Groundwater balance in pabna, bangladesh

Dept. of Applied physics and Electronic Engineering
University of Rajshahi
A study of groundwater balance in pabna district.
MD. Rubiat islam Ovey, Dept. of Applied physics and Electronic Engineering,
The monthly Rainfall and s
processed and analyzed for the year of 2001 to 2007. The result of the analysis has
been represented in different forms.
water level is declining with time. This phenomenon occurs due to over exploration of
ground water for irrigation. It is also found that the
So the infiltration time is also decreasing results insufficient recharge of groundwater
reservoir. Finally it is found that on a regional basis the ground water level is being
depleted about 2 meter over the period of investigation.
The groundwater is one of the earth’s most important resources. It exists whatever
water penetrates beneath
chemical and physical properties, geological environment, natural movement,
recovery and utilization. The groundwater becomes a useable resource when the
formations in the zone of saturation are perennia
life, both animal and plants. In order of importa
processes water took the position after oxygen. Though almost all groundwater can be
thought of as a part of hydrologic cycle, bu
source like Meteoric water, C
Rock or an unconsolidated deposit is called an aquifer when it can yield a usable
quantity of water. The depth at which soil pore spaces or fractures
become completely saturated with water is called the water table. Ground water is
recharge from and eventually flows to the surface naturally; natural discharge often
occurs at springs and seeps, and can be form oases or wetlands. Groundw
often withdrawn for agricultural, domestic and industrial use by constructing and
operating extraction wells. The study of the distribution and movement of
groundwater in hydrology also called groundwater hydrology.
The water, which can be use
is called ground water. Bangladesh has abundant surface and many water resources
but they are very difficult to manage because the water of the rivers are shared with
neighboring nations. There a
of Applied physics and Electronic Engineering
Dept. of Applied physics and Electronic Engineering,University of Rajshahi
ABSTRACT
The monthly Rainfall and static water level data of seven stations in Pabna have
been represented in different forms. It is observed that in most of the station the
ng with time. This phenomenon occurs due to over exploration of
ground water for irrigation. It is also found that the duration of rainfall is decreasing.
inally it is found that on a regional basis the ground water level is being
depleted about 2 meter over the period of investigation.
INTRODUCTION
water penetrates beneath the surface. The subsurface water generally includes
formations in the zone of saturation are perennial. Water is absolutely essential to all
nd plants. In order of importance with respect to life and geologic
thought of as a part of hydrologic cycle, but the groundwater may be classified as
source like Meteoric water, Connate water and Juvenile water.
ock or an unconsolidated deposit is called an aquifer when it can yield a usable
quantity of water. The depth at which soil pore spaces or fractures
occurs at springs and seeps, and can be form oases or wetlands. Groundw
groundwater in hydrology also called groundwater hydrology.
The water, which can be used easily for irrigation that stores under the earth surface,
neighboring nations. There are rains in large quantity but their distribution is uneven
Page | 1
data of seven stations in Pabna have been
It is observed that in most of the station the Satic
ng with time. This phenomenon occurs due to over exploration of
of rainfall is decreasing.
inally it is found that on a regional basis the ground water level is being
the surface. The subsurface water generally includes
l. Water is absolutely essential to all
with respect to life and geologic
t the groundwater may be classified as to
ock or an unconsolidated deposit is called an aquifer when it can yield a usable
quantity of water. The depth at which soil pore spaces or fractures and void in rock
occurs at springs and seeps, and can be form oases or wetlands. Groundwater is also
d easily for irrigation that stores under the earth surface,
re rains in large quantity but their distribution is uneven

and concentrated mainly in monsoon. Therefore stress on ground water is increasing
rapidly.
Ground water potential is now a day considered as one of the important resources to
form a significant component in the development program of the country. It is
particularly important for development of agriculture in the northern part of the
country where the surface water potential is seasonal and limited also.
It is very important to know about the wate
irrigation a huge amount of water is necessary. Ground water is the supreme source of
natural water supply. Actually this ground water cannot be used, even now a day, to
such large extent as cooperated to its avai
management of ground water resources require knowledge of extent of storage, the
rate of discharge form and recharge to underground reservoirs and the use of
economical means of extraction. In addition the development
utilization in the future also demands the increased management and maintenance of
water lifting pumps as well as water yield of good quality. There are several ponds in
the area and some of them are capable of storing large quantity of wat
most of these ponds either become dry or contain a little amount of water during the
summer season. These ponds play very important role in the local replenishment of
ground water. The ground water level of this investigated area varies from pl
place.
Water is vital to life and development in all parts of the world. In third world countries
where the agriculture sector plays a key role in their common growths, the
management of water resources is an item of high priority in their develop
activities. Ground water is vital sources of water supply, especially in areas, where dry
summer or extended drought causes surfaces water bodies to dry. The major goal in
the development of agriculture in Bangladesh is to achieve self
production through intensive irrigation with emphasis on quick
development. Bangladesh has abundant surface, ground water resources, fertile soil
and suitable climate for year
groundwater level (G.W.L) because of climate
the main changes are due to the human abstraction. Ground water is replenished form
precipitation and form surface water, but the rate of abstraction (withdrawal by
humans) may exceed the rate of natural recharge, leading to reduction of the source.
Some aquifers, especially in arid and semiarid regions, contain pale waters (fossil
groundwater) stored from earlier periods of wetter climate: the reduction of the
reserves is comparable to “mining”. In alluvial plains, reductions in stream flow
reduce the rate of natural recharge to acquire. In Bangladesh it is estimated that local
omponent in the development program of the country. It is
It is very important to know about the water level during the irrigation because for
such large extent as cooperated to its availability. The proper development and
economical means of extraction. In addition the development
the area and some of them are capable of storing large quantity of wat
ground water. The ground water level of this investigated area varies from pl
management of water resources is an item of high priority in their develop
the development of agriculture in Bangladesh is to achieve self-sufficient in
production through intensive irrigation with emphasis on quick-yielding ground water
and suitable climate for year-round cropping. There are natural changes in
ter level (G.W.L) because of climate changes (drought, pluvial episodes) but
ceed the rate of natural recharge, leading to reduction of the source.
le to “mining”. In alluvial plains, reductions in stream flow
Page | 2
omponent in the development program of the country. It is
r level during the irrigation because for
lability. The proper development and
economical means of extraction. In addition the development of ground water
the area and some of them are capable of storing large quantity of water. However
ground water. The ground water level of this investigated area varies from place to
management of water resources is an item of high priority in their developments
sufficient in food
yielding ground water
round cropping. There are natural changes in
drought, pluvial episodes) but
ceed the rate of natural recharge, leading to reduction of the source.
le to “mining”. In alluvial plains, reductions in stream flow

