to being overpowered
by the emotional or motivational regions
that are more mature
• develop first are those which control
physical coordination, emotion and
motivation
https://www.addictionisreal.org/teenage-brain
17. Prefrontal Cortex is not
quite ready to play referee
• difficulty holding back or
controlling emotions
• a preference for physical activity
• a preference for high excitement
and low effort activities (video
games, sex, drugs,)
• poor planning and judgement
(rarely thinking of negative
consequences)
• more risky, impulsive behaviors,
including experimenting with
drugs and alcohol
18. Addiction
• Drug Use
• Taking a psychoactive substance for non-medical purposes,
out of curiosity. Mengguna untuk sebab-sebab bukan
medical hanya kerana ingin tahu.
• Drug Abuse
• Drug use that leads to problems (e.g. loss of effectiveness in
society; behavioral psychopathology, criminal acts).
Penggunaan yang menyebakan masalah-masalah
• Drug Dependence
• A maladaptive pattern of drug use leading to clinically-
significant impairment or distress, associated with difficulty in
controlling drug-taking behavior, withdrawal, and tolerance.
Penggunnan yang menyebabkan masalah-masalah klinikal,
tidak dapay mengawal, toleransi naik, withdrawal.
• The state of needing a drug to function within ‘normal limits’.
Terpaksa menggunakan substance untuk berfungsi
19. Feeling the need to
use the drug daily
Falling back on
responsibilities and
social activities
Having intense
urges for the
drug
Spending excessive
amount of money on
drugs
Taking larger
amounts of the
drug over time
Symptom
s
22. ABCDE of Addictions
• Inability to consistently
• Impairment in
; or increased hunger for drugs or rewarding
experiences
recognition of significant problems with one’s
behaviors and interpersonal relationships ( TIDAK
MENGENAL MASALAH PERSONAL, HUBUNGAN DENGAN
ORANG LAIN YANG TIMBUL)
• A dysfunctional
23. Recognising Drug
use or intoxication
Signs and symptoms of drug or intoxication
may vary depending on types of drugs
24. Marijuana, hashish and
other cannabis-
containing substances
● A sense of euphoria or feeling “high”
● A heightened sense of visual, auditory and taste
perception
● Increased blood pressure and heart rate
● Red eyes
● Dry mouth
● Decreased coordination
● Difficulty concentrating or remembering
● Slowed reaction time
● Anxiety or paranoid thinking
● Cannabis odor on clothes or yellow fingertips
● Exaggerated cravings for certain foods at unusual
times
By smoking, eating or inhaling a vaporized form of the
drug
25. K2 and Spice
● A sense of euphoria or feeling "high"
● Elevated mood
● An altered sense of visual, auditory and taste
perception
● Extreme anxiety or agitation
● Paranoia
● Hallucinations
● Increased heart rate and blood pressure or heart
attack
● Vomiting
● Confusion
The effects of these drugs can be dangerous and
unpredictable, as there is no quality control and
some ingredients may not be known. Synthetic
cannabinoids, also called K2 or Spice, are sprayed
on dried herbs and then smoked, but can be
prepared as an herbal tea.
26. Bath Salts
Substituted cathinones, also called "bath salts,"
are mind-altering (psychoactive) substances
similar to amphetamines such as ecstasy (MDMA)
and cocaine. Packages are often labeled as other
products to avoid detection. Substituted
cathinones can be eaten, snorted, inhaled or
injected and are highly addictive.
● Euphoria
● Increased sociability
● Increased energy and agitation
● Increased sex drive
● Increased heart rate and blood pressure
● Problems thinking clearly
● Loss of muscle control
● Paranoia
● Panic attacks
● Hallucinations
● Delirium
● Psychotic and violent behavior
27. Meth, Cocaine and
other stimulants
Often used and misused in search of a "high," or
to boost energy, to improve performance at
work or school, or to lose weight or control
appetite.
