PACKAGING ABLUM ON OIL SEEDS, NUTS AND RTC PRODUCTS - DEFINE: - PACKAGING - NEED OF PACKAGING - TYPES OF PACKAGING - Packaging Material use for Oil - Packaging Material use for RTC Food - Packaging Material use for RTE Foods

1. PACKAGING ABLUM
On
OIL SEEDS, NUTS AND RTC PRODUCTS
SUBMITTED BY
Mr. Rohan Shah (Reg. No- MITU20MTFT0008)
Mr. Rushikesh Shembekar (Reg. No- MITU20MTFT0010)
SUBMITTED TO
Prof. (Dr) Yogita V. Chavan
(Department of Food Product and Process Development)
MIT ART, DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGY, UNIVERSITY, PUNE
MIT SCHOOL OF FOOD TECHNOLOGY, PUNE
(2020-21)

2. DEFINE: - PACKAGING
“Packaging is the science, art, and technology of enclosing or protecting products for
distribution, storage, sale, and use.”
 Packaging also refers to the process of design, evaluation, and production of packages.
 Packaging is an important part of the food manufacturing process. It protects the food products
from physical, chemical, biological damages.
 Without packaging, materials handling would be a messy, inefficient and costly exercise and
modern consumer marketing would be virtually impossible.
NEED OF PACKAGING
 Containment- Protecting the environment from the myriad of products that are moved from
one place to another.
 Protection- To protect its contents from outside environmental influences such as water, water
vapour, gases, odours, microorganisms, dust, shocks, vibrations and compressive forces.
 Convenience- Products designed to increase convenience include foods that are prepared and
can be cooked or reheated in a very short time, preferably without removing them from their
primary package.
 Communication- Packaging contains a lot of information such name of its manufacturer,
product name, terms and uses, date of manufacturing, best before. nutritional information thus
helping the consumer to be more informed.
TYPES OF PACKAGING
 Primary Packaging- Primary package are those package which directly came into contact with
food products. It provides first or initial layer of protection to the food products. Examples of
primary packaging includes
Ex. Metal cans, tea bag, paperboard cartons, glass bottles and plastic pouches.
 Secondary Package- Secondary package are those package which surrounds or contains the
primary package.
Ex. Corrugated case, Boxes
 Tertiary Package- It contains number of secondary package together. Mainly used for bulk
handling of food products.

3. Module: - 1- Packaging Material use for Oil
(Rohan Shah)
Packaging of oil is mainly done to protect the oil from the outside environment
especially after the completion of the process so that oil can retain flavour, aroma, and freshness
for a longer period. Oils should be stored in a cool place away from direct sunlight and heat to
prevent chemical changes that can lead to rancidity.

4. 1) Metal Cans-
 Metals containers act as perfect barrier moisture and oxygen, the effects of harmful UV
radiation and offer a shelf life of one year.
 Tin-free steel cans coated with epoxy phenolic lacquer are found to offer the required shelf
life to oil and vanaspati.
 Now plastic is widely replacing expensive metal containers due to light, low cost, optimum
barrier properties, strength and availability in different size and shapes
 The good physical protection and recyclability of metal are widely preferred in many food
applications.
 Aluminum and steel are 2 metals predominately used in packaging.
 Aluminum is commonly used in making cans, foil, and laminated paper.
 The high mechanical strength and low weight of steel make it relatively easy to store and ship
food.
 Steel can be recycled many times without quality loss and its cost is significantly lower than
aluminum hence it’s highly used in packaging systems.
 Mainly aluminum is used as packaging material in the form of cans.
 Also, tin plates are now a day used as metal packaging material.
 Metal cans, made from steel or aluminum, are widely used by the food industry to pack a
wide range of foods.

