This document discusses emerging adulthood as a developmental period between adolescence and adulthood. Emerging adulthood was identified and defined by psychologist Jeffrey Jensen Arnett, who conducted research on young people aged 18-25 in industrialized societies. Arnett argued that emerging adulthood is distinct from other life stages due to greater demographic variability and a focus on identity exploration, as young people transition to adult roles and responsibilities in education, careers, relationships and worldviews.

1. Emerging Adulthood
Emerging adulthood is a new conception of development that
focuses on the period from 18 to 25 years. The understanding
was developed by the scholars who believe that this time is
special and unique. Late teens and early twenties are those two
essential components of the period called emerging adulthood.
In order to understand emerging adulthood, it is significant to
focus on a theoretical background of emerging adulthood
theory. Apart from this, it is significant to differentiate the
period of emerging adulthood with adolescence and young adult
hood. For ages, they treated this period as a time of transition
into adulthood. It was the time when teenagers finished schools,
entered colleges and universities, applied for jobs, and get
married and have a family.
Jeffrey Jensen Arnett, the American scholar. He received his
Ph.D. from the University of Virginia and spent three years for
postdoctoral work at the University of Chicago. The researcher
was interested in human development and family studies at the
University of Missouri, but then he switched his attention to the
age period from 18 to 25 years. For a decade, he works on
research on emerging adulthood. Arnett did not limit his studies
to America, but he also studied emerging adulthood in Denmark
in 2005. He is well-informed in young people and adults.
Because this is the most significant part of human life with its
distinctive characteristics, Arnett is deeply convinced that
emerging adulthood should distinguish from other periods of
development.
The scholar shows the relations between emerging adulthood
and social and economic changes that occurred during the last
decades. By this Arnett means, emerging adulthood resulted
from four revolutions of the second part of the 20th century: 1)
technology revolution; 2) sexual revolution; 3) women’s
movements; and 4) the modern movements (Arnett, 2015).
Although all these scholars described a period of emerging

2. adulthood, no one defined it as a separate period of life.
According to Arnett, emerging adulthood should be
distinguished from other terms of development, as it has its
characteristics and peculiarities. For example, Arnett mentions
“an important demographic characteristic of emerging adulthood
is that there is a great deal of demographic variability,
reflecting the wide scope of individual volition during these
years” (Arnett, 2000).
Emerging adulthood has changed in America where in the past
people grow up faster than nowadays because they took
responsibilities earlier in the twenties. To explain the core
change of emerging adulthood, Jeffery Arnett took our attention
to particular social changes in industrialized countries. First,
young people became more oriented to career and personal
development than family life and parenthood. Unlike decades
ago. Second, the period of what so-called transition changed in
several years. By this, the scholar Jeffery Arnett means that in
the 1970s the median age of marriage in the US was about 21
for young women and 23 for males, while in 1990s these figures
changed in 25 for women and 27 for men. Also, researchers
found that even the first childbirth age has changed.
Why did the average age of marriage change over the years?
Does culture have an impact on the way young people spent
their adulthood? To answer these questions, I interviewed view
friends who have different cultures.
Almahdi Alsalim 36 years old. He was born in the Kingdom of
Saudi Arabia. Growing up there is different than growing in the
U.S in several ways. First, the education in Saudi Arabia is
dominated by Islamic culture. Thus, they might grow up
differently. For example, young people stay with their families
until married. There are some who stays forever even after they
have married and had kids. However, Almahdi says “I had not
felt that I’m an adult until I got married,” I ask do you agree
that emerging adulthood is a unique period. And should live it
because it won’t come back again, “Definitely, it won’t come
back, I agree,” he smiled, “one of the best times in my entire

3. life so far was in the mid-twenties” He added that you are
energetic and always ready to try new things. There are no
dangerous risks in young people choices at this particular period
as much as adults, Almahdi said. Adults at late teens has less
opportunity to compensation when they make wrong choice.
My other interviewer Zack 30 years old from the United States.
Growing up here has changed. “It became a more severe period
of living” Zack commenting. “Young people nowadays rely on
themselves such as looking for a job,” Zack said. So it is likely
to look for a long-time career rather than searching for a partner
to marry.
Inaddition, Nazeh 31 years old, he is my oldest brother in my
family. “Emerging adulthood is not very different than the other
periods” Nazeh explains his view on emerging adulthood. It
might be different than adolescent in the physical meaning. For
example, “the size of the body, brain development, and so.”
Nazeh said. How did you know you emerged adulthood I asked,
“I haven’t thought of that before, but I knew that I’m not young
when I attended college” he added, you become more
independent, even though I still live with my family. But
college makes you feel responsible for such things.
Relative observations have been made by other scholars that
admitted interesting social phenomena associated with youth in
industrialized societies. For example, Sam Tanenhaus
investigated a new category of young people that is called “the
millennials” (Tanenhaus, 2014). He defines these young people
as “Generation Nice.” The representatives of this category are
young people, aged from 18 to 29, who live in industrialized
societies. They are associated with emerging adulthood because
these individuals do not yet occupy some particular role in
society and are in their personal search. The scholar
distinguishes several tendencies that characterize the
millennials; they are concerned with their development, they
look pretty, they care about their body and diet, and they are
creative and stylish, and so on. Another survey by David Dobbs
found that teenagers’ behavior patterns sustained revolutionary

