2. M.I.G.R.A.I.N – Meaning:
• Having the correct feature and elements when producing a piece of media is important as it will tell the
audience what the meaning is and make them understand by using these elements and features.
one theorist that is associated with genre and how the similar elements in genre would make the audience
understand where to categorizes this media piece is rick Altman, his theory states that;
Semantics and syntactic are used in media so the audience will easily tell which genre does this type of media
belong to so they can easily decipher the purpose and meaning of this type of media.
The two terms will always be associated with genre but the difference between these two terms (semantics-
syntactic) is how they deliver the message (genre) to the audience and they define as semantics: are the physical
indication in the media that would instantly give the audience the idea of what type of genre it is so that when the
audience sees it they would instantly realize what type of genre this movie/show belong to.
Syntactic: are the non-physical things that are seen in movies/shows that will give the idea/indication of the type
of genre the type of media being shown is. An example of this is plotline meaning what the story the plot of the
movie/show portrays so you can see the type of genre it is more Examples of this is the music and the atmosphere
the movie/show would give it.
3.
4. Stuart hall suggests that there is a relationship between the encoder and decoder in which the encoder
(example director) adds either visible or hidden messages using set/props/costume/cast/camera
angle/lights/staging/color and then the decoder (audience) need to decipher those messages by pulling apart
the meaning behind the usage of set/props /etc .
There are three types of positions the audience are in when they decode
Preferred Reading: it is when the message is clear as in the producer directed the scene to make the point visible
across it so the audience would be able to read and understand it visibly with no confusion.
Oppositional Reading: are particular viewers who understand the message clearly that the director is trying to
illustrate but these particular viewers will view it as what the director intended but they will also sometimes think
a bit too much into a scenario which was mainly not intended by the directors but the audience will view it that
way nonetheless.
Negotiated Reading: Are viewers who usually look at the topic that they are viewing in a way that is not what the
creator intended it to be. they would understand the point of the media itself but they would have different
perspective of their own that they might be seeing it from a different perspective that they usually see it as racist
or sexist.
5. • Nevia is a german skincare brand. they
created this advert which caused plenty
of controversial arguments because of
the poor choice of words written
• A preferred reader will look at it and
understand that Nevia was saying that
they won't be any sweat stains and the
colour of your top will stay the same if it's
white it will stay like that which also
represents cleanness.
• An negotiated reader will view it the
same way a preferred ready would view it
but they will also be suspicious and think
about the bad use of words.
• A oppositional reader will see this and
view it as plain racist and shows white
supremacy as the ad says white is purity
making it sound bad because some
people will interpret it about the skin
colour and no clothes making it sound as
if if you are not white you are stained and
impure.
6. symbols are used so that the audience can look at the image and understand the meaning behind it without
having to explain it as the audience will usually link/attach it to an emotion, feeling or meaning one of the
ways symbols can be used it by colour.
colour is used everywhere in media and it can effect and change your mood accordingly to the situation that you
are viewing and it will also enhance the emotion for example if you feel agitated and mad and you look up at the
sky which will most likely be light blue you are most likely to calm down and feel more at peace and all of this
would be caused mainly by the colour which is what people try and recreate in the media so in a way try and play
with your emotions to their liking so you will be emotionally invested in it therefore it will gain their liking and the
media item will gain more popularity
• These movie posters have a clear
similarity which is the colour
purple which will get associated
with magic which is helpful as the
genre for these movies are
fantasy, therefore, having purple
makes it helpful to attract
audiences as purple is a very
vibrant and pigmented colour
that will always be noticeable.
• These are a combination of romance movies and
as you can see they are all related and similar in a
way, the colours in all the posters are very subtle
and calming which makes the audience look at it
and want to watch it as its calming. the most
common colours in it are white, blue, yellow and
green which is perfect as all these colors get
associated with joy, warmth, purity, hope, peace,
affection and safety. having these associations
are perfect as it attracts audiences at first glance
when they are looking to watch movies in
particular genres.
• These are a combination of horror
movies and as you can see they all
have to have either the colour red or
the colour black in them as the colour
will automatically be associated with
danger and evil which is what is
required since its a horror movie so
the message that is sent needs to give
out a sinister nature.