groundwater level has dropped nearly 3m because of upstream dams and diversions of
the Ganges.
So, environment in water resources, both surface and underground, would contribute
substantially to achieve self
country is believed to be over exploited. Unless enough caution is exercised in
groundwater withdrawal to meet the additional demands, long, term de
water-bearing formation will causes many hazards.
LOCATION OF THE STUDY AREA
The study area, Pabna district, is located in the south
corner of greater Rajshahi division (Fig.2.1).The area comprises nine upazillas,
Unions, 1083 Mauzas and 1562 Villages
of the district is between 24
89˚25’ east longitude. Pabna District is bordered by
the north, Rajbari and Kushtia
to the east, Kushtia district and the Padma River to the west.
Padma and the Jamuna flowing along the boundaries of the study area are sustaining
the environmental balance and socio
almost a plain land of an average elevation of 14m whereas the northwestern part is
slightly more elevated with maximum elevation of 22m.The investigated area is
located in the shelf region zone of Bangladesh and was forme
sediments carried by the river Padma and its tributaries in the Pleistocene age. The
alluvium is composed of clay and sand of different grains. The overall soil quality is
very much suitable for groundwater potential. The topmost for
clay and silt, is underlain by fine, medium and coarse sand. The aquifer system in the
investigated area may be schematized into an aquifer of variable thickness.
Fig-2.1
onment in water resources, both surface and underground, would contribute
substantially to achieve self-sufficiency in food. Groundwater in most part of o
wal to meet the additional demands, long, term de
bearing formation will causes many hazards.
LOCATION OF THE STUDY AREA
The study area, Pabna district, is located in the south
corner of greater Rajshahi division (Fig.2.1).The area comprises nine upazillas,
Unions, 1083 Mauzas and 1562 Villages covering 2371.50 Sq.Km.
of the district is between 24˚03’ to 24˚12’ North latitudes and between 89
Pabna District is bordered by Sirajganj and Natore
Kushtia districts to the south, Manikganj and Sirajganj districts
to the east, Kushtia district and the Padma River to the west. The two major rivers, the
the environmental balance and socio-economic development. The entire study area is
located in the shelf region zone of Bangladesh and was formed by the deposition of
very much suitable for groundwater potential. The topmost formation, composed of
Location of Pabna in Bangladesh Map.
Page | 3
onment in water resources, both surface and underground, would contribute
d. Groundwater in most part of our
wal to meet the additional demands, long, term de-watering of
The study area, Pabna district, is located in the south-eastern
corner of greater Rajshahi division (Fig.2.1).The area comprises nine upazillas, 73
covering 2371.50 Sq.Km. The Geo position
and between 89˚10’ to
Natore districts to
and Sirajganj districts
The two major rivers, the
lopment. The entire study area is
d by the deposition of
mation, composed of

DATA COLLECTION
To study the fluctuation of Static Water Level (SWL) and variation of Rain Fall (R.F)
water budget of the year 2001 to 2007, data
of 9 upazilas of pabna district of seven year
Development Board (BWDB). The monthly Rainfall of seven years was
for this study. Each station location
collected are also provided in Table 3.1.
Fig-3.1 Location of each station Area in pabna map.
3.2 DATA ANALYSIS
The collected data were processed and analysis to study
water level in different years and seasons in
made with the annual variation of maximum and minimum water level at the region.
Rainfall data is the basis source of wate
its fluctuation during consecutive years have been studied with the analysis of
maximum and minimum RF of t
has been presented in different diagram and tables. Finally the ground water
the study area has been prepared for the study area for the period of 2001 to 2007.
DATA ACQUISITION
study the fluctuation of Static Water Level (SWL) and variation of Rain Fall (R.F)
of the year 2001 to 2007, data have been studied. The SWL
of pabna district of seven years were collected from Bangladesh Water
Development Board (BWDB). The monthly Rainfall of seven years was
Each station location are shown in Fig-3.1. The details of the data
collected are also provided in Table 3.1.
ocation of each station Area in pabna map.
were processed and analysis to study the fluctuation of ground
different years and seasons in each data point. This analysis has been
variation of maximum and minimum water level at the region.
Rainfall data is the basis source of water in any area. Annual variation,
ximum and minimum RF of the study area. The information of
in different diagram and tables. Finally the ground water
been prepared for the study area for the period of 2001 to 2007.
Page | 4
study the fluctuation of Static Water Level (SWL) and variation of Rain Fall (R.F)
have been studied. The SWL and RF data
were collected from Bangladesh Water
Development Board (BWDB). The monthly Rainfall of seven years was also collected
The details of the data
ocation of each station Area in pabna map.
the fluctuation of ground
each data point. This analysis has been
variation of maximum and minimum water level at the region.
r in any area. Annual variation, annual RF and
different analysis
in different diagram and tables. Finally the ground water budget in
been prepared for the study area for the period of 2001 to 2007.