5. 2) LDPE-
 Low-density polyethylene is heat sealable, inert, odor-free and shrinks when heated.
 It acts as a barrier to moisture and has high gas permeability.
 It is less expensive, therefore widely used.
 It has the ability of fusion welded to itself to give good, tough, liquid-tight seals.
 LDPE (low-density polyethylene) is a soft, flexible, lightweight plastic material.
 LDPE is noted for its low-temperature flexibility, toughness, and corrosion resistance.
 It is not suited for applications where stiffness, high-temperature resistance and structural
strength are required.
 It is often used for orthotics and prosthetics.
 LDPE has good chemical and impact resistance and is easy to fabricate and form.

6. 3) PET- (Polyethylene Terephthalate)
 PET is highly flexible, colorless and semi-crystalline resin in its natural state. Depending
upon how it is processed, it can be semi-rigid to rigid. It shows good dimensional stability,
resistance to impact, moisture, alcohols and solvents.
 It is very strong and lightweight & hence easy and efficient to transport.
 It is known for its good gas (oxygen, carbon dioxide) and moisture barrier properties.
 It exhibits excellent electrical insulating properties.
 PET has a broad range of use temperature, from -60 to 130°C
 PET can be made into a film by blowing or casting.
 The melting point of PET is higher than PP which is around 260°C and due to the
manufacturing conditions does not shrink below 180°C.
 PET is ideal for high-temperature applications.
 It also acts as a good barrier to oxygen and water vapor.
 PET doesn’t break or fracture. It is practically shatter-resistant and hence, a suitable glass
replacement in some applications.
 Excellent resistance to alcohols, aliphatic hydrocarbons, oils, greases and diluted acids.
 Moderate resistance to diluted alkalis, aromatic & halogenated hydrocarbons.

7. 4) Glass-
 Glass is extensively preferred as a packaging material due to its properties like recycling reuse
and neutral reacting nature.
 Now a day glass container has been also used for packaging the oil.
 Glass is another common packaging material that dates back to 3000 BC and is used mostly
for packaging processed foods especially where moisture and oxygen barrier is of great
importance.
 Glass is often the suitable packaging capable of withstanding carbon dioxide pressure.
Moreover, the odorless and static chemical property of glass that ensures unimpaired taste
and flavor of the contents makes it advantageous for food packaging.
 The reusability and recyclability of glass-based packaging material contribute to less negative
impacts on the environment; the heavy-weight of glass adds to the transportation costs of food
products.
 It has the following advantages:-
 Act as a strong barrier to moisture, gases, odors and micro-organisms.
 Do not react with food products.
 Suitable for heat processing when hermetically sealed.
 Glass is re-useable and recyclable.
 They are transparent to display the contents
 They are rigid, to allow stacking without container damage.

8. 5) Flexible Pouches:-
 Flexible packaging is a means of packaging products through the use of non-rigid materials,
which allow for more economical and customizable options.
 This packaging method uses a variety of flexible materials, including foil, plastic, and paper,
to create pouches, bags, and other pliable product containers.
 The high packaging cost of rigid/semi-rigid packs and lack of assurance on quality and
quantity in buying loose oil has led to the introduction of flexible pouches as retail packs.
 Flexible packaging materials have the following advantages:-
 Optimum balance between cost and benefits.
 Lower storage and handling costs.
 Amenable to high-speed Form Fill Seal (FFS) machines

9. LDPE- (Low Desity Polyethylene)

10. PET- (Polyethylene Terephthalate)

12. Metal Cans

13. LDPE- (Low Desity Polyethylene)

14. PET- (Polyethylene Terephthalate)

15. Metal Cans

17. Module:- 2- Packaging Material use for RTC Food
(Rushikesh Shembekar)
RTC FOODS:
The food which is available in the pre processed form and which is consumable after
the cooking process is known as RTC foods. There are various packaging material which is
used for packaging of RTC foods:-
1) Retort Pouches: -
Retort Pouch is the flexible laminated food package having light weight. It maintains the shelf-
life, texture and nutritive value of the food.