7. • Another theorist that talks about this is Ferdinand de Saussure, he was born in November 26, 1857, Geneva,
Switzerland. He developed the theory of semiotics
• Semiotics is the study of the relationship between the audience and the person sending/producing the
message. the person producing the message will always keep in mind that there is a message that's being
given out to the audience and that the audience depending on who they are will decipher each message on
their own and will relate it to an emotion or feeling there are two elements in semiotics the first being
denotation which means saying exactly what you see alone and not thinking too much about it behind it. the
other element in semiotics is the denotations which mean the meaning behind the image you are viewing so
in a way you will be reading into it and linking it back to emotions and feeling to create the meaning you
would always interpret.
• The denotation of this
image will directly call
it a simple rose whereas
the connotation behind
it will associate it with
beauty, passion, and
love.
• The denotation
behind this is that its
a simple brown dog
and the connotation
behind this would be
loyalty, love, safety,
trust, and relaxation.
• The denotation behind this is that its a stop sign which
means you should stop the connotation behind this is
danger alertness awareness nervous and observance.
• These images all show that the audience will always link the
two together as they are both needed at the same time to
prove meaning and understanding without having to fully
describe it to the audience as sometimes they are there to
give hints and clues about the backstory behind what the
person is viewing their brain will automatically link these
feeling/emotions to what they are viewing and it will do that
to anything that they see as the brain will be adapted for
this function as we have been doing since birth and we do
this so we can get the full picture and understand it easily.
8. There are codes in media pieces that conveys to the audience the message that is being delivered without
needing to make it extremely obvious and they convey the message to the audience and this is done by using
these 4 methods;
mise-en scene: this term refers to aesthetics, body language, settings and clothing. for example there are clues
that hint at the mood/ vibe of the current situation such as a wedding dress which would indicate to a wedding
and a happy moment.
Sound: this term can convey the message as it can include tone, pitch, volume and many more of someone that
will indicate to the emotions and messages so that the audience can understand better.
Editing: when scenes are edited well emotions, themes, tensions and mystery will be gathered in the correct shot
it will effect the overall message/mood of the scene.
Camera: different camera angles will have different effects on the viewer and how they perceive the scene that is
being shot. The angle of the shot can dramatically effect how we see a character. The angle of the camera shot is
very important for shaping the meaning of the scene.
High Angle Shot This creates a feeling of the
characters being small and helpless
which makes them appear
vulnerable.
Knee Level Shot This can create a feeling of
dread as you don’t know
who it is.
Extreme Long Shot (ELS)
or Extreme Wide Shot
(EWS)
This is used to show a large
scenery.
9. 180-degree rule
Defined as when two characters in a scene will
maintain the same space between them throughout the
whole scene and will be positioned one on the left the
other on the right the cameras will usually follow an
invisible axis to get the viewpoints of both actors. the
line next to the camera represents the line that can't be
crossed. this is important as it allows the audience to
connect with the characters even as they are viewing
what is happening in their viewpoint. when the line is
crossed it will usually have a disorienting effect on the
audience. usually, when someone breaks this rule its
usually done intentionally otherwise it will disturb the
audience.
Match on the action
An editing technique and it is when the editor
has different shots/angles of the same scene and
he/she will put them together in order to make
continuous editing having this usually creates a
visual bridge towards the audience which draws
their attention further. it also takes away from
any issues of slight cutting or continuous issues.
this is usually used to portray actions.
Shot reverse shots
a film technique where one character is shown
looking at another character, and then the other
character is shown looking back at the first
character. Since the characters are shown facing in
opposite directions, the viewer assumes that they
are looking at each other. this is usually used in
conversations or when the characters are supposed
to be looking at each other contact or looking at an
object. the effect of them looking at each other is
often done by making the characters look over the
shoulder of the other character. this gives the
audience the image from their perspective.
Eye Level Shot This is used when you want to have
a neutral perspective meaning the
person is equal to you
Low Angle Shot This is used to show superiority as
you would be looking up which
shows how you are smaller than the
character which emphasizes the
10. Mise-en scene
• As you can see here this is the opening from the movie that was released in 2017. at the start of
the scene, we see a boy running out of the house with a yellow raincoat on. Yellow would usually
symbolize happiness which would give the audience the idea that this is a happy kid as kids are
usually represented to be happy and not have a car in the world so he is going to be wearing a
yellow raincoat while running out to play even when there is a storm, the yellow raincoat also
shows the contrast of his outfit and storm as storms are usually there to foreshadow events and
give an eerie feel as the audience will see the storm which will give them a foreboding sensation.
the denotation in this is that it's a stormy day whereas the connotation in this is that something
bad is going to happen and it will also symbolize danger. the shot in this is a high angle used to
make him appear smaller and vulnerable emphasizing him being youthful and young.
