This document discusses orchitis, an inflammation of the testicles in farm animals. It can be caused by bacterial or viral infections, as well as trauma. Clinical signs include swelling of one or both testicles accompanied by pain, fever, and general malaise. Left untreated, orchitis can damage testicular tissue and reduce fertility. Diagnosis involves examining symptoms, ultrasound, and culture tests. Treatment focuses on antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, and sometimes surgery. Prevention prioritizes hygiene, vaccination, and culling animals with severe cases to control spread.
3. Introduction
Orchitis (or-KIE-tis) is an inflammation of one or both testicles
Primarily by bacterial or viral infections
Secondarily caused by Trauma, Testicular torsion, Scrotal hernia
More commonly unilateral than bilateral
May involve epididymis
Hematogenous spread may occur
4. Prevalence
Occurs all over the year
More than 3 years of ages bulls are more susceptible
Orchitis (9.77%) among 2646 clinical cases on cattle in Upazilla Veterinary Hospital, Chauhali,
Sirajganj during the period from January to December 2014
Orchitis 0.5% in calves, 2.5% in steers and 2.0% in adults Mirpur khas abattoir, among 200
slaughtered animals sample (2008)
5. Etiology
Brucella abortus
Brucella canis
Brucella melatensis
Brucella suis
Actinomyces pyogenes
Streptococcus spp
Staphylococcus spp
E. coli
Proteous
Mycoplasma
Trypanosoma evansi (Journal of Parasitic Disease-2019)
6. Clinical Sign
Swelling in one or both testicles
Pain ranging from mild to severe
Fever
Nausea and vomiting
General feeling of unwellness (malaise)
8. Consequences
i. Orchitis in one testicle
ii. Affect other testicle
iii. Thermal injury from inflammation
iv. Inflammation in tunica albuginea
v. Pressure necrosis
vi. Thromboembosis of blood vessels
vii. Destruction of spermatogenic tissue
viii. Lose its ability to function normally
9. Diagnosis
History
Clinical sign
Ultrasound examination-
(Ultrasound with color Doppler can determine if the blood flow to testicles is lower than
normal- indicating torsion- or higher than normal, which helps confirm the diagnosis of
orchitis)
Thermography
STI Screen test-
Organism culture
10. Treatment:
Sexual rest
Dressing with antiseptic solutions
Application of ice packs or cold water (30 minutes 3 times daily)
Systemic antibiotic therapy-
Drug of choice: Trimethoprim-sulfonamide, Enrofloxacin, amoxicillin or norfloxacin
Glucocorticoids
Surgical removal of testicle
N:B Medical treatment is not satisfactory to return the testes in normal functions
11. Research findings on Treatment
2002-Turkey Journal- 600 mg/day rifampicin plus 200 mg/day doxycycline for 6 weeks,
recovered clinically within 3 week (Kadikoylu et. all 2002)
The Journal of urology-2010- Orchiectomy followed by oral tetracycline for 6 weeks.
Streptomycin also is given for 14 days intramuscularly
Combination of long-acting oxytetracycline and streptomycin gives good result
(King, E. H, 2021) found swelling subsided in tasted bulls following treatment with
oxytetracycline.
12. Moderate value males should be culled
Surgical removal of one testicle allow other testicle to eventually compensate
Brucella affected animals never be used for further AI