● Feeling of exhilaration and excess confidence
● Increased alertness
● Increased energy and restlessness
● Behavior changes or aggression
● Rapid or rambling speech
● Dilated pupils
● Confusion, delusions and hallucinations
● Irritability, anxiety or paranoia
● Changes in heart rate, blood pressure and body
temperature
● Nausea or vomiting with weight loss
● Impaired judgment
● Nasal congestion and damage to the mucous
membrane of the nose (if snorting drugs)
● Mouth sores, gum disease and tooth decay from
smoking drugs ("meth mouth")
● Insomnia
● Depression as the drug wears off
28. Club Drugs
Club drugs are commonly used at
clubs, concerts and parties. Because
GHB and flunitrazepam can cause
sedation, muscle relaxation,
confusion and memory loss, the
potential for sexual misconduct or
sexual assault is associated with the
use of these drugs.
● Hallucinations
● Paranoia
● Dilated pupils
● Chills and sweating
● Involuntary shaking (tremors)
● Behavior changes
● Muscle cramping and teeth clenching
● Muscle relaxation, poor coordination or problems
moving
● Reduced inhibitions
● Heightened or altered sense of sight, sound and
taste
● Poor judgment
● Memory problems or loss of memory
● Reduced consciousness
● Increased or decreased heart rate and blood
pressure
29. Hallucinogens
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
● Hallucinations
● Greatly reduced perception of reality, for example,
interpreting input from one of your senses as
another, such as hearing colors
● Impulsive behavior
● Rapid shifts in emotions
● Permanent mental changes in perception
● Rapid heart rate and high blood pressure
● Tremors
● Flashbacks, a re-experience of the hallucinations —
even years later
30. Hallucinogens
Phencyclidine (PCP)
● A feeling of being separated from your body and
surroundings
● Hallucinations
● Problems with coordination and movement
● Aggressive, possibly violent behavior
● Involuntary eye movements
● Lack of pain sensation
● Increase in blood pressure and heart rate
● Problems with thinking and memory
● Problems speaking
● Impaired judgment
● Intolerance to loud noise
● Sometimes seizures or coma
31. Inhalants
Some commonly inhaled substances include glue,
paint thinners, correction fluid, felt tip marker
fluid, gasoline, cleaning fluids and household
aerosol products. Due to the toxic nature of these
substances, users may develop brain damage or
sudden death.
● Possessing an inhalant substance without a
reasonable explanation
● Brief euphoria or intoxication
● Decreased inhibition
● Combativeness or belligerence
● Dizziness
● Nausea or vomiting
● Involuntary eye movements
● Appearing intoxicated with slurred speech, slow
movements and poor coordination
● Irregular heartbeats
● Tremors
● Lingering odor of inhalant material
● Rash around the nose and mouth
32. Opioid painkillers
Opioids are narcotic, painkilling drugs produced from
opium or made synthetically. This class of drugs
includes, among others, heroin, morphine, codeine,
methadone and oxycodone
● Reduced sense of pain
● Agitation, drowsiness or sedation
● Slurred speech
● Problems with attention and memory
● Constricted pupils
● Lack of awareness or inattention to surrounding
people and things
● Problems with coordination
● Depression
● Confusion
● Constipation
● Runny nose or nose sores (if snorting drugs)
● Needle marks (if injecting drugs)
33.
34.
35. Changes in the brain
These changes can
remain long after you
stop using the drug.
Neurons use chemicals
called neurotransmitters
to communicate.
The addicting drug
causes physical changes
to some nerve cells
(neurons) in your brain.
Physical addiction
appears to occur when
repeated use of a drug
changes the way your
brain feels pleasure.
36. Methamphetamine, opiates and cocaine are highly addictive and cause
multiple short-term and long-term health consequences, including
psychotic behavior, seizures or death due to overdose.