18. Characteristics of Retort Pouch
Retort pouches posses toughness and puncture resistance normally required for any
flexible packaging. It can also withstand the rigours of handling and distribution. The material
is heat sealable and has good barrier properties.
Construction of Retort Pouch
A retort pouch is constructed from a flexible metal-plastic laminate that is able to
withstand the thermal processing used for sterilization. The food is first prepared, either raw or
cooked, and then sealed into the retort pouch. The pouch is then heated to 240-250 °F (116-
121 °C) for several minutes under high pressure inside a retort or autoclave machine. The food
inside is cooked in a similar way to pressure cooking. This process reliably kills all commonly
occurring microorganisms (particularly Clostridium botulinum), preventing it from spoiling.
The packaging process is very similar to canning, except that the package itself is flexible. The
lamination structure does not allow permeation of gases from outside into the pouch. The retort
pouch construction varies from one application to another, as a liquid product needs different
barrier properties than a dry product, and similarly an acidic product needs different chemical
resistance than a basic product.
Material used for making Retort Pouches
 Polyester – provides a gloss and rigid layer, may be printed inside
 Nylon (bi-oriented polyamide) – provides puncture resistance
 Aluminum (Al) – provides a very thin but effective gas barrier
 Food-grade cast polypropylene (CPP) – used as the sealing layer
 Polyethylene (PE) – can be used instead of PP as a sealing and bonding layer
This multi-layer structure prevents the retort pouch from being recycled into other retort
pouches or food packaging. However, the material can be recycled into an aluminized resin or
up-cycled into textile materials. The weight of a pouch is less than regular cans or bottles, and
the energy required to produce each pouch is less than competing packaging from metals,
paper, and glass.
Properties of Retort Pouches
 The pouches posses the low gas permeability (O2) and also, posse’s low moisture permeability.
 It can be get sterilized easily by using heat treatment.
 Resistant to penetration by fats, oils and other food components.
 It also posses the heat stable property during transportation and storage condition.

19. Advantages of Retort Pouches
Here are the 7 major advantages of retort pouch packaging:-
 Maintain the color, aroma, taste, and shape of the food
 Because of thin cross sectional profile the heat transfer which is done rapidly.It will be save 30
to 40% of the processing time.
 No overheating of the product takes place near the walls
 Shelf life is equal or more than that of the metal cans.
 The empty pouches require only very little storage space compared to metal cans.
 Pouches are easy to open
Disadvantages of Retort Pouches
 Pouches and pouch seals are more vulnerable to damage than cans and hence require individual
overlap.
 With an overlap the cost of the pouch may become higher than that of the metal can.
 Slow rate of production in place of handling 300-400 cans per minute the pouch line can handle
only 30 pouches per minute.
 Needs special retorts for thermal processing.

20. 2) Metal Cans:-
Cans are the most commonly used metal packaging and are made from steel or
aluminum. Steel-containing cans are made from electrolytic tinplate or electrolytic
chromium/chromium oxide-coated steel, also known as tin-free steel.
Characteristics of Metal Cans
 Mainly aluminum is used as packaging material in the form of cans.
 Tin plates are now a day used as metal packaging material.
 Tin plate is solid, heavy steel covered with tin to protect it against rust. It is used to package
canned foods. It can be recycled and again can be used as an outer packing material.4. The
earliest metals used by man were those found in native state, which were soft and easily
workable. These include copper, silver and gold.