Table-3.1: Specific location of the data parts
ANALYSIS OF RAIN FALL (R.F) DATA
A statistical analysis of Rainfall
Dec) in the period of (2001
exits between the monthly and annual rain fall data. Linear regression analysis of the
data is found to be significant of the 12 month. S
mean value of coefficient of variability (PIV) relative variability (RV) and percentage
entire annual variability (CV) have been studied. The Rain Fall has to sustain the
increasing needs of agriculture irrigation, th
the rain fall distribution is so great that some part suffers heavy droughts, while some
parts suffer heavy floods. Thus the international variability of summer monsoon rain
fall is a complex phenomenon and is kn
well the global features. The rain fall varies from year to year and even within a
Upazilla
Bera
Sujanagar
Santhia
Faridpur
Bhanghura
Chatmohor
Atghoria
P.Sadar
Ishwardi
Specific location of the data parts.
atistical analysis of Rainfall data of 9 unions in pabna district (Jan
riod of (2001-2007) have been done. It has been observed that a good
data is found to be significant of the 12 month. Some key statistical parameter like the
increasing needs of agriculture irrigation, the rapid industrialization. The disparity in
fall is a complex phenomenon and is known to deepen upon regional circulation as
Union Mouza
jatsakin Aminpur
Dulai Bandanpur
Tantibonda Baraipara
Khetupara Bhairabpur
R/Ataikula Ganghohati
Nondonpur Rangamatia
Faridpur Chitholia
Bhanghura Sarutia
Chatmohor Ankutia
Handial D.Patiata
DB Gram Dilalpur
Majpara Sarutia
Debbotor Koundarppur
Ovirampur
Laxmipur Jatrapur
Nazirpur Nazirpur
Varara Naldah
Shadullahpur
Chartarapur Kocksabari
Shara
Paksey
Laxmikunda Pakuria
Solimpur Varaimari
Shapur Babulchora
Dasuria Ataisimul
Page | 5
of 9 unions in pabna district (Jan-
. It has been observed that a good
ome key statistical parameter like the
e rapid industrialization. The disparity in
own to deepen upon regional circulation as
Mouza
Aminpur
Bandanpur
Baraipara
Bhairabpur
Ganghohati
Rangamatia
Chitholia
Sarutia
Ankutia
D.Patiata
Dilalpur
Sarutia
Koundarppur
Ovirampur
Jatrapur
Nazirpur
Naldah
Dublia
Kocksabari
Jaudia
Bagoil
Pakuria
Varaimari
Babulchora
Ataisimul

season over the country. Total rainfall data has been used in these studies to examine
large scale fluctuation in rainfall. There
yearly anomaly maximum rain fall variance over a particular region. For the statistical
analysis of the rain fall data, three measurement of variability of annual rain fall,
monthly rainfall the between the rechar
calculated. Hence monthly rainfall increases linearly.
MONTHLY RAIN FALL
The monthly variation of rainfall data
study area as shown in Fig-4.1.
Fig-4.1 Monthly
Here, Analysis of Monthly Rainfall Data of 7 years within 2001 to 2007
From Fig-4.1 it is observed
Rain fall occurs in the year 2003.
Maximum rainfall is 1.206m on 2002 and minimum rainfall is 0m in every year.
The monthly distribution of rainfall follows the usual pattern of monsoon with heavy
rains starting in May & ending in September and very little of no rainfall during the
rest of the year.
large scale fluctuation in rainfall. There are several studies that have been made on
monthly rainfall the between the recharge and annual rain fall data have been
calculated. Hence monthly rainfall increases linearly.
MONTHLY RAIN FALL VARIATION
The monthly variation of rainfall data of the years 2001 to 2007
4.1.
Monthly RF variation of Bera,Jatsakin,Aminpur
Here, Analysis of Monthly Rainfall Data of 7 years within 2001 to 2007
it is observed that heavily Rain fall occurs in the year 2002 and low
Rain fall occurs in the year 2003.
Page | 6
are several studies that have been made on
ge and annual rain fall data have been
the years 2001 to 2007 in the
RF variation of Bera,Jatsakin,Aminpur
Here, Analysis of Monthly Rainfall Data of 7 years within 2001 to 2007 are presented.
that heavily Rain fall occurs in the year 2002 and low

ANNUAL RAINFALL VARIATION
The variation of annual Rain fall
Fig: 4.2 Annual Rain Fall
Here, Analysis of Rainfall Data
figure it is observed that low annual Rainfall occurs in
annual rainfall is in 2002 i.e. 2.657m.
Here, low rainfall is very low in 2007. So, if rain fall high then the water
high and low rainfall is then low recharge of ground water.
Fig-4.2: shows the annual RF variation
minimum RF recorded in the year 2007 and 2003 and maximum recorded in the year
2002 and 2005.
ANALYSIS OF STATIC WATER LEVEL (S.W.L)
Static Water Level is the position of the Ground Water in the sub
This level varies with season’s exploration of Ground Water declines with the Static
Water Level positions. Similarly
the water bodies raises the water level. Generally in the post monsoon period it goes to
greater depth and pre monsoon times it goes up near to the surface. The fluctuation of
this to extreme points in
discharge and recharge of ground water. The monthly and annual fluctuation of Static
Water Level has been study and presented it different forms. Anomalies of minimum
and maximum Water level position
2007 have been estimated and presented.
Statistics is a mathematical science pertaining to collection, analysis, interpretation of
data. Statistical improve the quality of data with design of experiments
VARIATION
The variation of annual Rain fall data with the years as shown in Fig
Annual Rain Fall variation of Bera,Jatsakin,Aminpur
is of Rainfall Data of 7 years within 2001 to 2007 are
it is observed that low annual Rainfall occurs in 2007 i.e. 0.4623m and high
2002 i.e. 2.657m.
Here, low rainfall is very low in 2007. So, if rain fall high then the water
then low recharge of ground water.
4.2: shows the annual RF variation in Bera,Jatsakin,Aminpur for seven years. The
recorded in the year 2007 and 2003 and maximum recorded in the year
YSIS OF STATIC WATER LEVEL (S.W.L)
Static Water Level is the position of the Ground Water in the sub
Water Level positions. Similarly infiltration of water due to the precipitation or from
a particular location helps to estimate the net annual
and maximum Water level position of different position with a reference from 2001 to
2007 have been estimated and presented.
is a mathematical science pertaining to collection, analysis, interpretation of
data. Statistical improve the quality of data with design of experiments
Page | 7
as shown in Fig-4.2.
Bera,Jatsakin,Aminpur.
are displayed. In this
. 0.4623m and high
Here, low rainfall is very low in 2007. So, if rain fall high then the water recharge
r seven years. The
recorded in the year 2007 and 2003 and maximum recorded in the year
YSIS OF STATIC WATER LEVEL (S.W.L) DATA
Static Water Level is the position of the Ground Water in the sub-surface.
infiltration of water due to the precipitation or from
a particular location helps to estimate the net annual
of different position with a reference from 2001 to
is a mathematical science pertaining to collection, analysis, interpretation of
data. Statistical improve the quality of data with design of experiments and sampling.

