Exam 1 (covers Chapters 1-7) Math 140 Show all work! Name:______________________________ Seat number:____________________________ Papers without name and/or seating number will loose 10 points of total possible. Write your complete name and seat number now. Each problem or part has 5 points. 1) Because elderly people may have difficulty standing to have their heights measured, a study looked at predicting overall height from height to the knee. Here are data (in centimeters) for six elderly Knee height x 57.6 46.4 43.5 44.8 52.2 54.6 Height y 192.1 152.3 146.4 162.7 174.1 177.8 Use your calculator: The correlation between knee height and overall height is about (a) r =0.08. (b) r =0.89. (c) r =0.74 (d) none of the above 2) The National Association of College and University Business Officers collects data on college endowments. In 2011, 834 colleges and universities reported the value of their endowments. When the endowment values are arranged in order, what are the locations of the median and the quartiles in this ordered list? Select the correct statement: If a distribution is skewed to the left, (a) the mean is less than the median. (b) the mean and median are equal. (c) the mean is greater than the median. (d) none of the above 3) A recent study found that consuming more fast food, candy and soda was not correlated with higher body mass index (BMI). This indicates that: (a) People with higher BMIs tend to consume more fast food than people with lower BMIs (b) People with higher BMIs tend to consume less fast food than people with lower BMIs (c) The more fast food a person tends to consume, the higher their BMI tends to be (d) The more fast food a person tends to consume, the lower their BMI tends to be (e) None of the above Use these data for the next two problems: In a usual way to study the brain’s response to sounds is to have subjects listen to pure tones. They fed pure tone and also monkey calls directly to their brains by inserting electrodes. neuron 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 tone 474 256 241 226 185 174 176 168 161 150 19 20 call 500 138 485 338 194 159 341 85 303 208 66 54 neuron 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 tone 35 145 141 129 113 112 102 100 call 103 42 241 194 123 182 141 118 4) We might expect some neurons to have strong responses to any stimulus and others to have consistently weak responses. There would then be a strong relationship between tone response and call response. From the scatterplot of monkey call response against pure-tone response what would you estimate the correlation r to be? (a) -0.6 (b) -0.1 (c) 0.1 (d) 0.6 5) Which of the following statements about the scatterplot given above is correct? (a) There is moderate evidence that pure-tone response cause monkey call response. (b) There is moderate evidence that monkey call response cause pure-tone response. (c) There are one or two outliers, and at least one of these may also be influential. (d) None of the ab ...

1. Exam 1 (covers Chapters 1-7)
Math 140
Show all work!
Name:______________________________
Seat number:____________________________
Papers without name and/or seating number will loose 10 points
of total possible. Write your complete name and seat number
now. Each problem or part has 5 points.
1) Because elderly people may have difficulty standing to have
their heights measured, a study looked at predicting overall
height from height to the knee. Here are data (in centimeters)
for six elderly
Knee height x
57.6
46.4
43.5
44.8
52.2
54.6
Height y
192.1
152.3
146.4
162.7
174.1
177.8
Use your calculator: The correlation between knee height and
overall height is about
(a) r =0.08. (b) r =0.89. (c) r =0.74 (d) none of the
above

2. 2) The National Association of College and University Business
Officers collects data on college endowments. In 2011, 834
colleges and universities reported the value of their
endowments. When the endowment values are arranged in
order, what are the locations of the median and the quartiles in
this ordered list?
Select the correct statement: If a distribution is skewed to the
left,
(a) the mean is less than the median.
(b) the mean and median are equal.
(c) the mean is greater than the median.
(d) none of the above
3) A recent study found that consuming more fast food, candy
and soda was not correlated with higher body mass index
(BMI). This indicates that:
(a) People with higher BMIs tend to consume more fast food
than people with lower BMIs
(b) People with higher BMIs tend to consume less fast food
than people with lower BMIs
(c) The more fast food a person tends to consume, the higher
their BMI tends to be
(d) The more fast food a person tends to consume, the lower
their BMI tends to be
(e) None of the above
Use these data for the next two problems: In a usual way to
study the brain’s response to sounds is to have subjects listen to
pure tones. They fed pure tone and also monkey calls directly
to their brains by inserting electrodes.