Ecstasy or molly (MDMA) can cause dehydration, electrolyte
imbalance and complications that can include seizures. Long-term,
MDMA can damage the brain.
Due to the toxic nature of inhalants, users may develop brain damage
of different levels of severity.
GHB and flunitrazepam may cause sedation, confusion and memory
loss. These so-called "date rape drugs" are known to impair the ability
to resist unwanted contact and recollection of the event. At high doses,
they can cause seizures, coma and death. The danger increases when
these drugs are taken with alcohol.
One particular danger of club drugs is that the liquid, pill or powder
forms of these drugs available on the street often contain unknown
substances that can be harmful, including other illegally manufactured
or pharmaceutical drugs.
Complications
37. Other life-
changing
complications
Getting a communicable disease
People who are addicted to a drug are more likely to get an infectious
disease, such as HIV, either through unsafe sex or by sharing needles.
Accidents/Suicide
People who are addicted to do other dangerous activities while under
the influence. They also are more likely to commit suicide.
Work issues
Drug use can cause declining performance at work, absenteeism and
eventual loss of employment
Other health problems
Drug addiction can lead to a range of both short-term and long-term
mental and physical health problems. These depend on what drug is
taken.
Financial problems
Spending money to support drug use takes away money from other
needs, could lead to debt, and can lead to illegal or unethical behaviors
38. Several Diseases and Chemical
Dependence
Medical Type 2
Hypertension ADHD
Parkinson’s
Addiction
Characteristics: Diabetes Disease
Signs/ Symptoms Y Y Y Y Y
Diagnostic Tests
Y Y Y Y Y
Available
Severity Progression Y Y N Y Y
Treatable Y Y Y Y Y
Environmental Component Y Y Y Y Y
Pathophysiology Y Y Y Y Y
Precursor Condition* Y Y Y Y Y
Pain or suffering Some Minor Some Y Y
Life-Threatening Y Y N Y Y
Medications for Treatment Y Y Y Y Y
Genetic Vulnerability Y Y Y Y Y
Impact on Family Y Y Y Y Y
Chronic nature Y Y Y Y Y
* * Curable over Lifetime N N Sometimes N N
39.
40.
41. No more prison, only rehab for addicts under new law
https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2021/02/19/no-more-prison-only-rehab-for-addicts-
under-new-law/
KUALA LUMPUR: Drug abusers and addicts will
be rehabilitated instead of being sent to jail when
the proposed Drug and Substance Abuse Act
replaces the Drug Dependants (Treatment and
Rehabilitation) Act 1983 later this year.
Meanwhile, NADA director-general Sutekno
Ahmad Belon said the agency was very concerned
with the current challenges of drug abuse and the
increase in synthetic drug abuse as well as the
emergence of new drugs.
“Among the programmes implemented is the
‘Solidariti Anak Muda Bebas Dadah’ (Drug-
Free Youth Solidarity)
44. Kenapa memilih program bertaraf UNODC?
• Program-program dikaji secara meluas oleh pakar-
pakar dari pelbagai bidang
Widely researched
• Modul berdasarkan bukti sebenar dan ilham daripada
program yang pernah dilaksanakan
Evidence- based
• Banyak kajian kes yang membuktikan kesahihan dan
kesahan program
Case Studies
45. Remaja Berisiko
Remaja yang kurang cenderung untuk
peralihan yang sihat kepada alam
dewasa
Risiko Biologi/Fizikal
Risiko Psikologi
Risiko Sosial
Risiko keRohanian
46.
47.
48. Faktor Risiko
Psikologi
• Sikap ingin tahu
• Mengubati kondisi sedia-ada
• Dadah Perskripsi
Sosial
• Norma keluarga
• Pengaruh rakan dan masyarakat
• Media masa
49.
50. Bronfenbrenner Ecological Systems Theory
• Melihat perkembangan kanak-kanak dan remaja sebagai sistem
hubungan yang kompleks yang dipengaruhi oleh pelbagai faktor
persekitaran.