21. Types of Metal Cans
There are two basic types of metal cans:-
1) Double seamed cans
Those that are sealed using a ‘double seam’ and are used to make canned RTC foods:
Double-seamed cans are made from tinplated steel or aluminum and are lined with specific
lacquers for different types of food. Those that have push-on lids or screw-caps that are used
to pack dried foods (e.g. milk or coffee powder, dried yeast) or cooking oils respectively.
2) Tin plated cans
Tin plate “The term tin plate refers to low-carbon mild steel sheet varying in thickness from
0.15 mm to 0.5 mm with a coating of tin between 2.8 g/m2 and 7 g/m (0.4mm to 2.5mm thick)
on each surface of material”. The chemical composition of the base steel determines the
corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of tin plate. For the packaging of acidic
aggressive foods high purity type-2 steel is used.
Properties of Metal Cans
 The cans intended to contain food must have the strength and robustness to allow handling,
filling and processing, storage and distribution without damage.
 The most delicate moment of a container is during the sterilization process to which it is
subjected once filled and closed.
 The cans intended to contain food must have the strength and robustness to allow handling,
filling and processing, storage and distribution without damage.
 The most delicate moment of a container is during the sterilization process to which it is
subjected once filled and closed.
Advantages of Metal Cans
1) Increased Shelf Life
 Compared to other options such as steel and aluminum, tin simply offers an increased shelf
life.
 It is due to the tin material which does not react to the food material.
 While on the other hand, steel and aluminum can easily corrode the food depending on its
acidity and even destroying it.
 This is the reason why containers do not use anything besides tin since other materials cannot
be used for the storage of pharmaceuticals, drinks and soups.
 Tin can package ensures that the food is stored for long and retains its goodness.

22. 2) Easy to Handle (Lightweight)
 It is easy to handle tin cans they are lightweight.
 Weight is a critical issue when it comes to transporting packaged products over a long distance.
 Most service providers charge a transport fee that is based on the weight of the goods being
shipped.
 To reduce the cost of production would consider cutting transportation costs which could only
be done if a lightweight alternative was available.
 Tin cans are a great substitute and help reduce transportation costs.
3) Strong and Rigid
 When it comes to tin cans, they offer great flexibility for packaging due to their strength and
rigid features.
 Even when subject to high impact, these types of cans will maintain their original shape.
 It’s reduce expenses related to stock returns, then tin can package is the way to go.
 They allow for different forms of transport methods to be used ad ensure that the can remains
in good condition until it reaches the end consumer.
4) Flexible Packaging
 One of the best things about tin can packaging is the fact that it allows for extremely flexible
packaging.
 Due to its various properties, the tin material provides high strength and rigidity which offers
high flexibility for packaging.
 Easily rearrange these cans whichever way you want in order to transport them through various
means of transport while retaining their condition.
 Other types of cans are more likely to easily get deformed.
Disadvantage of Metal Cans
1) Packaging of Acidic Products
 The main disadvantage of tin can package is that it cannot be used for packaging extremely
acidic products just like any other metallic can.
 It is due to the fact that tin is corrosive and the packaging of the acidic products would
certainly cause a reaction which would destroy both the can and the product.
 Therefore, tin cans are not suitable for acidic products.

23. RTC Products which get packed into the the Retort Pouches
1) RTC Mix Vegetable
 Product name:- Dal Makhani Mix
 Company brand name:- Suhana
 Properties of Packaging Material:-
 The packaging material of this mix vegetable which is specifically designed for
moisture and pressure barrier and also it does not incorporate into the food material.
 Specifically this product is in the semi dried form so it can be spoiled by the presence
of oxygen.
 Therefore for the protection and preservation of the food this type of material is widely
used.

24. 2) RTC meal
 Product Name:- Khichadi mix
 Product Brand Name:- Fortune
3) RTC Snack Food

25.  Product Name:- Kanda Poha
 Product brand name:- 24 Mantra Organic
 Product Name:- Harvest Pumpkin Soup
 Product Brand:- Name: Heinz

26. RTC Products which get Packed into the the Metal Cans
1) Vegetable Mixes
 Product Name:- Soya Chaap,Makhani chaap
 Product Brand Name:- Vegan Hut
 Properties of the Packaging Material:-
 It is lightest of the commonly used metals. Density is 2700 kg/m3.
 Melting point is 660°C.
 High electrical and thermal conductivity.
 Soft, ductile and low tensile strength – i.e 93 MPa
 Steel and aluminium packaging offer 100% barrier protection against light, water and air,
and metal cans without resealable closures are among the most tamper-evident of all
packaging materials.
 Steel cans preserve and protect the product from damage by light, oxidation, extremes of
temperature and contamination, safeguarding flavour, appearance and quality from factory
to final consumer.
 Food and drink packed in steel cans has equivalent vitamin content to freshly prepared,
without needing preserving agents.