3. neuron
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
tone
474
256
241
226
185
174
176
168
161
150
19
20
call
500
138
485
338
194
159
341
85

4. 303
208
66
54
neuron
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
tone
35
145
141
129
113
112
102
100
call
103
42
241
194
123
182
141
118
4) We might expect some neurons to have strong responses to
any stimulus and others to have consistently weak responses.
There would then be a strong relationship between tone

5. response and call response. From the scatterplot of monkey call
response against pure-tone response what would you estimate
the correlation r to be?
(a) -0.6 (b) -0.1 (c) 0.1 (d) 0.6
5) Which of the following statements about the scatterplot given
above is correct?
(a) There is moderate evidence that pure-tone response cause
monkey call response.
(b) There is moderate evidence that monkey call response cause
pure-tone response.
(c) There are one or two outliers, and at least one of these may
also be influential.
(d) None of the above.
6) The equation of the least–squares regression line for
predicting average number of offspring per female from cone
index is
Offspring = 1.51 + 0.34 cone index
Use this to predict the average number of offspring per female
for a year with cone index of 0.24
(a) 1.52 (b) 1.29 (c) 0.44 (d) 0.11 (e) none of the above
7) Birth weights at a Los Angeles hospital are normally
distributed with a mean of 3350 grams and a standard deviation
of 480 grams. The hospital plans to set up special observation
for the lightest 4% of the babies. What weight cutoff should be
used to separate the lightest 4% of the babies from the others?
(You’ll need to do an appropriate calculation.)

6. (a) 2390 grams
(b) 2870 grams
(c) 4190 grams
(d) 2510 grams
(e) None of the above
8) It is possible to score higher than 1600 on combined
mathematics and reading portions of the SAT, but scores 1600
and above are reported as 1600. The distribution of SAT scores
(combined mathematics and reading) in 2012 was close to
Normal with mean 1010 and standard deviation 214. What
proportion of SAT scores for these two parts were reported as
1600 (that is, what proportion of SAT scores were actually
higher than 1600?)
9) Researchers surveyed 1,000 randomly selected adults in the
U.S. A strong positive correlation was found between income
level and the number of recycling containers typically used in a
month.
(a) This result indicates that earning more money influences
people to recycle more than if they earn less money.
(b) We cannot conclude whether earning more money causes
more recycling among U.S. adults because this information does
not allow us to infer causation.
(c) This sample is too small to draw any conclusions about the
relationship between income level and amount of recycling for
adults in the U.S.
(d) This result confirms that recycling is one of the ways that
people can gain extra income.

7. 10) Student GPA’s at a certain university are approximately
normally distributed with a mean of 2.5 and standard deviation
of 0.5 grade points.
a. About what percentage of students have a GPA between 2.0
and 3.0?
b. About what percentage of students have a GPA between 1.5
and 3.5?
c. About what percentage of students have a GPA below 2.0?

8. d. A GPA of 3.5 or higher is required to make the Dean’s List.
About what proportion of students at the university qualify
for the Dean’s List?
11) The number of adult Americans who smoke continue to
drop. Here are estimates of the percents of adults (age 18 and
over) who were smokers in the years between 2000 and 2015:
Year x
2000
2002
2006
2009
2013
2015
% of smoker y
23.1
22.5
20.8
20.6
19.8
20.2
a) Make a scatterplot of these data

9. b) Describe the direction, form, and strength of the relationship
between percent of smokers and year. Are there any outliers?
c) Use your calculator to find .
d) Use this information to find the least-squares regression line
for predicting percent of smokers from year.
e) According to your regression line, how much did smoking