• Faktor persekitaranya - keluarga terdekat, sekolah, rakan-rakan,
keluarga lanjutan, budaya komuniti, undang-undang dan adat.
• Untuk mengkaji perkembangan kanak-kanak dan remaja itu, kita
mesti melihat bukan sahaja pada persekitaran segeranya, tetapi juga
interaksi persekitaran berperingkat pada skala yang lebih besar juga.
52. Pentingnya Peranan Sekolah
• Dasar/polisi sekolah memberi tumpuan kepada sokongan dan
bukannya hukuman
• Pelajar perlu diterangkan mekanisme sokongan - apa, bagaimana,
siapa?
• Pihak sekolah mempunyai kuasa untuk mempengaruhi parenting
style ibubapa dan memberi skilset kepada ibubapa - memperbaiki
kehidupan keluarga secara keseluruhan
• Kempen kesedaran - perlu direka bentuk untuk mendekati minda
pelajar
53. Buku Panduan SOLACE
• Instrumen yang bertujuan untuk membantu pelajar
sendiri mengatur program pencegahan dadah
• 3 matlamat program pencegahan:
ümengenalpasti kumpulan sasaran
ümendalami isu
ümembantu penyelesaian
54. Prinsip Program Pencegahan SOLACE
• Penglibatan seluruh komuniti
• Program berskop lebar dalam penyalahgunaan bahan dan dadah
• Diperlaksanakan
ü Pemahaman isu
ü Informasi tepat dan terkini
ü Penglibatan tinggi
ü Memupuk skilset kepimpinan
55. Mengenalpasti budaya dadah dalam komuniti anda
Mengenalpasti remaja berisiko
Menentukan aktiviti/pendekatan menarik
Mencadangkan strategi mencapai belia
Memahami kesanggupan pelajar untuk melakukan aktiviti yang
ditetapkan
Program berdasarkan keperluan masyarakat
56. Program Antarabangsa
•Amerika, Europe,
Afghanistan, Bangladesh,
India, Liberia, Pakistan
dan Africa Barat
Negara
•Addressing the health
and social consequences
•Preventing drug-use
•Treating dependence
•Re-integration
Matlamat
•Large scale mobilization
•Risk reduction
•Age-tailored treatment
stategies
Stategi
61. Addiction Treatment Models
• The Moral Model
• Based on societal beliefs or judgements of what is right or wrong,
acceptable or unacceptable
• Berdasarkan kepercayaan masyarakat setempat, samada perbuatan
boleh diterima atau tidak
• The Biomedical Model
• Assumed a biological basis for addiction
• Penyakit ketagihan berasaskan faktor biologi
62. • The Psychological Model
• Views substance addiction as a manifestation of an abnormality or
vulnerability of one’s personality
• Berpandangan bahawa ketagihan sebagai suatu abnormaliti atau
sidebabkan oleh kelemahan keperibadian seseorang
• The Social Learning Model
• Alcohol & drug abuse is a learned behaviour through observation,
imitation & modelling
• Penagihan adalah tingkah laku yang dipelajari melalui pemerhatian,
tiruan gaya& pemodelan
Models of Addiction
68. Basic facts!
• You do not necessarily need to identify these children in order to
help them.
• Prepare yourself to respond when a child comes to you with a
personal problem.
• In fact, you can do much to help such children help themselves.
69. Prevention
If you feel you need
to take more than
the prescribed dose
of a medication, talk
to your doctor.
The best way to
prevent an addiction
to a drug is not to
take the drug at all.
Doctors should
prescribe these
medications at safe
doses and amounts
and monitor their
use so that you're not
given too great a
dose or for too long a
time.
70. Communicate
Talk to your
children about
the risks of drug
use and misuse.
Set a good example
Don't misuse alcohol or
addictive drugs.
Children of parents who
misuse drugs are at
greater risk of drug
addiction.