• In this scene, we hear a live diegetic voice of the boy laughing as he chases after the paper boat
which would give the audience the sense of happiness as they are listening to a boy laugh as he
plays around but it doesn't like the opposite of that is playing in a non-diegetic recording of
creepy music in the background which is also contrasting to how the pay is laughing without a
care while danger lurks nearby. this also shows the stereotype of kids and how they are careless
and free with no sense of danger.
• In this part we see the boy smacking his head in a that is meant to stop people from going any
further as it's dangerous but we say the bay getting back up and continuing to chase after the
paper boat that connotes to the audience how he is a child and chasing after his paper boat as it
floats away from him. the shot used in this is . the sound in this is the live diegetic sound of the
rain falling making the audience weary as its dangerous for the child especially with him having
no supervision.
• In this scene, the shot is we see Gorgie looking into the darkness symbolizing his innocence as he
does not know the dangers lurking there. we also see the contrast between the yellow that refers
to happiness/joy and to the black that symbolizes evil/death. the shots used in this is . and the
sound used in this is the diegetic sound of the rain and the water going down the drain
symbolizing how billy will also go down the drain as he is extremely close to it.
• In this scene, we hear the live diegetic sound of both of them laughing which releases the tension
of the audience as it looks innocent and safe with both of them laughing, but that quickly changes
when the clown abruptly stops laughing and gets a crazed hungry look in his facial expression,
causing Georgie to get fearful and worried as you can see from his facial expression this then
causes the tension and anxiety to increase as they are questioning why the clown has that look on
his face. this shot in this. we see the clown in shadows and darkness hidden which symbolizes his
dark intent and how he is dangerous which would make him hide as he knows he is dangerous
and needs everything in secret.
11. • this research is relevant to e and my group when creating our own trailer, we will
use rick Altman's theory so we can add the semantics and syntactic that will be
relevant to our genre which will be horror and dram so some examples of
semantics that we might add is blood, death and creepy nightmares. Some
examples of syntactic that we might add is isolated areas, stormy weather and
jump scares.
• We would also use Stuart halls theory so the encoder (us) can add relevant themes
to our trailer so the decoders can understand that this is a horror.
• We would also use symbols in our poster, trailer and website so we can sent the
correct message to the audience that this is a horror and drama, this makes this
piece of research relevant as it will put us in the correct path as it shows what
colours are associated with what.
• Ferdinand de Saussure’s theory is also useful as it will help us see what would the
connotations and denotations would be when using a certain prop this makes his
theory and our understanding of it relevant to us.
• We need to know how we are going to show the mise en scene well so we can send
the correct message to the audience as to what they should expect from our trailer.
• Having done research on sound and editing is also appropriate as it will help us
know the types of sounds that can be used to influence the audience and send
them the correct messages.
• Having done research and saw examples of camera angles is also relevant as it will
tell us which camera would be the most appropriate at what time and why we had
used this type of angle rather than another type.
12. M.I.G.R.A.I.N – Institutions:
• Being a powerful and famous institution is very important and will make it easier for you in every process
such as production and distribution this is because you are huge widely known production company that
people will listen to because it dominates the market an example of this is Disney, Disney is a widely known
production brand that is monopolizing the market for its advantage. Disney is also a conglomerate as it keeps
buying competitors which reduces competition and makes their powers grow. When Disney wants to
promote a product it uses a 360 degree statues so that they can promote across all the sector that they own
which will create more awareness of the product and more sales
• The marketing process will be simple for a huge conglomerate such as Disney because the business will use all
the media sectors that they own to help promote the product and give awareness to it.
• During the distribution process it will also be easier for a huge conglomerate such as Disney because the
people will trust the production label and will buy/view the product without a second thought.
• Being a huge conglomerate also gives you access to the best technology available because you will be able to
afford.
13. • In movies the purpose of a director is to direct the filming and guides the technical crew and cast to fulfill
the vision of how the movie/ show is supposed to be made and how it should look like. Some examples of
movie directors are Steven Spielberg and Christopher Nolan.
• The producer is the person that has the final say on whether or not the movie is fine and is the one able to
make any final touches to the movie. Examples of movie producers are martin scorose.
• A film distributor is responsible for marketing the film and making it available for the audience to view it.