Statistics also provides tools for prediction and forecasting using data and statistical
model. Statistics is applicable to a wide variety of academic disciplines, including
natural and social science. Statistical method can be used summarize
collection of data; this is called descriptive stati
the study area have been considered in this analysis considering the depth of the water
level in the observation wells the data have been grouped. T
statistical representation are:
1. Planning the research, including determining information sources, research
subject selection, and ethical consideration for the proposed research and
method.
2. Design of experiments, concentration of the sy
of independent and dependent variables.
3. Summarizing a collection of observations.
4. Reaching consensus about the observations.
5. Documenting / presenting the results of the study.
ANALYSIS OF STATIC WATER LEVEL
Water level varies continuously with time depends on the Rain Fall and
uses of water in several purpose. The
Bera,Jatsakin,Aminpur during time period
fig-5.1.
Fig-5.1 Monthly water position of Bera,Jatsakin,Aminpur.
.
natural and social science. Statistical method can be used summarize
collection of data; this is called descriptive statistics. The Static Water Level data of
level in the observation wells the data have been grouped. The basic steps of a
statistical representation are:
Planning the research, including determining information sources, research
Design of experiments, concentration of the system model and the interaction
of independent and dependent variables.
Summarizing a collection of observations.
Reaching consensus about the observations.
Documenting / presenting the results of the study.
OF STATIC WATER LEVEL
uses of water in several purpose. The SWL monthly variation of
during time period from 2001 to 2007 are displayed
nthly water position of Bera,Jatsakin,Aminpur.
Page | 8
natural and social science. Statistical method can be used summarizes or describes a
cs. The Static Water Level data of
he basic steps of a
Planning the research, including determining information sources, research
stem model and the interaction
monthly variation of
are displayed shown in
nthly water position of Bera,Jatsakin,Aminpur.

In this Fig-5.1 the Static water level is maximum in the year 2007 i.e. 6.47m and
minimum in the year 2001 i.e. .36m. So, July is the semi rainfall period and very low
Static Water Level of 1.32m but Octo
is 3.7m on 2007.
Due to rapid lowering of static water level, several problems may be arised. The
natural supply of ground water is usually limited with regard to time and place. In
recent years, the use of th
excessive stress upon the ground water resource, the yield capacity is being reduced
and the need to conserve them is now generally recognized. It is clear to require for
sound development wise use and pr
MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM STATIC WATER LEVEL
Groundwater levels change for many reasons. Some changes are due to
natural phenomena, and others are caused by man’s activities. Missouri has many
different aquifers. Some are relatively shallow unconfined aquifers that are affected by
surface activities. Others are much deeper confined aquifers that are well isolated
from surface or shallow subsurface influences. Some aquifers consist of competent
bedrock units; others are composed of unconsolidated sediments. Some aquifers are
heavily used for water supply while others receive very little use. All of these factors
can influence how water levels in the aquifers change over time.
(a) Pre-Monsoon period
Fig-5.2.1 Maximum and minimum
different years.
It is observed from fig-5.2.1(a) that the SWL goes down in the year 2006 with respect
to the others years. It indicates that huge amount of water extract from the ground.
observed from fig-5.2.1(b) that the SWL goes up in the year 2001.The
SWL is 6.5m on the year 200
5.6
5.8
6
6.2
6.4
6.6
2000
SWL(m)
he Static water level is maximum in the year 2007 i.e. 6.47m and
Static Water Level of 1.32m but October is the dry season at this time maximum SWL
recent years, the use of this limited supply has grown enormously. Due to this
sound development wise use and protection of this resource.
MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM STATIC WATER LEVEL
are relatively shallow unconfined aquifers that are affected by
composed of unconsolidated sediments. Some aquifers are
can influence how water levels in the aquifers change over time.
Monsoon period (b) Post
and minimum SWL variation of Bera, jatsakin, aminpur for
5.2.1(a) that the SWL goes down in the year 2006 with respect
to the others years. It indicates that huge amount of water extract from the ground.
5.2.1(b) that the SWL goes up in the year 2001.The
m on the year 2006 and Minimum SWL is .36m on the year 2001.
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
2000
SWL(m)
Page | 9
he Static water level is maximum in the year 2007 i.e. 6.47m and
ber is the dry season at this time maximum SWL
is limited supply has grown enormously. Due to this
are relatively shallow unconfined aquifers that are affected by
composed of unconsolidated sediments. Some aquifers are
(b) Post-monsoon period
of Bera, jatsakin, aminpur for
5.2.1(a) that the SWL goes down in the year 2006 with respect
to the others years. It indicates that huge amount of water extract from the ground. It is
5.2.1(b) that the SWL goes up in the year 2001.The Maximum
and Minimum SWL is .36m on the year 2001.
2005 2010