10. decline per year during this period, on the average?
f) Use your regression line to predict the percent of adults who
will smoke in 2050. Why is your result impossible? Why was
it foolish to use the regression line for this prediction?
12) The Nurses’ Health Study has interviewed a sample of more
than 100,000 female registered nurses every two years since
1976. The study finds that “light-to-moderate drinkers had a
significantly lower risk of death” than either nondrinkers or
heavy drinkers. The Nurses’ Health Study is
(a) an observational study.
(b) an experiment.
(c) Can’t tell without more information.
(Explain your choice and your reason for your selection—no
credit for just selecting one without proper explanation).
Formulas you may need:

11. ; ;
; ; ;
; ;
Running Head: Strategic Plan of a Beverage Company
1
Strategic Plan of a Beverage Company
6
Strategic Plan and Analysis of a Beverage Company
Coca Cola
Elbert Johnson
October 7, 2016
Dianna Iobst
University of Phoenix

12. Strategic Plan and Analysis of a Beverage Company
Coca Cola
In order for any business to meet its goals and prosper amid
other competing businesses it has to have a strategic plan. In a
case of a company that deals with beverage the strategic plan
should involve key aspects such as; the target market, value
proposition, analysis of the competitive edge, sales strategy,
sales forecast, the marketing strategy, service provision, pricing
strategy, promotion strategy, distribution strategy which
involves distribution channels, product marketing, product
packaging and the corporate social responsibility (Lehn &
Makhija, 1996).
A beverage company mostly should mostly invest its capital
resources in corporate social responsibility which is quite
advantageous when joining international markets. Corporate
social responsibility which is the ethical and legal standards
across the company. For a beverage company to prosper and
achieve a competitive advantage over its competitors when
investing in corporate social responsibility it should portray the
following characteristics: Truth-with the interconnectedness of
our modern culture and mobile phoned-armed citizens
becoming neo-whistleblowers, companies that deviate from the
truth are being slammed faster and harder than ever before
(Lehn & Makhija, 1996). The solution is to tell the truth and if
not pretty tell the public how to go about it. An example is how
coca cola has gained respect over the years. Lastly is the
impact- any given company leave alone the beverage company
should be systematically good in that it comes top-down and
bottom-up and permeates from every division and department.

13. It’s a lifelong pledge from the brand to the consumer and to the
world at large (Doole & Lowe, 2008).
Corporate social responsibility is worthwhile because it
improves name recognition; coca cola for instance improved its
name recognition and boosting of its brand reputation because it
is doing something to make the world a better place. CSR also
leads to harm minimization and value creation. In addition
corporate social responsibility is worthwhile as it improves
quality of life in communities where an organisation does
business in, for example coca cola’s 5* 20 program aims at
bringing five million women in developing world to its business
as local bottlers and distributors of the company by 2020. This
will obviously generate more revenue for the company because
they will have more bottles and can sell more products (Doole
& Lowe, 2008). CSR will aid in efforts to recruit and retain
talented employees for the company simply because through
corporate social responsibility employees feel accepted and are
treated well and this in turn leading to good working conditions
and morale among employees.
For a beverage company a profile audience would be achieved
by identifying the target market and positioning itself in a better
way. A beverage company that mainly deals in refreshment
drinks such as coca cola would target its market mostly to
people aged between 12- 35 years of age because they are more
likely to consume the drink compared to individuals above 35
years who will consume the same product but in less amount. In
short the target audience would be mostly the youngsters
(Grant, 2016). However there would be no specific target
market because every individual is a potential customer. The
profile audience would also involve the employees because they
are the ones that are directly involved with the customers hence
know better how to arrive at better results.
Among the audience would be the customers, employees,
customer associations, suppliers, local community and
prospective employees. Each audience would be approached
differently based with the role they play in the society and the