4. changes over the last period. The central question under
investigation was: “why do teenagers act the way they do?” The
author studied the teenage brain and revealed that in the period
from 12 to 25 years “the brain undergoes extensive remodeling,
resembling a network and wiring upgrade” (Dobbs, 2011). Due
to physiological changes that occur during that period, the brain
turns into “much faster and more sophisticated organ” (Dobbs,
2011), which affects young personalities and their activities.
Although all these scholars described a period of emerging
adulthood, no one defined it as a separate period of life.
According to Arnett, emerging adulthood should be
distinguished among other stages of development, as it has its
characteristics and peculiarities. For example, the scholar
mentions that “an important demographic characteristic of
emerging adulthood is that there is a great deal of demographic
variability, reflecting the wide scope of individual volition
during these years” (Arnett, 2000). Also, the scholar defines
emerging adulthood as “the only period of life in which nothing
is normative demographically” (Arnett, 2000). By this he means
that during the early teenage period of development is marked
by rather stable demographic criteria. For example, American
young people aged 12-17, as a rule, live at home with one or
two parents, are not married, do not work officially, do not have
children, go to schools. Percentage of alternative options is
slight, and the situation for this period of development has
remained unchanged for many years. If to compare the period of
early teens with the period of emerging adulthood, it becomes
clear that demographic criteria are utterly unpredictable and
flexible for the second period. What is more, these rules
regularly change under the influence of various factors. For
example, today American young women tend to choose career
rather than family and motherhood in their early twenties while
thirty years ago successful marriage was the best option to a
young lady. It can be explained by the fact that live in
industrialized societies sustains more dynamic development.
Therefore, numerous factors affect lifestyle in industrialized

5. societies, such as technological development, cultural
interactions, democracy, and others.
Apart from demographic characteristics, emerging adulthood is
distinct subjectively. By this the author means that young
people on this time of development do not compare them with
adult people, and at the main time, they are no more teenagers.
Therefore, “the top criterion for the transition to adulthood is
accepting responsibility for one’s self and making independent
decisions” (Arnett, 2000). One more criterion refers to financial
independence, which is also vital for the emerging adulthood.
Eventually, the period has is featured by certain individual
characteristics. It means that many young people of this period
are in their personal search, trying to understand their position
in society. That is why many young people enter universities
and colleges during this period, as the process of studying
assists to the establishment of them as personalities and broaden
their personal outlooks.The scholar explains that young people
reach their adulthood more slowly today because the economy
became more complicated. Now it takes more time for young
people to make their choice, as they realize their responsibility
for the choice. From my adulthood experience as I’m
experiencing it at the main time have something different than
the other periods of life. In this period I felt the changes that
occurred on both sides mentally and emotionally. When it
comes to the mental growth, it expels the growth of abstract
thinking and logical thinking and increases the ability to
understand and solve everyday problems and make decisions, as
well as develop tendencies and ambitions. Therefore, I became
eligible to choose my major. While the emotional development
became clear and recognizable. For example, some personal
emotions such as self-esteem, taking care of the appearance, and
manner of speech.Add your work here please:
Ten Local Gas Station in Your Area

6. I’ve already looked up the gas the prices in my area. My area is
San Diego
$3.29 Sweetwater Rd Chevron
$2.63 E St. Circle K
$2.77 Chevron
$2.59 San Diego Gas
$3.09 Shell
$2.55 AM PM
$2.35 Noil
$2.45 Food Mart Flyers
$2.45 7 eleven
$2.39 Pilot
http://www.sandiegogasprices.com/
MATH IN ECONOMICS
Math in Economics

7. Supply and demand is very important to the success of all
businesses. It’s important for companies to understand what its
customers want and review the trends of how often those items
are purchased. When a business is unable to keep items in high
demand in stock it hurts the business in many ways. This paper
determines gasoline prices, providing the supply and demand
curve and how it will affect pricing if a new gas station is
opened.
GAS STATIONS
Pricing data was compiled for several gas stations in my
area. The gas stations and the prices are as follows (per
gallon):
Speedway 1
$1.99
Mobil 1
$2.03
Lukoil
$2.10
BP 1
$2.16
Speedway 2
$2.25
Shell
$2.33
Mobil 2
$2.42
BP 2
$2.47
Speedway 3
$2.62
SUPPLY
“For the many components of a supply chain to work
effectively, their activities must be coordinated and
synchronized carefully” (Hull, 2001). Most of the oil in the

