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Defense mechanism.pptx
1.
2. Introduction
The defense mechanisms reside in the unconscious domain
of the ego
Ego delay and modulation of drive expression through the
defense mechanisms
3. Classification of Defense Mechanisms
According to George Valliant’s classification
Narcissistic-Psychotic Defenses
Immature Defenses
Neurotic Defenses
Mature Defenses
4. Narcissistic-Psychotic Defenses
Defenses are the most primitive
Appear in children and adult dreams or fantasies
And also in persons who are psychotically disturbed.
defenses are usually found as part of a psychotic process
They share the common note of avoiding, negating, or
distorting reality
5. Projection
Perceiving and reacting to unacceptable inner
impulses and their derivatives as though they were
outside the self
For example, a person is rude may constantly accuse
other people of being rude.
6. Denial
Psychotic denial of external reality affects
perception of external reality more than perception
of internal reality.(Unlike Repression)
At the psychotic level, the denied reality may be
replaced by a fantasy or delusion.
Not all denial, however, is necessarily psychotic.
Denial avoids becoming aware of some painful
aspect of reality
7. Denial
Denial may function in the service of more neurotic or even adaptive objectives.
(like projection)
8. Distortion
Grossly reshaping the experience of external
reality to suit inner needs like
1. Unrealistic megalomanic beliefs,
2. wish fulfilling delusions, and
3. employing sustained feelings of delusional
grandiosity, superiority, or entitlement.
4. hallucinations
9. Immature Defenses
Seen in adolescents and some nonpsychotic patients
Also in adult character disorders
They are regarded as socially awkward and undesirable.
They often moderate with improvement in interpersonal
relationships or with increased personal maturity.
10. Acting out
The direct expression of an unconscious wish or impulse in
action to avoid being conscious of the accompanying affect
Example: a child’s temper tantrum is a form of acting out
when he or she doesn’t get his or her way with a parent.
11. Blocking
An inhibition of affects especially, but
possibly also thinking and impulses
(close to repression)
Has a component of tension arising
from the inhibition of the impulse,
affect, or thought.
12. Hypochondriasis
Transformation of reproach toward others into self-
reproach in the form of somatic complaints of pain, illness,
and so forth.
Reproach arising from bereavement, loneliness, or
unacceptable aggressive impulses
illness may also be overemphasized or exaggerated
13. Somatization
The defensive conversion of psychic
derivatives into bodily symptoms
Desomatization :Infantile somatic
responses are replaced by thought and
affect during development
Resomatization :regression to earlier
somatic forms or response
14. Projection
On a nonpsychotic level, projection involves attributing one’s
own unacknowledged feelings to others which include
severe prejudice, rejection of intimacy through suspiciousness,
hypervigilance to external danger, and injustice collecting
Projection operates correlatively to introjection
material of the projection derives from the internalized but
usually unconscious configuration of the subject’s introjects.
15. Introjection
The introjection of a loved object involves the internalization of
characteristics of the object with the goal of ensuring closeness to
and constant presence of the object
Introjection of a feared object serves to avoid anxiety through
internalizing the aggressive characteristic of the object, thereby
putting the aggression under one’s own control
The aggression is no longer felt as coming from outside, but is taken
within and utilized defensively, thus turning the subject’s weak,
passive position into an active, strong one
16. Introjection
Introjection can also take place out of a sense of guilt in which the
self-punishing introject is attributable to the hostile-destructive
component of an ambivalent tie to an object
17. Regression
A return to a previous stage of development or functioning to
avoid the anxieties or hostilities involved in later stages
This is often the result of a disruption of equilibrium at a later
phase of development
Reflects a basic tendency to achieve instinctual gratification or to
escape instinctual tension
18. Regression
By returning to earlier modes and levels of gratification when later
and more differentiated modes fail or involve intolerable conflict.