27.  Steel cans also extend the product’s shelf-life, allowing longer sell-by and use-by dates and
reducing waste.
 Product Name:- Canned Jackfruit vegetable
 Product Brand Name:- Desai’s Vijay

28. Module No-3:- Packaging Material use for RTE Foods
(Rushikesh Shembekar)
RTE Food-
A “Ready-To-Eat” food product may be defined as any food product which does not
require any elaborate processing procedures on the part of consumer before it is good enough
for consumption. It is ready-to-eat as soon as the pack is opened in a form, which is tasty and
appetizing.
Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)
Characteristic of the PET
Polyethylene terephthalate (sometimes written poly(ethylene terephthalate), commonly
abbreviated PET, PETE, or the obsolete PETP or PET-P, is the most common thermoplastic
polymer resin of the polyester family and is used in fibres for clothing, containers for liquids

29. and foods, and thermoforming for manufacturing, and in combination with glass fibre for
engineering resins.
Properties of PET
 Crystal clear polymer – It is a crystal clear polymer with good purity and healthy. You must
have seen the sparkling PET bottles with brilliant glass-clear presentation attract us.
 Purity – The products of PET taste good and comply with international food contact
regulations.
 Safe – The objects made from PET like bottles are tough and virtually unbreakable therefore
can be easily used for storage and transportation. This polymer has a high impact and tensile
strength that makes it ideal for carbonated products.
 Good barrier – PET products have low permeability to oxygen, carbon dioxide and water,
therefore, it maintains the integrity of products with good shelf life.
 Lightweight – The lightweight of PET products reduce the shipping costs compared to glass
products.
 No Leakage and damage – Due to the absence of weld line in the base, PET bottles are free
from leakage and damage.
 Recyclable – PET polymer is recyclable and can be reshaped in different shapes.
 Good resistance power – PET products have good resistance against different chemicals such
as acids, bases, etc.
Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Uses
 A list of uses of polyethylene terephthalate is given below:-
 For the manufacturing of shopping bags, water bottles, videotapes
 For manufacturing of, containers and bags
 For the manufacturing of clothes and housing material
 For manufacturing of water bottles
 For manufacturing of microwaves containers
 For manufacturing of carpets
 For the manufacturing of packaging films

30. Advantages of PET
 It has higher strength and stiffness than PBT
 It is very strong and lightweight & hence easy and efficient to transport
 It is known for its good gas (oxygen, carbon dioxide) and moisture barrier properties
 It exhibits excellent electrical insulating properties
 PET has broad range of use temperature, from -60 to 130°C
 As compared to PBT, it also has higher heat distortion temperature (HDT)
 It has low gas permeability, in particularly with carbon dioxide
 PET is suitable for transparent applications, when quenching during processing
 PET doesn’t not break or fracture.
 It is practically shatter-resistant and hence, a suitable glass-replacement in some applications
 It is recyclable and transparent to microwave radiation
Disadvantage of PET
 The polymer, like many other plastics, takes a long time to break down, and as such can end
up in landfill sites for decades, which we are running out of space for.
 Another way to dispose of polyethylene is incineration, which can result in harmful gas
emissions.

31. RTE Products which get packed into the PET Container
1) Meal Food
 Product Name:- Veg Biryani
 Product Brand Name:- Quic Food
2) Snack Food

32.  Product Name:- Fried Samosa
 Product Brand Name:- Ghasitram
Properties of PET
 Polyethylene terephthalate polyester (PETP) is a hard, stiff, strong, dimensionally stable
material that absorbs very little water.
 It has good gas barrier properties and good chemical resistance except to alkalis (which
hydrolyse it).
 Its crystallinity varies from amorphous to fairly high crystalline. Polyethylene
terephthalate polyester (PETP) can be highly transparent and colourless but thicker
sections are usually opaque and off-white.