The company will pay the distributor so they they can claim the movie as their own and showcase it
because the more the distributor is well known the more audience it will have, the distributor will be
responsible for setting the release date and the method in which the film will be made in but the producer
will always have the final say as they are the ones with the money. Some examples of movie distributors
are sony pictures and lions gate.
• The relationship between the distributor and producer is that a producer goes to the distributor and pays
the distributor to showcase the movie that is finalized and done so the distributor only showcases it and
sets any dates.
14. M.I.G.R.A.I.N –Genre:
Genre theorists have many different theories and assumptions regarding what exactly their genre is and the
changes in which a genre receives depending on who is it shown to and what year would it be as genre
changes over the years. the theorists that have conducted different theories about the genre are;
Robert Stem: stem's theory states that genre does not truly exist but it is made up by other genre theorists and
critics in order to categorize movies/shows into different genre segments for the viewers appeal.
John Hartly/ David Buckingham : their theory is that movies/shows do not have a fixed genre when it is viewed
but they vary depending on where it is being shown in and who it is shown to and what year it is showing in. this is
because the audience's mindset will always change therefore the way genre is perceived will be altered as well. in
his quote "the same text can belong to different genres in different countries or times" he states that the way genre
will be perceived will always depend on the external factors that are happening at the moment and the way the
audience will be perceiving it as the way they will be looking at genre will always change from one person to
another, this also supports the reception theory as there will be different types of reading to it.
Rick Altman's theory suggests that the audience will always link semantics and syntactic with a type of genre.
David duff: duffs theory about the genre is that it will always be fixed and any external influences will never affect it. he also
believes genre can not belong to more than one genre which in my opinion is false as movies/shows today continuously
show that they are representing more than one genre, as you can see from his statement here "a recurring type or category
of text, as defined by structural and thematic criteria", in this quote he states that every gene has different types of
semantics that demonstrate to the audience what type of genre it and it is not very likely that you will find the same
semantics for two different types of genre.
Steve Neale: his theory states that genre is constantly changing as the generic body of the genre changes (he believes that all
each genre will have the same similar generic codes and conventions which would state which genre they belong to)
There are certain codes and conventions that each movie will have depending on their genre they would often
use similar colours, themes, settings and elements.
15. Steve Neale
• This supports his theory as it is a hybrid
of horror and sci/fi
16. Robert Stem John Hartly/ David Buckingham
• This movie supports John Hartley's is in the past it was seen as
terrifying as the genre was horror and was even banned in
some cinemas as viewers were absolutely horrified, but at the
moment thus movie is seen as a comedy as the concept of
horror has changed over the years and this is seen as funny
because of how dramatic it is.
• the movie Ready or not was released in 2019 with the
genre being thriller/mystery but when you watch the
movie you will see it has more than one type of genre
included in it such as comedy, romance, horror,
thriller and fantasy. this supports Robert Stem's as it
is showing more than one genre.
17. Rick Altman David duff
• n
• this movie supports David Duff's theory as it will
most likely always be in the drama/romance
genre as the common syntactic appear in it such
as loss and other factors that contribute to it.
• Looking at the move poster you can clearly
see that it’s a romance due to its semantics
and syntactic.
18. • This is relevant to us as we use what have been discussed in the
analysis and so we know where our genre of our trailer falls under
for example our trailer is a horror/drama which follows Robert
stems theory of a hybrid genre.
19. M.I.G.R.A.I.N –Representation:
• In the media, they represent characters frequently by their stereotype as the audience will grasp straight away
who is this person because of this stereotype the stereotype is rarely accurate as of its regularly made by a
third person and not the person who is being stereotyped therefore making it inaccurate and a bit biased. A
stereotype can be defined as a set ideology people have over this particular group of people and the ideology is
usually false as you are generalizing many people to fit a prejudiced ideology.
• Colour is also used to represent the atmosphere and show a change in moods.
20. There are different theorists and theories that talk about representation such as;
Alvarado Theory: Alvarado's theory was a racial theory and it states that when they are portrayed in the media
they always portrayed as being humorous, exotic, dangerous and pitied and they will always be stereotyped like
that because of the media.
Laura Mulvey Male Gaze: her theory suggests that women are always being viewed from a male gaze with the
camera filming and you can see that in movies and shows as they will usually be seen wearing tight clothing for
example and they will also always be seen as the weaker gender that always needs saving. They are also seen as
objects of desire.