Example: an adolescent who is overwhelmed with fear, anger and
growing sexual impulses might become clingy and start exhibiting
earlier childhood behaviours such as bedwetting, nail biting
19. Passive-aggressive behavior
Aggression toward an object expressed indirectly and
ineffectively through
1. Passivity,
2. Masochism, and
3. Turning against the self
20. Schizoid fantasy
The tendency to use fantasy and to indulge in
autistic retreat for the purpose of conflict
resolution and gratification.
21. Neurotic Defenses
common in apparently normal and healthy individuals
as well as in neurotic disorders
expressed in neurotic forms of behaviour
adaptive or socially acceptable
22. Controlling
excessive attempt to manage or regulate events or objects
in the environment
in the interest of minimizing anxiety and solving internal
conflicts
23. Displacement
unconscious shifting of impulses or affective investment
from one object to another
in the interest of solving a conflict
object is changed, the instinctual nature of the impulse and
its aim remain unchanged.
The man who gets angry at his boss for fear of being fired
he instead comes home and kicks the dog or starts an
argument with his wife.
24. Dissociation
A temporary but drastic modification of character or sense
of personal identity to avoid emotional distress
includes fugue states and hysterical conversion reactions.
25. Rationalization
A justification of attitudes, beliefs, or behavior that might
be unacceptable
By an incorrect application of justifying reasons or the
invention of a convincing fallacy.
26. Reaction formation
Management of unacceptable impulses by permitting
expression of the impulse in antithetical form
This is equivalently an expression of the impulse in the
negative
Reaction formation can become a character trait on a
permanent basis, usually as an aspect of obsessional character
Example: when a 2nd child is born ina family the first child may
show extraordinary concern for the welfare of the newborn.
This way his unconscious hate and aggression for his little
brother is covered up.
27. Repression
Consists of the expelling and withholding of an idea or feeling
from conscious awareness
may operate by excluding from awareness what was once
experienced on a conscious level (secondary repression) or
It may curb ideas and feelings before they have reached
consciousness (primary repression).
When a child finds out abouth birth of 2nd baby ,he may feel his
love is divided. He feels jealousy and rivalry towards his little
brother. He represses his aggression for fear of punishment on
further loss of love,but may channelize his aggression through
some other activity.
28. Intellectualization
The control of affects and impulses by way of thinking
about them instead of experiencing them
It is a systematic excess of thinking, deprived of its affect
30. Externalization
Tendency to perceive in the external world and in external
objects components of one’s own personality
Which include instinctual impulses, conflicts, moods,
attitudes, and styles of thinking
Example: a patient who is overly argumentative might
instead perceive others as argumentative and himself as
blameless.
31. Sexualization
The endowing of an object with sexual significance that it
did not previously have
To ward off anxieties connected with prohibited impulses
32. Mature Defenses
healthy and adaptive throughout the life cycle
socially adaptive
useful in the integration of personal needs and motives, social
demands, and interpersonal relations
33. Altruism
The vicarious but constructive and instinctually
gratifying service to others, even to the detriment
of the self
Altruistic surrender : masochistic surrender of
direct gratification or of instinctual needs in favor
of fulfilling the needs of others to the detriment of
the self, with vicarious satisfaction only being
gained through introjection
34. Anticipation
Realistic anticipation of or planning for future inner discomfort
Implies overly concerned planning, worrying, and anticipation of
dire and dreadful possible outcomes
Example: moderate amount of anxiety before surgery promotes post
surgical adaptation.
35. Humor
overt expression of feelings without personal discomfort or
immobilization and without unpleasant effect on others
allows one to bear what is too terrible to be borne
36. Sublimation
gratification of an impulse whose goal is retained
but aim or object is changed from a socially objectionable one to a
socially valued one
Sublimation of aggressive impulses takes place through pleasurable
games and sports
sublimation allows instincts to be channeled rather than diverted.
feelings are acknowledged, modified, and directed toward a
relatively significant goal
A writer may direct his libido to creation of poem, thus indirectly
satisfying drives.
37. Suppression
conscious or semiconscious decision to postpone attention
to a conscious impulse or conflict