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Ch01.pptx
1.
© 2020 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Safety, Basic Electricity, and Ohm’s Law Section 1
2.
© 2020 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Atomic Structure Unit 1
3.
© 2020 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Objectives • After studying this unit, you should be able to: • List the three principal parts of an atom • State the law of charges • Discuss centripetal force • Discuss the differences between conductors and insulators
4.
© 2020 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Preview • Electricity • Driving force that provides most of the power for the industrialized world • Electric sources • Direct current (DC): unidirectional • Alternating current (AC): bidirectional
5.
© 2020 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Early History of Electricity • 2500 years ago: Greeks • First to discover electricity • Amber could be charged • Called amber elektron • Early 1600s: William Gilbert • Discovered other materials could be charged • Electriks: could be charged • Nonelektriks: could not be charged
6.
© 2020 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Early History of Electricity (Cont’d) • 300 years ago: Charles DuFay • Charged glass would repel some charged objects and attract others • Repulsion • Attraction
7.
© 2020 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. FIGURE 1–1 List of charged materials.
8.
© 2020 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. FIGURE 1–2 Unlike charges attract and like charges repel.
9.
© 2020 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Atoms • Basic building blocks of the universe • Matter: combination of atoms • Element: substance that cannot be chemically divided into simpler substances • Principal parts of an atom • Proton: positive charge • Electron: negative charge • Neutron: no charge
10.
© 2020 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. FIGURE 1–3 Water can exist in three states, depending on temperature and pressure.
11.
© 2020 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Atoms (Cont'd) • Table of elements • Lists natural and artificial elements • Refer to Figure 1-4 • Nucleus of an atom • Formed by neutrons and protons combining • Atomic number of an element • Same as the number of protons in the nucleus
12.
© 2020 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Atoms (Cont'd) FIGURE 1–4 Table of elements.
13.
© 2020 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. FIGURE 1–6 Helium contains two protons, two neutrons, and two electrons.
14.
© 2020 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. FIGURE 1–7 The lines of force extend outward.
15.
© 2020 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. FIGURE1–9 The lines of force come inward.
16.
© 2020 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The Law of Charges Figure 1–10 Unlike charges attract and like charges repel.
17.
© 2020 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. FIGURE 1–11 Unlike charges attract each other.
18.
© 2020 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. FIGURE 1–12 Like charges repel each other.
19.
© 2020 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Structure of the Atom • Bohr’s model of the atom • Electrons exist in specific orbits around the nucleus FIGURE 1–13 Bohr’s model of the atom proposed that electrons orbit the nucleus in much the same way that planets orbit the Sun.
20.
© 2020 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Electron Orbits • Electron orbit of an atom • Contains a set number of electrons • Form a shell around the nucleus FIGURE 1–14 Electron orbits.
21.
© 2020 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. FIGURE 1–15 Electrons orbit the nucleus in a circular fashion.
22.
© 2020 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Valence Electrons • Located in the outer shell of an atom • Valence shell: outer shell of an atom FIGURE 1–16 The electrons located in the outer orbit of an atom are valence electrons.
23.
© 2020 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. FIGURE 1–17 A copper atom contains 29 electrons and has one valence electron.
24.
© 2020 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Electron Flow • Electrical current: the flow of electrons • Bump theory • Current flow occurs when an electron from one atom knocks electrons of another atom out of orbit • Striking electron may settle into orbit • Electron that was struck moves off to strike another
25.
© 2020 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. FIGURE 1–18 An electron of one atom knocks an electron of another atom out of orbit.
26.
© 2020 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. FIGURE 1–19 The energy of the cue ball is given to the ball being struck.
27.
© 2020 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. FIGURE 1–20 The energy of the striking electron is divided.
28.
© 2020 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. FIGURE 1–21 The energy of the cue ball is divided between the two other balls.
29.
© 2020 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Insulators • Materials containing seven or eight valence electrons • Resist the flow of electricity • Examples: rubber, plastic, glass, and wood FIGURE 1–24 The energy of the striking electron is divided among the eight electrons.
30.
© 2020 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Semiconductors • Materials that are neither good conductors nor good insulators • Contain four valence electrons • When heated, their resistance decreases • Common materials: silicon and germanium
31.
© 2020 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. FIGURE 1–25 Semiconductors contain four valence electrons.
32.
© 2020 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Molecules • Smallest part of a compound • Compound example: water FIGURE 1–26 A water molecule.
33.
© 2020 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Methods of Producing Electricity • Six basic methods: • Magnetism • Chemical action • Pressure • Heat • Friction • Light • Involves the use of photons (massless particles of pure energy)
34.
© 2020 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Electrical Effects • Five basic effects: • Magnetism • Chemical reactions • Pressure • Heat • Light
35.
© 2020 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Summary • Atom: smallest part of an element • Principal parts • Protons: positive charge • Electrons: negative charge • Neutrons: no charge • Valence electrons • Located in the outer orbit of an atom
36.
© 2020 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Summary (Cont'd) • Conductors • Materials provide an easy path for electron flow • Contain one to three valence electrons • Insulators • Materials do not provide an easy path for electron flow • Contain seven or eight valence electrons
37.
© 2020 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Summary (Cont'd) • Semiconductors • Contain four valence electrons • Used in construction of all solid-state devices • Molecule • Smallest part of a compound • Six basic methods for producing electricity • Magnetism, chemical action, light, heat, pressure, and friction
38.
© 2020 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Summary (Cont'd) • Five basic effects that can be caused by electricity • Magnetism, chemical reactions, light, heat, and pressure • Photon: massless particle of pure energy • Can be produced when electrons move from one energy level to another
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