Roland Barthes: his theory states that when filming certain places and people the producer will add a mythical
portrayal of the place and person meaning that they will show the place/person differently than they would have
appeared in real life.
Richard Dyer: his theory suggests that pop stars are extremely influential on fans and that fans will replicate most
of what they do. He also states that they will always try and seem as real individuals so that the fans can form
stronger attachments to them as they can relate in emotions.
21. Roland Barthes
Portrayed like Actual area
• Whereas an actual pictures shows electricity, cars and that
its modern
• In the movie Hanah, morocco is portrayed as an extremely
third war country that still mainly uses camels for
transportation. It also shows that it’s a desert and un
modernized
22. Laura Mulvey Male Gaze
Men on magazines Women on magazines
• As you can see the women on these magazines most of them
are seen in minimalistic clothing or tight clothing this
supports Laura's theory as these photos are take from the
male gaze as the women on them are sexualized for no
apparent reason and they are also seen as vulnerable. It is
also objectifying them for the mane’s appeal.
• As you can see most of the men on the cover are seen in
suits which makes them appear superior and smarter rather
than weak and helpless they are also always seen standing
up which makes them appear important and powerful.
23. Alverados theory
humorous exotic
• An example of this is how the british actress
Rebel wilson is always portrayed in the media
which is as a funny charter as of most of her films
she as seen as the funny character with almost no
struggle.
• An example of this is in modern family when you can see
a clear difference between two characters that are mums
and you can see how they are dressed differently.
• The American mum is shown to dress modestly and
covered clothing that are loose
• Whereas the Latin mum
is seen to be dressed in tight
revealing clothes.
24. Dangerous Pitied
• As you can see most of the time
Hispanic characters are black
characters will appear as the violent
dangerous ones.
• They are usually minorities
that are portrayed in a pitiful
light.
25. • This is important when making our trailer, poster and website
because we would know which colour will best represent our
genre and tell the audience what our genre is without them
having to look too much in the information about the movie.
• We would also make sure we go against the typical
stereotyping of people and countries as at is most of the time
offensive and untrue especially now as people are more aware
of these false typical stereotypes and they know the truth of
how they actually are.
26. M.I.G.R.A.I.N – Audience:
• Audience are the targeted group that the media is targeting towards what they are selling usually to them.
• Every media product will always a have an audience whether it’s a small audience or a big audience
• Market research is very vital in the making of media products as they will have to make sure its orientated
towards their target audience and it will reach them.
• Sometimes after the product has been released the audience that favor it the most are not the ones that this
product was intended for this is due to the change in costumer taste and the market being a dynamic market.
• The theorist Harold Lass well developed the Hypodermic Needle Theory which means that media messages
are injected directly into passive audience’s minds. This is dangerous as it gives the messages and who's
behind it too much power.
• Paul Lazarsfeld formulated the Two step flow which refers to how media messeges are distributed in this
particular instance it suggests that it is spread by people stating their opinions about it.
27. Hypodermic needle
theory
This theory suggests that information and messages in
the media are wholly believed by the audience without
any doubts, as it is injected into a passive audience's
minds. It all states that we all react to the message given
in the same way. This shows that audiences trust and
believe the media in everything it tells them.
This theory is also applied as a way of manipulating the
audience into believing what they want as some might
say it’s a way of brain washing audience. It manipulates
the audience into having beliefs and ideologies that are
wanted and needed and injected in their brains, to help
with the cause that the message in the media is about.
Cultivation theory This studies the long term effects of media
and how it molds your brain into thinking
certain things like stereotypes which is
due to it being constant ad seeing it
everywhere and repeatedly.
These media representations and actions
will then effect how we are like in reality
and how we view people.
This photo shows a child watching violence
occurring, this relates as the media has shown
violence in high quantity
from birth that now a lot
of people are desensitized
to it and wont react much
to it.
Moral panic This is when a group of individuals
start panicking and doing reckless
actions as they believe something
bad will happen which will cause
them to panic.
This is usually due to the media
War of the worlds: in 1938 in Halloween there
was a Halloween special which was an episode
that was broadcasted as a news bulletin. The
news bulletin, people understood the
broadcast as being attacking from another
planet and started panicking , especially in a
place in new jersy as there was mass hysteria
of people panicking thinking they are being
invaded.
28. Cultivation Theory: this states that exposure to the same ideology of media will eventually change your
opinion and ideology based on what you are seeing.
Uses and Gratifications
Entertainment: we might watch these particular shows/movies so that we can be entertained and amused.