Trend of Variation of Water Table
Pre-monsoon:
groundwater resources are often handicapped by non
level data which are required for assessing the changes in storage of groundwater in
response to rainfall, evaporation, pumpage, surface irrigation, soil conservation,
urbanization and a host of other causes. Historic water level data ar
forecasting future trends of water levels in response to the adoption of modern
concepts in groundwater reservoir operation A careful continuous monitoring of water
table is very important for any planning related to the groundwater de
any particular area. On the basis of monitoring data of both pre
monsoon for the years from 2001 to 2007, an attempt has been made to determine the
change of the depth of water table in each upazilla with reference to the wate
the year 2001. The records of
consideration. The Fig.5.3.1
study area. The figures relate the real condition of groundwater reserves of the area. It
is observed from the figure that in pre
study area is declining with reference to the water level of the year 2001. In most of
the areas a permanent fall of groundwater level is occurred. In Faridpur it is the
maximum of 3.16m.
Fig.5.3.1 Trend of variation of water table with reference to the year
locations of the study area in pre
of Variation of Water Table
monsoon: Evaluation, development and management of
groundwater resources are often handicapped by non-availability
urbanization and a host of other causes. Historic water level data are also essential for
table is very important for any planning related to the groundwater de
any particular area. On the basis of monitoring data of both pre-monsoon and post
change of the depth of water table in each upazilla with reference to the wate
he year 2001. The records of April of the observation well were taken
.1 represents the trend of the change of water table in the
is observed from the figure that in pre-monsoon period the static water level of the
with reference to the water level of the year 2001. In most of
Trend of variation of water table with reference to the year
in pre-monsoon.
Page | 10
Evaluation, development and management of
of historic water
e also essential for
table is very important for any planning related to the groundwater development of
monsoon and post-
change of the depth of water table in each upazilla with reference to the water table of
April of the observation well were taken into
represents the trend of the change of water table in the
monsoon period the static water level of the
with reference to the water level of the year 2001. In most of
Trend of variation of water table with reference to the year 2001 for several

Post-monsoon: The main source of groundwater recharge is the annual precipitation
during the monsoon season and the groundwater level goes up after the post monsoon
period. The graphical representation of
four upazillas (Fig-5.3.2) are representing the amount of variation of recharge
happened in individual years with reference to the year 2001. From the figures it could
be said that the water level after post m
most of the cases a gradual declinations are clearly observed. The impact of these
phenomena is affecting the groundwater reserve. If it continues in long term,
environmental degradation will happen there. Th
level during the post-monsoon period of 2001
been presented in Fig-5.3.2
individual years has been taken into account. From the f
post-monsoon season the water levels of Bera, Sujanagar, Shanthia, Bhangura and
Faridpur have highly been declined with reference to the year
declination is observed in the area of Faridpur of 3.16m. The remai
the sustainable conditions of water level with the reference year 2001. If the trend of
declining nature continues, the wells of the area will be affected in getting sufficient
groundwater in the time of demand.
Fig.5.3.2 Trend of variation of water table with reference to the year 2001 for different
locations of the study area in
The main source of groundwater recharge is the annual precipitation
period. The graphical representation of water levels in the month of September of the
) are representing the amount of variation of recharge
be said that the water level after post monsoon period is also declining in the area. In
environmental degradation will happen there. The change of the trend of static water
monsoon period of 2001-2007 with respect to the year 20
5.3.2. The water level information of the September of
individual years has been taken into account. From the figure it is observed that in
monsoon season the water levels of Bera, Sujanagar, Shanthia, Bhangura and
Faridpur have highly been declined with reference to the year 2001
declination is observed in the area of Faridpur of 3.16m. The remaining upazillas have
groundwater in the time of demand.
Trend of variation of water table with reference to the year 2001 for different
in post-monsoon.
Page | 11
The main source of groundwater recharge is the annual precipitation
onth of September of the
) are representing the amount of variation of recharge
onsoon period is also declining in the area. In
e change of the trend of static water
2007 with respect to the year 2001 has
. The water level information of the September of
igure it is observed that in
monsoon season the water levels of Bera, Sujanagar, Shanthia, Bhangura and
2001. The maximum
ning upazillas have
Trend of variation of water table with reference to the year 2001 for different

Anomaly of SWL and RF
An anomaly is a term describing the incidence when the actual result under
a given set of assumptions is different from the expected result.
something that deviates from what is standard, normal, or expected.
data of the year of 2001 is considered as the the standard value or reference value.
Fig-6.1 has shown the variation of data in different location in the study area.
From the below Fig-6.1 maximum SWL curve indicates the change in maximum
ground water level with respect to the year 2001. Similarly the minimum SWL curve
indicates the change in minimum SWL with respect to the year 2001. The Rainfall
curve indicates the annual change in RF amount in millimeter with respect to the year
2001. The Fluctuation curve indicates the variation between maximum and minimum
SWL with respect to the year 2001.
In Fig-6.1(a) it is observed that the minimum SWL
increasing the years. This indicated that the the position of minimum SWL
higher than the water level position of
Sujanagar, Santhia, Atghoria and Ishwardi which are shown in Fig
Fig-6.1(e) respectively. But in Fig
follow that phenomenon. That time the minimum SWL
minimum SWL position of 2001.
It is also observed that the fluctuation curve of Bera, Shujanaga
is increases whereby the fluctuation curve of Chatmohor is decreases
years.
It is also found that the Rainfall curve varies slightly in Chatmohor, Ishwardi,
Atghoria and faridpur whereby largely varies in Bera and
Anomaly of SWL and RF
assumptions is different from the expected result.
something that deviates from what is standard, normal, or expected.
is considered as the the standard value or reference value.
he variation of data in different location in the study area.
6.1 maximum SWL curve indicates the change in maximum
nual change in RF amount in millimeter with respect to the year
SWL with respect to the year 2001.
6.1(a) it is observed that the minimum SWL curve of Bera is decreasin
increasing the years. This indicated that the the position of minimum SWL
than the water level position of 2001. This phenomenon is
Santhia, Atghoria and Ishwardi which are shown in Fig-6.1(b),
But in Fig-6.1(c) the minimum SWL in Chatmohor does not
. That time the minimum SWL position is lower than the
minimum SWL position of 2001.
It is also observed that the fluctuation curve of Bera, Shujanagar, Santhia and Ishwardi
is increases whereby the fluctuation curve of Chatmohor is decreases
Atghoria and faridpur whereby largely varies in Bera and Shujanagar.
Page | 12
assumptions is different from the expected result. In other word,
something that deviates from what is standard, normal, or expected. In this case, the
is considered as the the standard value or reference value.
he variation of data in different location in the study area.
6.1 maximum SWL curve indicates the change in maximum
nual change in RF amount in millimeter with respect to the year
of Bera is decreasing with
increasing the years. This indicated that the the position of minimum SWL in Bera is
also followed by
6.1(b), Fig-6.1(d),
) the minimum SWL in Chatmohor does not
position is lower than the
r, Santhia and Ishwardi
is increases whereby the fluctuation curve of Chatmohor is decreases with increasing
Shujanagar.

