My Recent presentation on Nanotechnology

1. Nanotechnology
ROSHINI

2. What is Nanotechnology??
• Nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary science -manipulate matter at
the molecular and atomic level.
• Nanometer(nm)
» One-billionth of a meter
» Smaller than the wavelength of visible light
» Thousandth the width of a human hair
• "Small Wonders: The World of Nanoscience“
• Nanoscale -where we can assemble something ,putting atoms
together to make anything useful.

3. INTERDISCIPLINARY
• Nanotechnology dealing with anything measuring between 1 and
100 nm.
 Larger –Microscale
 Smaller - Atomic scale.
• Nanotechnology is rapidly becoming an interdisciplinary field.
• Biologists, chemists, physicists and engineers are all involved in the
study of substances at the nanoscale.
• Molecular manufacturing -manipulate atoms individually and place
them in a pattern to produce a desired structure.

4. Molecular Manufacturing
• Replicators can produce
physical object- cup
• Atoms and molecules stick
together because they have
complementary shapes that
lock together, or charges that
attract
• Atoms are pieced together by
Nano machines, a specific
product will begin to take
shape.

5. Quantum Mechanics
• In nanoscale -quantum mechanics plays a role.
• The quantum mechanics different from classical physics - behavior
of substances at the nanoscale contradict common one.
• Electron tunneling
• Insulators-in bulk become semiconductors in nanoscale.
• Melting Points - change due to an increase in surface area.
• Scientists - Experimenting with substances at the nanoscale to learn
about their properties and take advantage in various applications.
• Engineers are trying to use nano-size wires to create smaller, more
powerful microprocessors.
• Doctors are searching for ways to use nanoparticles in medical
applications.

6. NANOROBOTS

7. NANOROBOTS
• Patients drink fluids containing nanorobots programmed to attack
and reconstruct the molecular structure of cancer cells and viruses.
• Nanorobots could slow or reverse the aging process, and life
expectancy could increase significantly.
• Nanorobots perform delicate surgeries -- such nanosurgeons could
works more precise than the sharpest scalpel without scars
• Change physical appearance- perform cosmetic surgery, rearranging
your atoms to change your ears, nose, eye color or any other
physical feature you wish to alter.

9. Thermal ablation of cancer cells
by ‘Silica-gold’ nano shells
• Thermal ablation of cancer cells by nanoshells coated with metallic layer and by
applying an external energy source to kill them
• Gold nps absorb light in the near infra red region becomes hot and can kill the
cells in their proximity

10. Positive Effect On The Environment
• Scientists could program airborne nanorobots to
rebuild the thinning ozone layer.
• Nanorobots could remove contaminants from
water sources and clean up oil spills.
• Manufacturing materials using the bottom-
up method of nanotechnology also creates less
pollution than conventional manufacturing
processes.
• Dependence on non-renewable resources would
diminish with nanotechnology.
• Cutting down trees, mining coal or drilling for
oil may no longer be necessary -- Nanomachines
could produce those resources.

11. CARBON NANOTUBES
• These incredible structures have an array of
fascinating electronic, magnetic and mechanical
properties.
• CNT are at least 100 times stronger than steel,
but only one-sixth as heavy, so nanotube fibers
could strengthen almost any material.
• Nanotubes can conduct heat and electricity far
better than copper.

12. • Why Graphite does not seem
that strong in pencil?

14. Delocalizing with benzene

16. What is buckyballs?

21. Products Incorporating Nanotechnology
 Wrinkle-resistant fabrics
 Deep-penetrating cosmetics
 Liquid crystal displays (LCD)

22. Sunscreen
• Many sunscreens contain
nanoparticles of zinc oxide or
titanium oxide.
• Older sunscreen formulas use
larger particles, which is what
gives most sunscreens their
whitish color.
• Smaller particles are less visible,
it doesn't give you a whitish
tinge.

23. SELF-CLEANING GLASS
• Self-cleaning glass - uses
nanoparticles to make the glass
photocatalytic and hydrophilic.
• The photocatalytic effect - when
UV radiation from light hits the
glass, nanoparticles become
energized and begin to break down
and loosen organic molecules on
the glass (dirt).
• Hydrophilic means that when water
makes contact with the glass, it
spreads across the glass evenly,
which helps wash the glass clean.

24. CLOTHING
• Coating fabrics with a thin layer
of zinc oxide nanoparticles,
manufacturers can create clothes
that give better protection from
UV radiation.
• Some clothes have nanoparticles
in the form of little hairs or
whiskers that help repel water
and other materials, making the
clothing stain-resistant.

25. Scratch-resistant coatings -
• Engineers discovered that
adding aluminum silicate
nanoparticles to scratch-
resistant polymer coatings
made the coatings more
effective, increasing resistance
to chipping and scratching.
• Scratch-resistant coatings are
common on everything from
cars to eyeglass lenses.

26. Antimicrobial bandages
• Scientist Robert Burrell
created a process to
manufacture
antibacterial bandages
using nanoparticles of
silver.
• Silver ions block
microbes' cellular
respiration

29. Why DNA computers??
• Microprocessors made of silicon will eventually reach their limits of speed
and miniaturization.
• Millions of natural supercomputers exist inside living organisms,
including our body.
• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) have the potential to perform calculations
many times faster than the world's most powerful human-built computers.
• DNA integrated into a computer chip to create biochip that will push
computers even faster.
• DNA use high and low concentrations of these molecules to propagate
signals instead of high and low voltages that switch transistors on and off.
• It is medically proven that DNA can store biological information

31. PLASMONICS :MERGING
PHOTONICS AND ELECTRONICS
IN NANO-DIMENSIONS

32. Fiber optic Cable

33. PLASMONICS
• Tiny structures cannot operate at frequencies higher 100 GHz due to ohmic losses.
• Electronics give us the extremely small but not the fastest.
• "plasmonics" -bridge between electronics and photonics to build extremely small and
extremely fast devices.
• Surface plasmons provide the opportunity to confine light to very small dimensions.
• SPs are light waves that occur at a metal/dielectric interface, where a group of electrons is
collectively moving back and forth .
• These waves are trapped near the surface as they interact with the plasma of electrons near
the surface the metal.
• SPs provides localization and the guiding of light in subwavelength metallic structures, can
construct miniaturized optoelectronic circuits with subwavelength components.
• In order to avoid the ohmic losses, array of nanoparticle resonators. The resonant structure
of the nanoparticles can be used to guide the light, whereas the reduced metallic volume
means a substantial reduction in ohmic losses.
• Nanoscale gold dots were patterned on a silicon-oninsulator wafer to define the plasmon
propagation path.

36. WET LITHOGRAPHY
• In wet lithography the gap between the lens and the wafer is filled
with water.
• When the light enters the water its wavelength is reduced thus
improving the resolution.
• Other liquids with higher refractive index can be used to improve
the resolution.

37. Nanotechnology
Challenges, Risks and
Ethics
Nanoparticles are so
small- Cross the blood-
brain barrier, a
membrane that protects
the brain from harmful
chemicals in
the bloodstream.

38. Questions??