Strengthen the
bond
Work on your
relationship with your
children. A strong,
stable bond between you
and your child will
reduce your child's risk
of using or misusing
drugs.
Listen
Be a good listener when your
children talk about peer
pressure, and be supportive of
their efforts to resist it.
Preventing drug misuse in children and teenagers
71. Stick with your
treatment plan
Monitor your cravings.
It may seem like you've
recovered and you
don't need to keep
taking steps to stay
drug-free. But your
chances of staying
drug-free will be much
higher if you continue
seeing your therapist or
counselor, going to
support group meetings
and taking prescribed
medication.
Avoid high-risk
situations
Don't go back to the
neighborhood where
you used to get your
drugs. And stay
away from your old
drug crowd.
Get help
immediately if
you use the drug
again
If you start using the
drug again, talk to
your doctor, your
mental health
professional or
someone else who
can help you right
away.
Preventing a relapse
72. WHEN TO SEE A
DOCTOR ?
You can’t stop
using a drug
You continue
using the drug
despite the
harm it causes
May be having
withdrawal
symptoms after
stopping drug
use
Engaged in
unsafe
behaviours
73. WHEN TO SEEK
EMERGENCY
HELP ?
Has trouble
breathing
Has seizures or
convulsions
Has signs of
possible heart
attack, such as
chest pain or
pressure
Shows changes
in consciousness
May have
overdosed
75. Children Living with Parental Addiction
• Alcoholandotherdrugusedisorderstendtoruninfamilies.Childrenofaddi
cted parents are more at risk for substance use disorders than are
other children
• Family interaction is defined by substance misuse or addiction in a
family.
• A relationship between parental addiction and child abuse is
indicated in a large proportion of child abuse and neglect cases.
• Children of drug addicted parents are at greater risk for placement
outside the home.
76. Children Living with Parental Addiction
• Children of addicted parents exhibit symptoms of depression and
anxiety more than do children from non-addicted families.
• Children of addicted parents experience greater physical and mental
health problems and generate higher health and welfare costs than
do children from non-addicted families.
• Childrenofaddictedparentshaveahigher-than-
averagerateofbehaviorproblems.
• Children of addicted parents score lower on tests measuring school
achievement and exhibit other difficulties in school.
77. Children Living with Parental Addiction
• Children of addicted parents score lower on tests measuring verbal
ability.
• Children of addicted parents have greater difficulty with abstraction
and conceptual reasoning.
• Maternal consumption of alcohol, opioids and other drugs any time
during pregnancy can cause birth defects or neurological deficits.
• Children of addicted parents may benefit from supportive adult
efforts to help them.
81. • Mengambil alkohol sejak zaman remaja dan bapanya alcoholic
• Tinggal bersama dengan isteri dan dua anak
• Mengalami liver infection disebabkan pengambilan alkohol yang berlebihan. dan pada cuti sakit setahun. Klien menganggur
sejak itu kerana telah mengambil cuti sakit selama setahun
• Tidak begitu responsif terhadap rawatan ketagihan alkohol
• Ketagihannya menyebabkan tingkah-laku tidaj wajar seperti menggunakan perkataan kesat (vulgarities) pada keluarganya dan
menjadi ganas (physically violent) terhadap isteri dan anak-anak
• Klient didiagnosis mempunyai dementia (early onset) dan telah diberi pil tidur untuk diambil setiap hari.
• Isteri merupakan penjaga utama (primary care-giver)
• Telah dipenjarakan akibat domestic violence kerana ketagihan alkohol, selama 3 hingga 6 bulan beberapa kali
• Isteri klien memberitahu dia lebih aman apabila suaminya dipenjarakan kerana dia boleh lebih fokus pada kerja dan keluarganya
• Di penjara, klien patuh kepada perskripsi ubat-ubatan, dan ini membantu menstabilkan klien
Case Study-Mr.Vijay