8. United States comes from the Middle East, a place where war
and tragedy happens often. It would seem that due war, the
price of oil would constantly be on the rise because the oil
supply would falter. However, recently the costs of gas has
decreased significantly, and the oil supply has increased. With
profits on the decline, oil companies cut exploratory projects
and investments to help protect the company from bankruptcy.
“The plunging price of a barrel of oil, which at one point fell
more than 70 percent compared with June 2014 levels” (Krauss,
2016).
GAS STATION
PRICE
SUPPLY
Speedway 1
$1.99
50
Mobil 1
$2.03
55
Lukoil
$2.10
65
BP 1
$2.16
70
Speedway 2
$2.25
75
Shell
$2.33
80
Mobil 2
$2.42
85
BP 2

9. $2.47
90
Speedway 3
$2.62
95
DEMAND
There has been a high demand for oil in the United States.
“United States domestic production has nearly doubled over the
last several years, pushing out oil imports that need to find
another home” (Krauss, 2016). Crude oil capacity helps
determine of oil needed to support increases in demand or any
losses in oil. Over the past few years, the demand has remained
the same at almost 2 million barrels per day due to the tension
and warfare in Africa and the Middle East. Surplus production
is expected increasing the daily amount to roughly 2.2 million
barrels in 2016.
GAS STATION
PRICE
DEMAND
Speedway 1
$1.99
95
Mobil 1
$2.03
90
Lukoil
$2.10
80
BP 1
$2.16
75
Speedway 2
$2.25
70
Shell

10. $2.33
65
Mobil 2
$2.42
60
BP 2
$2.47
55
Speedway 3
$2.62
50
NEW GAS STATION - ELASTICITY
Opening a gas station requires some research into the area
and the demand for gas in that area. Based on the gas prices
locally, if a new station were to open in Harlem, it would be
very profitable with rates per gallon of $2.05 per the standard
deviation. Out of the nine stations surveyed, only three are in
the immediate area, to get to the others you must drive a few
minutes distance into the Bronx or New Jersey for competitive
rates. To have one station locally, in an area that is highly
residential would be beneficial.
“Elasticity refers to the degree of responsiveness in supply
or demand in relation to changes in price” (Elasticity, n.d.).
The tables above have shown some change to supply and
demand but proved that both were elastic. The average price of
gas based on the tables is $2.26 per gallon. Offering a price of
$2.05 puts the new station at the top of the list for consumers
based on price but makes them the most common station to visit
based on location. Right now there are 20 city blocks at
minimum between the three stations in Harlem. There are many
bridges and highways linking Harlem to the other boroughs,
therefore placing a station that is close enough to those main
roadways is ideal for profit.
Most people in Harlem travel to New Jersey for gas
because the prices are better and the quality as well. Also, a lot

11. of people shop in New Jersey so filling up there is a common
thing. However, for those people who do not, travelling so far
from their home just to get gas is not an option. They prefer a
more convenient locale. Placing a gas station in the heart of
Harlem give motorists and business owners more choices in gas
options and at a price they can afford without having to pay a
toll.
Overall, gas prices are a headache. Some people will travel
far and beyond to get a decent price per gallon, not considering
how much gas they burn just getting there. The station on one
street may have great prices but bad product and the station a
few blocks away may have great product but is costly. There
has to be some middle ground. Being able to offer great
product at reasonable rates supports the supply and demand
curve. Even a small shift won’t affect elasticity because the
product and price are great.
References
Elasticity. (n.d.). Retrieved July 18, 2016, from SparkNotes:
http://www.sparknotes.com/economics/micro/elasticity/section1
.rhtml
Hull, B. (2001). A structure for supply-chain information flows
and its application to the Alaskan crude oil supply chain.
Logistics Information Management, 15.1(2), 8-23. Retrieved
July 18, 2016, from
http://search.proquest.com.contentproxy.phoenix.edu/docview/2
20038102/AFC5D412D0F14C9EPQ/11?accountid=35812
Krauss, C. (2016, June 2). Oil Prices Explained: Signs of a
Modest Revival. New York Times. Retrieved July 18, 2016,
from http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/business/energy-
environment/oil-prices.html?_r=0
World Liquid Fuel Consumption. (n.d.). Retrieved July 18,
2016, from Gas Prices Explained:
http://www.gaspricesexplained.com/#/?section=worldliquid-
fuel-consumption