Fig-6.1 Variation of SWL & RF with respect to the year 2001.
Variation of SWL & RF with respect to the year 2001.
Page | 13
Variation of SWL & RF with respect to the year 2001.

GROUND WATER
Some portion of the the annual precipitation percolates downward
and is added to the ground water reservoir. Adding of water in this form to the
underground water storage is technically known as ground water recharge. In order to
increases the natural supply of ground water, man has to depend on large volume of
recharge to be infiltrated downward.
of water out of an area of saturated soil.
Recharge to ground water of an area can be estimated by several methods. Here we
use the water level fluctuation techniques.
In these techniques the ground water recharge is related to the water level fluctuation,
area of the zone and porosity of that are
pabna zone area of 35%.
Estimation equation is,
Recharge/Discharge
If we the water level fluctuation is in km and
then the resulting water recharge
Recharge and discharge of ground water of
Table-7.1 and Table-7.2. Recharge and
condition of each individual
measurement data are in
so some recharge and discharge cannot be obtain
indicated by hyphen (-) in the T
discharge of each individual upazilas
GROUND WATER BALANCE STUDY
ly of ground water, man has to depend on large volume of
recharge to be infiltrated downward. Hence, Ground water discharge is the movement
of water out of an area of saturated soil.
use the water level fluctuation techniques.
area of the zone and porosity of that area. It has been examined that the
/Discharge = water level fluctuation * study
If we the water level fluctuation is in km and
water recharge is in .
Recharge and discharge of ground water of each individual station are shown in the
Recharge and Discharge of ground water with balance
each individual Upazilas are also shown in Table
. Some of the data are missing from the collected value
so some recharge and discharge cannot be obtain from the collected data
in the Table. Some graphical representation of recharge and
discharge of each individual upazilas for different years are shown in Fig
Page | 14
STUDY
ly of ground water, man has to depend on large volume of
Hence, Ground water discharge is the movement
examined that the porosity of the
study area* porosity.
If we the water level fluctuation is in km and study area is
individual station are shown in the
of ground water with balance
also shown in Table-7.2. All the
Some of the data are missing from the collected value
from the collected data which are
Some graphical representation of recharge and
are shown in Fig-7.1.

Table-7.1 Recharge and Discharge of ground water of the station Atghoria,Santhia
and Ishwardi of different years
Upozilla Parameter
Majapara
(7)
Discharge
Recharge
Debottor
koundaparpur
(10)
Discharge
Recharge
Laximipur
(13)
Discharge
Recharge
Debottor
ovirampur
(21)
Discharge
Recharge
Khetupara
(21)
Discharge
Recharge
R/Ataikula
(19)
Discharge
Recharge
Nondonpur
(17)
Discharge
Recharge
Shara
(5)
Discharge
Recharge
Paksey
(12)
Discharge
Recharge
Laxmikunda
(8)
Discharge
Recharge
Solimpur
(15)
Discharge
Recharge
Shapur
(11)
Discharge
Recharge
Dasuria
(9)
Discharge
Recharge
nd Discharge of ground water of the station Atghoria,Santhia
different years in .
Year
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
- -3.27 -2.97 -3.36 -3.25
3.34 2.89 1.76 4.99 2.63
- -5.15 -4.08 -2.96 -4.55
4.69 4.87 2.77 4.87 3.08
- -3.05 -3.37 -3.34 -3.48
2.23 2.77 2.06 5.23 2.57
- -3.33 -3.37 -3.34 -3.48
2.6 2.77 2.06 5.23 2.57
- -5.34 -5.78 -6.56 -2.38
4.91 6.24 5.57 2.55 -
- -5.05 -5.24 -6.9 -2.49
4.2 4.8 5.31 2.45 2.44
- -4.6 -5.4 -6.64 -2.21
3.8 4.5 5.3 2.64 1.9
- -2.62 -3.93 -3.83 -4.81
3.5 2.12 3.73 4.66 3.75
- -2.1 -3.6 -3.7 -3.8
3.02 2.06 3.57 4.41 3.01
- -1.82 -2.30 -2.98 -2.8
2.89 1.71 2.26 3.4 1.37
- -2.46 -2.05 -2.65 -2.33
3.45 1.87 2.06 3.27 0.99
- -1.82 -2.3 -2.98 -2.8
2.89 1.71 2.26 3.47 1.37
- -2.44 -3.54 -5.06 -4.18
3.18 3.00 3.95 4.78 4.18
Page | 15
nd Discharge of ground water of the station Atghoria,Santhia
2006 2007
-2.54 -2.6
1.98 1.16
-3.22 2.67
3.06 4.65
-2.5 2.28
2.15 3.9
-2.5 -2.28
2.15 3.9
- -3.38
- 3.66
-0.68 -3.12
1.54 5.24
-0.7 -0.8
1.4 3.5
-2.58 -4.52
2.84 5.34
-3.5 -4.0
4.07 5.14
-2.38 -2.37
2.51 3.55
-2.88 -3.7
2.75 4.57
-2.38 -2.37
2.51 3.55
-3.99 -4.39
4.20 5.36