14. company. The customers would be approached on the basis of
how best they would like the products, which will be better
achieved through their feedback after consumption of the
product and also ensuring good customer relations. Employees
on the other hand would be approached through ensuring good
relations with their seniors and coming up with strategies such
as performance appraisal and regular education to ensure
innovation and invention (Grant, 2016). Suppliers on the other
hand would be approached by coming up with procurement
policies in terms of securing right price, quality and quantity,
fair and equitable transactions, compliance with laws and social
norms, environmental protection and prohibition of personal-
interest relationships.
To establish credibility in terms of corporate social
responsibility, the following can be put the under consideration:
partnering with experts- leadership requires establishing a high
degree of credibility which is best done through relationships
with social issue experts and not-for-profit organisations.
Quality and in-depth information would be considered in
establishing credibility by providing employees, customers and
external stakeholders with a significant depth of information
about the social issues through credible research, white papers,
videos, stories, social media and gathering information from as
many sources as possible. Thirdly, there is also need to consider
clear theory of change by distinguishing one company from the
other, for example, Coca Cola and Pepsi and in turn develop
propriety approaches to drive measurable social change. Lastly,
to establish credibility, there should be a business-based social
purpose that mainly focuses on outlining the company’s
fundamentals, i.e., what the business is and what it does (Doole
& Lowe, 2008).
According to Crossan, Fry & Killing, (2004), when choosing the
best channel the following should be considered: target
audience, type of message, cost of communication,
professionals involved and feedback. In the case of customers,
the channel of communication would include: face –to-face- this

15. involves direct communication by the company members with
the employees. Social media is another channel of
communication which involves using social media platforms
such as Facebook, twitter, Instagram, twitter, blog comments to
acquire information from customers and pass information about
the product (Crossan, Fry & Killing, 2004). Customer service-
this involves mostly employees in customer service sectors such
as call centres where employees communicate directly with the
customers. In this case however, preference should be on
customer service and face-face-face communication because in
both there is direct feedback and customers can easily be
convinced to buy the product and ask any questions concerning
the product. In the case of employees the best communication
channel would be through use of drop-in sessions where
employees have a face-to-face with the senior experts within the
organisation where employees are educated on tricky concepts
and changes. The purpose of this communication channel is to
educate both employees and seniors through direct
communication. The best communication channel for suppliers
is through creating inter-organisational communication channels
which enhance customers’ and suppliers’ performance which aid
in achieving outcomes, which can better satisfy the needs and
concerns of both parties (Grant, 2016). The best communication
channel for local community on the other hand would be
through advertising through the media, exhibition and public art
and through sales promotion acts such as use of samples which
attracts many people, increases sales and creates awareness of
the product.
In conclusion, a plan and thorough analysis is essential in
ensuring goals are achieved, sustainability of any given
business and create a competitive edge. Analysis on the other
hand is important as it ensures an organisation to keep track of
it operations, and make changes where need be especially for
the negative issues such as low sales volume. Communication is
equally important as it ensures passing of information, learning
more and in turn achieving better results in different sections in

16. an organisation.
References
Crossan, M. M., Fry, J. N., & Killing, J. P. (2004). Strategic
analysis and action. Pearson Prentice Hall.
Doole, I., & Lowe, R. (2008). International marketing strategy:
analysis, development and implementation. Cengage Learning
EMEA.
Das, T. K., & Teng, B. S. (1999). Managing risks in strategic
alliances. The Academy of Management Executive, 13(4), 50-
62.
Grant, R. M. (2016). Contemporary strategy analysis: Text and
cases edition. John Wiley & Sons.
Lehn, K., & Makhija, A. K. (1996). EVA & MVA as
performance measures and signals for strategic change. Strategy
& Leadership, 24(3), 34-38.
Running Head: PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
1
PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
3
Product Development at Coca-Cola
Elbert Johnson
Com 295
Dianna Lobst
October 13 2016
Memo
To:
From:

17. Subject: Product Development at Coca-Cola
The aim of this memo is to convince the key stakeholders in
Coca-Cola to commit capital resources to the development of
new products as well as highlight what the company stands to
gain with the introduction of the new product. In order to ensure
the success of a new product for the beverage company, it is
essential to develop a profile audience by establishing the target
market as well as positioning the product in a better way.
The target audience for Coca-Cola's products is mostly people
between age 12-35 years since this niche of the market is likely
to consume the product more compared to individuals above 35
years of age who are likely to consume the product but in
significantly lesser amounts. This is to say that the target
audience for the new products is mostly youngsters. However,
the target market is not defined since everyone is a potential
customer. The profile audience shall also involve the employees
since-since they are involved with the consumers and hence,
they are strategically placed at ensuring the success of the new
product (Hill, & Jones, 2010).
Among the audience would be the customers, employees,
customer associations, suppliers, local community and
prospective employees. Each audience would be approached
differently based with the role they play in the society and the
company. The customers would be approached on the basis of
how best they would like the products, which will be better
achieved through their feedback after consumption of the
product and also ensuring good customer relations (Shavinina,
2003). Employees, on the other hand, would be approached
through ensuring good relations with their seniors and coming
up with strategies such as performance appraisal and regular
education to ensure innovation and invention (Grant, 2016).
Suppliers, on the other hand, would be approached by coming

18. up with procurement policies in terms of securing right price,
quality, and quantity, fair and equitable transactions,
compliance with laws and social norms, environmental
protection and prohibition of personal-interest relationships.
The services and product that I intend to develop include
expansion of the bottled water line of Coca-cola brands as well
as improving the packaging of the existing products. Packaging
has proved to be a valuable asset in the Coca-cola franchise
while the bottled water line of products has proved to be the
most consistent growth market segments. The target audience
for the bottled water is women below the age of 40 as well as
the younger consumers in urban markets. An essential aspect of
product development is the marketing program. An efficient
marketing program extends beyond simple promotion. That
being said, the resources to be invested shall also cover
partnerships with the local community, packaging, multi-modal
communication, as well as distribution to establish the value of
the brand in the central demographic (Hill, & Jones, 2010).
Packaging is our most evident and worth quality "according to
Chief selling Officer, The Coca-Cola Company. "The Coca-Cola
Red Disk has was a mark element of the whole, similar with
awing style, growth and refreshment. By introducing it to the
packaging of the company's product in such Associate in
Nursing intense means, we tend to area unit creating the
subsequent stride towards full reception of the "One Brand"
technique, connexion the Coca-Cola family beneath one visual
character and creating it a lot of less stringent for purchasers to
choose their Coca-Cola with or while not calories, with or while
not caffein."
The new packaging graphics were uncovered at an event tonight
to commend the start of the "One Brand" approach in North
American nation. New bundling are accessible in stores in North
American nation the premier week of could. Comparable

19. variants of the Red Disk illustrations can start into further
markets so much and wide throughout 2016 and into 2017
(Shavinina, 2003).
The unification of the brands through define, denote the primary
run through in our 130-year history that the disreputable Coca-
Cola visual identity has been shared crosswise over things in
such Associate in Nursing clear means,according to vice
chairman world style, The Coca-Cola Company. At the purpose
once connected crosswise over bundling, retail, hardware and
experiential, this new approach turns into a worldwide
configuration idiom that uses a chronicled whole image to show
the scope of Coca-Cola things accessible nowadays in an
exceedingly up to date and easy means."
The Company as these days according the dispatch of the "One
Brand" approach, that amplifies the worldwide worth and
notable bid of distinctive Coca-Cola over the Trademark and is
meant to empower customers to choose whichever Coca-Cola
suits their style, means of life and feeding routine.
The goal of every business is to develop, be it a start-up that's
merely settled its initial negotiations or a developed sector
attempting to more build productivity. In any case, however will
a business decide on the simplest system for development? The
Ansoff Matrix administration tool offers a solution for this
inquiry by mensuration the amount of danger – considering
whether or not to appear for growth through existing or new
things in existing or new markets. The endowed capital
resources shall play a essential role in guaranteeing the
following:
I. Market Penetration
This methodology includes a trial to extend market share of the
trade within existing businesses, either by giving a lot of
product or by finding new shoppers within these business

