Characteristics of different state of matter, difference between conductor and insulator &

1. ASSIGNMENT
On
Characteristics of different state of matter, Difference between conductor and insulator &
Short notes on potential difference and resistance.
Course: BSC in Physiotherapy
Subject: Electrotherapy
SUBMITTED TO:
Md. Akhsaful Imam (cPT)
MPT-Ortho, BPT, CIMT
Consultant & Head of Physiotherapy, EHC
Assistant Professor, Department of Physiotherapy, CIMT
Reg. No: PH120107 (UK), MBPA-0110 (BD), cPT-71
SUBMITTED BY:
Md. Rokanuzzaman
BSC in physiotherapy
Roll No: 11
Submission Date: 05.07.2020

2. Characteristics of different state of matter, Difference between conductor and insulator &
Short notes on potential difference and resistance.
Matter: Matter is the term for any type of material. Matter is anything that has mass and takes up
space.
There are 4 types of matters… Solid, Liquid, Gas & Plasma
Characteristics of different state of matter:
Solid: A solid is a sample of matter that retains its shape and density when not confined
Characteristics:
 Intermolecular forces
 Particles vibrate in place
 Low kinetic energy (KE)
 Definite shape
 Definite volume
 Incompressible
 High density (as compared to same substance as a liquid or gas)
 Low rate of diffusion (millions of times slower than in liquids)
 May be crystalline or amorphous
Liquid: A liquid is a sample of matter that conforms to the shape of a container in which it is held,
and which acquires a defined surface in the presence of gravity
Characteristics:
 Moderately strong intermolecular forces
 Fluid - particles slip/slide past each other
 Moderate KE - enough to “stretch” the intermolecular forces
 Indefinite shape
 Definite volume
 Incompressible
 Only slightly less dense (about 10%) than solids
 Able to diffuse
 Exhibit surface tension
 Exhibit capillary action
 Exhibit viscosity
Gase: A substance or matter in a state in which it will expand freely to fill the whole of a
container, having no fixed shape and no fixed volume.
Characteristics:
 Weak intermolecular forces
 Fluid - particles move easily
 High KE - enough to break all intermolecular forces
 Indefinite shape
 Indefinite volume
 Easily compressed
 Low density
 Able to diffuse
 Exert pressure on any surface with which they collide
Plasma: Plasma is a form of matter in which many of the electrons wander around freely among
the nuclei of the atoms.
Characteristics:
 Gas-like
 Ionized particles

3. Conductor: An electrical conductor is a substance in which electrical charge carriers, usually
electrons, move easily from atom to atom with the application of voltage. Conductivity, in general,
is the capacity to transmit something, such as electricity or heat.
Example: Copper, Aluminum, Steels, Iron
Insulator: A material or an object that does not easily allow heat, electricity, light, or sound to
pass through it. Air, cloth and rubber are good electrical insulators; feathers and wool make good
thermal insulators. Compare conductor.
Example: Air, Glass, Plastic, Dry Wood, Rubber
Difference between conductor and insulator:
Basis For
Comparison
Conductor Insulator
Definition Material which permits the electric
current or heat to pass through it.
Restrict the electric current or
heat to pass through it.
Electric Field Exist on the surface but remain zero
inside the conductor.
Do not exist on insulator.
Magnetic Field Store energy Do not store energy
Potential Remain same at all the point on
conductor.
Remain zero.
Thermal Conductivity High Low
Covalent bond Weak Strong
Conductivity Very high Low
Resistance Low High
Electrons Freely move Do not move freely
Resistivity Vary from high to low High
Temperature
coefficient
Positive temperature coefficient of
resistance
Negative temperature coefficient
of resistance
Conduction band Full of electrons Remain empty
Valence Band Remains Empty Full of electrons
Forbidden gap No forbidden gap Large forbidden gap
Examples Irons, aluminum, silver, copper, etc. Rubber, wood, Paper, etc.
Application
For making electrical wires and
conductor
As a insulation in electrical cables
or conductor, for supporting
electrical equipment etc.

4. Potential Difference:
Potential difference is the difference in the amount of energy that charge carriers have between
two points in a circuit.
Measured in Volts:Potential difference is measured in volts and is also called voltage. The
energy is transferred to the electrical components in a circuit when the charge carriers pass
through them. We use a voltmeter to measure potential difference (or voltage).
Potential Difference formula: V = I x R
The potential difference (which is the same as voltage) is equal to the amount of current
multiplied by the resistance. A potential difference of one Volt is equal to one Joule of energy
being used by one Coulomb of charge when it flows between two points in a circuit.
Resistance:
Resistance is a measure of the opposition to current flow in an electrical circuit.
Measured in ohms: Resistance is measured in ohms, symbolized by the Greek letter omega (Ω).
Ohms are named after Georg Simon Ohm (1784-1854), a German physicist who studied the
relationship between voltage, current and resistance.
Resistance formula: R= V/I
The higher the resistance, the lower the current flow. If abnormally high, one possible cause could
be damaged conductors due to burning or corrosion. All conductors give off some degree of heat,
so overheating is an issue often associated with resistance.
The lower the resistance, the higher the current flow. Possible causes: insulators damaged by
moisture or overheating.
Resistance may sound negative, but in electricity it can be used beneficially