Table-7.2 Recharge and Discharge of ground water of the
P. Sadar,Chatmohor, Faridpur, Bhangura and Shujanagar of different years
In Table-7.1 and Table-7.2 recharge is indicated by positive sign and discharge is
indicated by negative sign.
amount of recharge and discharge are not
are not equal in area. The amount of discharge and recharge is high for large and low
for small area.
Upozilla Parameter
Bera
(14)
Discharge
Recharge
Nazirpur
(16)
Discharge
Recharge
Varara
(23)
Discharge
Recharge
Shadullahpur
(20)
Discharge
Recharge
Chartarapur
(24)
Discharge
Recharge
Chatmohor
(2)
Discharge
Recharge
Handial
(1)
Discharge
Recharge
Db Gram
(4)
Discharge
Recharge
Faridpur
(6)
Discharge
Recharge
Bhangura
(3)
Discharge
Recharge
Dulai
(25)
Discharge
Recharge
Tantibonda
(22)
Discharge
Recharge
Recharge and Discharge of ground water of the station Bera,
P. Sadar,Chatmohor, Faridpur, Bhangura and Shujanagar of different years
7.2 recharge is indicated by positive sign and discharge is
indicated by negative sign. From Table-7.1 and Table-7.2 it is observed that the
and discharge are not equal for all station because all the station
ot equal in area. The amount of discharge and recharge is high for large and low
Year
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
- -3.48 -3.45 -3.43 -2.78
3.8 2.89 3.53 2.78 2.34
- -6.64 -3.71 -6.64 -5.40
6.41 3.29 7.25 5.51 6.99
- -7.31 -4.03 -6.74 -8.74
5.68 3.74 6.54 5.74 8.40
- -7.34 -4.61 -8.09 -4.53
7.22 3.24 7.24 6.05 7.02
- -6.30 -3.83 -6.54 -4.97
6.02 3.34 6.52 4.50 7.13
- -3.85 -4.32 -7.79 -5.90
4.31 3.70 6.18 6.48 5.95
- - -4.89 -8.16 -7.11
- 4.18 6.38 8.00 8.06
- -3.67 -4.94 -7.94 -8.18
4.10 3.90 6.41 7.03 6.25
- -3.10 -2.68 -3.87 -2.80
3.10 2.89 2.17 3.92 1.96
- -2.09 -1.62 -4.03 -2.95
2.57 2.18 2.00 4.14 2.45
- -3.61 -5.71 -6.26 -4.69
5.46 5.44 5.59 4.51 4.49
- -4.47 -4.36 -5.14 -5.85
4.10 4.50 4.03 5.20 4.33
Page | 16
station Bera,
P. Sadar,Chatmohor, Faridpur, Bhangura and Shujanagar of different years in .
7.2 recharge is indicated by positive sign and discharge is
7.2 it is observed that the
equal for all station because all the station
ot equal in area. The amount of discharge and recharge is high for large and low
2006 2007
-2.52 -2.82
2.61 2.13
-6.99 -7.37
6.99 7.53
-7.81 -1.63
5.74 5.04
-5.85 -4.61
4.55 6.07
-5.91 -4.64
4.58 6.27
-4.45 -6.24
4.69 2.88
-6.83 -6.84
6.09 7.91
-4.33 -6.00
5.08 4.97
-1.93 -2.38
1.91 3.65
-1.85 -4.62
2.39 4.8
-3.47 -3.51
2.60 4.78
-4.15 -3.30
2.73 5.29

Table-7. 3: Balance of groundwater of
From the Table-7.3 it is observed that
negative and some are Positive. Positive sign indicates that the amount of
water recharge is higher than the amount
indicates that the amount of
water discharge during the measurement period 2001 to 2007.
the net balance of 6 years (2002
ground water discharge is
finally estimated that a permanent
water level is focused.
Upozilla Parameter 2001
Bera
Discharge -
Recharge 3.8
Balance -
Faridpur
Discharge -
Recharge 3.1
Balance -
Bhangura
Discharge -
Recharge 2.57
Balance -
Santhia
Discharge -
Recharge 4.30
Balance -
Sujanaga
r
Discharge -
Recharge 4.78
Balance -
Atghoria
Discharge -
Recharge 3.21
Balance -
Chatmohor Discharge -
Recharge 4.19
Balance -
P. Sadar
Discharge -
Recharge 6.33
Balance -
Ishwardi
Discharge -
Recharge 3.15
Balance
groundwater of individual upazilas.
is observed that the ground water balance of some upazilas are
negative and some are Positive. Positive sign indicates that the amount of
than the amount of ground water discharge and negative sign
indicates that the amount of ground water recharge is lower than the amount of
discharge during the measurement period 2001 to 2007. It is also observed that
(2002-2007) is negative. It also indicates that the amount of
discharge is higher than the amount of ground water
a permanent declination of approximately 2 meter of ground
Year
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
-3.48 -3.45 -3.43 -2.78 -2.52 -2.82
2.89 3.53 2.78 2.34 2.61 2.13
-0.59 0.08 -0.65 -0.44 0.09 -0.96
-3.1 -2.68 -3.87 -2.8 -1.93 -2.38
2.89 2.17 3.92 1.96 1.91 3.65
-0.21 -0.51 0.05 -0.84 -0.02 1.27
-2.09 -1.62 -4.03 -2.95 -1.85 -4.62
2.18 2.00 4.14 2.45 2.39 4.8
0.09 0.38 0.11 -0.5 0.54 0.18
-4.99 -5.47 -6.7 -2.32 -.46 -2.25
5.52 5.44 2.56 1.44 0.98 4.45
0.53 -0.03 -4.14 -0.88 0.52 2.2
-4.04 -5.04 -5.7 -5.27 -3.31 -3.40
4.97 4.81 4.86 4.41 2.67 5.04
0.93 -0.23 -0.84 -1.15 1.63 0.93
-3.7 -3.44 -3.25 -3.69 -2.69 -2.45
3.32 2.16 5.08 2.71 2.34 4.15
-0.38 -1.28 1.83 -0.98 -0.36 1.7
-3.74 -4.71 -7.96 -7.06 -5.53 -6.36
3.92 6.32 7.17 6.75 5.28 6.25
0.18 1.61 -0.79 -0.31 -0.25 -0.11
-6.89 -4.04 -7.00 -5.91 -6.64 -4.56
3.4 6.88 5.45 7.38 5.46 6.22
-3.49 2.84 -1.55 1.47 -1.18 1.66
-2.21 -2.96 -3.53 -3.46 -2.95 -3.56
2.07 2.97 3.99 2.44 3.14 4.58
-0.14 .01 0.46 -1.02 0.19 1.02
Page | 17
balance of some upazilas are
negative and some are Positive. Positive sign indicates that the amount of ground
discharge and negative sign
recharge is lower than the amount of ground
It is also observed that
so indicates that the amount of
ground water recharge. It is
2 meter of ground
balance
Net
Balance
-2.2
-2.84
-0.26
0.8
-1.8
-0.52
0.54
0.33
-0.25
0.52