Information: we might watch these shows/movies so that we can be informed about news and discoveries.
Personal identity: when we watch a lot of shows/movies we would start mimic qualities in characters that we like,
it might also reinforce a person’s own identity.
Escapism: this is when you can be someone else for a while for example video games.
Informative: audience will
watch this so they can
understand the tragic historical
even better.
Escapism: its usually a fantasy
as its not real making the
escapism concept easier.
Personal identity: some people
might watch this movie and
relate to it as it’s the struggle
of a student in life.
Entertainment: this is
used mainly so it can
be viewed and
entertained by it.
29. • This is important information when planning how our
trailer is going to be because we will understand our target
audience a lot better and we will know who to target and
how we are going to target them for example our genre is
horror and drama so we know our audience will most likely
watch it for escapism or entertainment, so we will make sure
that these qualities are met as it will boost the amount of
people watching the movie.
30. M.I.G.R.A.I.N – Ideology:
• The term hegemony means having leadership or dominance, especially by one state or social group over
others. This can be very dangerous as not everyone will be create a huge imbalance between people and will
create a giant rift between classes.
• Every media piece will have ideology and it can be very dangerous as they can portray these ideologies in a
good way in cartoons and other media pieces for kids this will then make the children believe that this is a
good idea therefore manipulating them.
31. Capitalism
• Capitalism began in the 17th century and it is an economic system in which private corporation
care more about the capital gain than anything else, it is also a political system that the
government enforces on the people.
• You can see capitalism in the media a lot as that’s a way of promoting it and making it popular,
its also a way to make the audience have a fixed mindset about meaning that they follow it
without any question asked. Most media will portray capitalism in a good light as they will gain
from it especially if they are a mainstream big conglomerates
• Some movie example of this are
• The hunger games shows capitalism in a negative light, we see the rich being power and money
hungry in it and we also see how it’s only the poor who are forced to go, they go so they can
fight against others just for the amusement of the rich. You can see that they are not treated as
a humans.
32. Liberalism
• Liberalism is a philosophy that demands everyone to be treated equally. Some ways for that are freedom of
speech, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, free markets, civil rights, democratic societies, gender
equality
• This movement began in 1790s in England by John Locke but there are traces of liberalism that can be seen in
china and Greece. Liberalism became exceeding popular and widely spread after the French revolution. john
Locke's had 3 main laws which were life, liberty, and property. His theory was that these laws need to be met
so we can be free, the government is obligated to serve and provide for the people so they can achieve this, as
its their responsibility.
• Liberalism has been growing and becoming more liked recently as more issues were discovered about the
world we live in due to it being spread through the use of social media and on the news meaning it reaches
everyone especially on social media as this generation dominate social media mainly as
they are more on it, they will spread these ideologies and spread awareness of it.
Recently more and more people tried to adapt the liberal ideas but it is made difficult as
they are not in control.
• We can see a lot of liberal ideas and its mindset in a 2020 movie called the Hunt in
which liberal ideas are shown and seen it also makes you question your own political
stance.
33. Marxism
• Marxism was created by Karl Marx and friedrich Engels, it was created in 1848, in which they
writing the communist manifesto that was released in 1848, it was a 12000 word pamphlet that
was released in February 1848. Engels and Marx both had the belief that the basis of all conflict
was due to the struggle between classes, they believed that the wealthy class (bourgeoisie) were
the ones who owned the means of production whereas the poor class (proletariat) were known
as the social class that have no significant ownership over any means of production and their
only job is to do labor work so they are able to have a salary.
• Marxism is a political and economic way of organizing society where the workers owns the
means of production this is similar to communism. This is also a way of controlling the people
as the upper classmen will be the ones in control. Marx proposed this idea and believes that this
is the next step in progressing in history.
• Ralph Miliband argued that journalists, editors and different media organizations rely on their
house owners for his or her jobs thus they'll not mention something to the general public
regarding bourgeois ideology
• some celebrities who are Marxist are cardi B and Britney spears.
• Some movies that portrayed the Marxism ideology
34. M.I.G.R.A.I.N – Narrative:
narrative theory is defined as the study of narrative and narrative structure and the ways that these affect
human perception. Narrative is defined as how the story is told and it explores the conventions of genre
character for and title. narratives has 4 different kinds of structures;
linear structure:
Open structure: this structure does not have a fixed ending as the audience would be left to wonder and conclude
an ending on their own an example of this is Inception
closed structure: this is when the movie ends with a fixed clear ending so all the audience will conclude the same
thing.
circular structure: this is when the movie/show starts with the end events, it usually starts with the climax.