20. sectors – often by adjusting the "advertisement" part of the
promoting combine. thanks to the unbelievable quality of Coca-
Cola's image, the organization has possessed the capability to
use the market entrance on a yearly premise by creating a
relationship between Coca-Cola and yuletide, for instance,
through the shameful Coca-Cola Christmas advert, that has
helped deals amid the bubbly time-frame (Hill, & Jones, 2010).
II. Product Development
This includes growing new things for existing markets by
considering however new things will address consumer
problems all the a lot of nearly and beat contenders. a primary-
rate} case of this was the dispatch of Cherry Coke in 1985 –
Coca-Cola's first augmentation past its distinctive formula – and
a system incited by very little scale contenders United Nations
agency had recognized a paying probability to feature cherry-
seasoned sweetener to Coca-Cola and exchange it. The
organization has since gone ahead to effectively dispatch
alternative seasoned variations as well as lime, lemon, and
vanilla (Annacchino, 2003).
III. Market Development
Thirdly, the business advancement system involves finding
another gathering of purchasers for a current item. The dispatch
of Coke Zero in 2005 was associate exemplary case of this – its
plan being indistinguishable to Diet Coke; the goodish style of
Coca-Cola but with zero sugar and low calories. Diet Coke was
sent over thirty years previous, and whereas a larger range of
females food it systematically than another soft drink complete,
it became visible that young fellows shied removed from it
owing to its important impression of being a lady's food. With
its sparkling dark will and total inverse advertising effort, Coke
Zero has effectively created a a lot of "manly" claim The name
of a complete can assume a key half in business market
positioning because it speaks to associate association's interest
in its things. The company's expect to influence (or profit from)

21. the standard of their brands by enterprise wares enlargement.
for example Diet Coke (propelled in Australia in 1983) was a
characteristic augmentation of Coke and dilated the Coke
product providing and complete (Annacchino, 2003).
Information gathering and investigation is vital in new item
improvement. Quantitative applied mathematics measurement
concentrates on numerical information and key execution
pointers and knowledge, as an example, piece of the general
business, demographic that specialize in and deals development
. Subjective applied mathematics measurement depends on
criticism through center gatherings, new item testing and trials
and on-line input. Innovative add the drinking water market has
seen the event of upgraded waters, that rely upon together with
regular flavors and/or vitamins and minerals to even currently
water to boost association. Improved waters square measure set
some place between games drinks (which square measure
essentially male-orientated) and still waters. It's lone common
that associate association, as an example, Coca-Cola has taken
advantage of the wants of this developing prosperity market,
with water that has upgraded flavor. Coca-Cola's Pump is set for
the innovative, dynamic client. Its useful squeezy bottle settles
on that an ideal call for on-the-go association (Annacchino,
2003). In conclusion, investment in introduction of latest
product and services shall be essential in making certain the
expansion of the Coca-cola business in increasing its
profitableness. The Ansoff Matrix tool of management shall be
essential in developing the expansion strategy for the new
product. It assesses the amount of risks related to the
introduction of the printing operation of product. This shall be
essential in making certain that price for the investment within
the line of product is achieved.
References
Annacchino, M. A. (2003). New product development: From
initial idea to product management. Amsterdam: Butterworth-
Heinemann.

22. Hill, C. W. L., & Jones, G. R. (2010). Strategic management
theory: An integrated approach. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
Shavinina, L. V. (2003). The international handbook on
innovation. Oxford: Pergamon.