Fig-7.1 Bar diagram of Recharge and Discharge
In Fig-7.1 Blue color indicates the amount of
indicates the amount of ground water discharge for a particular year. I
From the Fig-7.1 that in some
of recharge. These phenomena cannot be obtained in every year. After several
the ground water level goes to the balance condition.
Recharge and Discharge of ground water for different
7.1 Blue color indicates the amount of ground water recharge and Red color
indicates the amount of ground water discharge for a particular year. I
that in some year the amount of discharge is higher than the
of recharge. These phenomena cannot be obtained in every year. After several
the ground water level goes to the balance condition.
Page | 18
water for different station.
ground water recharge and Red color
indicates the amount of ground water discharge for a particular year. It is observed
higher than the amount
of recharge. These phenomena cannot be obtained in every year. After several years

There is no rainfall occur equally al
occurs in rainy season. The soil of the study area is clay formation having intermediate range of
permeability to infiltrate. As a result a little amount of rain water is infiltrated into the gr
Ground water level shows a seasonal pattern of fluctuation. The magnitude of fluctuation depends
upon the qualities of water recharge and disch
continuously with the advance of wet and dry season. Analysis the records of ground water level in
observation well of Paba have indicated the level rises to its peak in the month of August to
September even to October in some place. During
intensity of rainfall decreases ground water level starts depleting rapidly. At that time water level
remain much higher than of stream level. The ground water table at that time remains only a few
below or nearly the ground surface. Static
groundwater dynamics. Groundwater assessment studies involve correlation of water table
fluctuations as recorded in wells with climatic elements dominantly rainfall. Both
storage and rainfall are the part of the hydrologic cycle. The recharge of groundwater is influenced by
surface water body and rainfall. On the other hand, groundwater discharge occurs due to abstraction
used for various purposes. It is observe
result indicates that recharge and discharge are not in equilibrium condition.
REFERENCES
[1] Karnath, K, R., 1990, Ground Water Assessment, Development and Management, McGraw
Company Limited, New Delhi, India, P. 32
[2] Mahajan, G., 1989, Evaluation and Development of Groundwater, Ashish Publishing House, New Delhi,
India. P. 15-78.
[3] Groundwater Level Fluctuations in the Okavango Delta, Botswana, Journal of Hydrology, Vo
344-355, 2004.
[4] “Estimation of Groundwater recharge from Water Level and Precipitation Data.” Journal
Academy of Sciences Vol. 1(2), 87-
[5] Gleick PH (1989). Climate change, hydrology, and water resources. Rev. Geophys., 27(3): 329344.
[6] Maathuis H, Thorleeifson LH (2000). Potential impact of climate change on prairie ground water supplies:
Review of Current Knowledge. Sackatchewan Resear
[7] Chen ZS, Osadetz MK (2002). Prediction of average annual groundwater levels from climate ariables: An
empirical model. J. Hydrol., 260: 102
CONCLUSION
ually all the month in a year in our country. The major precipitation
season. The soil of the study area is clay formation having intermediate range of
a result a little amount of rain water is infiltrated into the gr
upon the qualities of water recharge and discharge. The ground water level in study area
September even to October in some place. During October, November and December when the
surface. Static water level data provides a great deal of information about
fluctuations as recorded in wells with climatic elements dominantly rainfall. Both
used for various purposes. It is observed that there is a declining nature of groundwater level. This
result indicates that recharge and discharge are not in equilibrium condition.
Ground Water Assessment, Development and Management, McGraw
mpany Limited, New Delhi, India, P. 32-68.
, Evaluation and Development of Groundwater, Ashish Publishing House, New Delhi,
Groundwater Level Fluctuations in the Okavango Delta, Botswana, Journal of Hydrology, Vo
“Estimation of Groundwater recharge from Water Level and Precipitation Data.” Journal
-93.
Gleick PH (1989). Climate change, hydrology, and water resources. Rev. Geophys., 27(3): 329344.
Maathuis H, Thorleeifson LH (2000). Potential impact of climate change on prairie ground water supplies:
Review of Current Knowledge. Sackatchewan Research Council (SRC), Publication No. 11304
Chen ZS, Osadetz MK (2002). Prediction of average annual groundwater levels from climate ariables: An
empirical model. J. Hydrol., 260: 102-117.
Page | 19
The major precipitation
season. The soil of the study area is clay formation having intermediate range of
a result a little amount of rain water is infiltrated into the ground.
arge. The ground water level in study area rise and falls
October, November and December when the
water level data provides a great deal of information about
fluctuations as recorded in wells with climatic elements dominantly rainfall. Both groundwater
d that there is a declining nature of groundwater level. This
Ground Water Assessment, Development and Management, McGraw-Hill Publishing
, Evaluation and Development of Groundwater, Ashish Publishing House, New Delhi,
Groundwater Level Fluctuations in the Okavango Delta, Botswana, Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 288(3-4),
“Estimation of Groundwater recharge from Water Level and Precipitation Data.” Journal of Islamic
Gleick PH (1989). Climate change, hydrology, and water resources. Rev. Geophys., 27(3): 329344.
Maathuis H, Thorleeifson LH (2000). Potential impact of climate change on prairie ground water supplies:
ch Council (SRC), Publication No. 11304-200.
Chen ZS, Osadetz MK (2002). Prediction of average annual groundwater levels from climate ariables: An

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