35. There are four main types of theorists for it and they are Vladimir Propp, Roland
Barthes, Tzvetan Todorov and Claude Lévi-Strauss.
the second theorist is Vladimir Propp he was born in the Russian empire on April 29, 1895,
his theory was that in every movie show these character roles will always be present,
The third theorist is Roland barth who is french essayist. His theory has five codes:
the proairetic code: this is when tension is build up and add suspense to the text.
semantic code: this is when there is an extra meaning given in a particular text
The symbolic code: this talks about symbolism in a text. It shows the contrast of ideas.
The cultural code: this views the audience’s belief and ideology.
hermeneutic code: this is when clues are given throughout but no no clear answer (mystery)
The fourth is Levi Strauss, a French anthropologist. His theory is the binary opposites
which means that to be different/opposite characters for example having a heroine and a
villain.
36. • Tzvetan Todoro1 was born in March 1, 1939, Bulgaria he is a Bulgarian-French historian.
he developed the theory of how narrators follow the three part structure, as in they follow
these five stages which are Equilibrium, distribution, recognition, solving and a new
equilibrium. the equilibrium is where everything is balanced, distribution is when
something comes along to disrupt that equilibrium, recognition is when they recognize the
problem ,and finally reach a solving, then the new equilibrium where the equilibrium is
restored.
37. Open structure closed structure
This movie ends with an open structure ad we
know this as the ending does not give a
definite ending as there are more than one
type of theory on what happened.
This movie ends with a making it a closed
structure as it tell the audience exactly what
happens in the ending so the audience don’t
have to think about it or make theories about
what the ending could be
38. circular structure
• The hero: Anna
• The doner: Pabbie
• The princess: Elsa
• The villain: duke of Weselton
• The helper: Christophe
• The false hero: Hans
Vladimir Propp
As you can see from the start of this move
it is making it a circular structure of this
movie we can see how it starts with a
climax which is the boy being taken and
eaten.
39. Trailer Research:
What is a trailer/teaser trailer? Why are they used?
a teaser trailer is the same as a trailer but teaser trailers are usually shorter than an actual trailer
The purpose of trailers is for advertisement purposes as its purpose is to attract at many audiences as possible.
The shots/scenes used in the trailer are usually from the most exciting best parts as it will draw the audiences in
to watch the movie/show.
How have trailers evolved over the years?
The first trailer ever made was in November 1913 and it was made by an American advertising manager for the
Marcus Loew theater chain named nils granlund. He produced a short promotional film for the musical The
Pleasure neekers that was opening at the Winter Garden Theatre on Broadway, the trailer was made to be viewed
at the end of the movie. After this trailers were made constantly and were presented at the end of the movie hence
why they were called trailer because they will be "trailing" the feature film. This went on till the 1960s and it was
changed so that the trailer can play at the starts instead of the end because most of the audience left before the
trailer began at the end so the trailer was useless and ineffective as it was ignored by the audience. Trailers now
are now scenes from a movie and they are edited nicely together with great soundtracks when in the past the
editing was not so great (editing techniques evolved with time hence why the editing now is better) and there was
usually no soundtracks but a persons voice detailing what's happening in scenes.
How have movie trailers become more contemporary?
Movie trailers have become more cotemporary due to two reasons which is because of the development of technology and
the use of social media. Social media makes it easier for us to access updates from anywhere around the world and it can
even notify you on any updates that is happening it also makes it easier for someone to like it and share it with other
because the trailer is already on social media like instagram and Facebook. Technology also made it easier for us to access
the trailer and view it on any technological device.
40. What makes a good trailer?
one factor every good movie trailer needs is a good hook that will excite the audience and leave them wanting to
know more about what happened as their curiosity is peaked. It should also have great soundtracks that will
entice the audience into wanting more and it should interest them. It should also give away some of the plot but
not too much so its not a spoiler. It should also introduce some of the characters but not all of them. These are all
elements in a good trailer that will excite and peak the interest of the audience and make them needing to watch
more.
Why is it important to include branding across movie promotional packs?
Branding is a key element in production as in a way the fonts used for example will be the signature style for the
movie/show as it will be memorable which means the branding method had to be unique and it also has to be in
every aspect in the production label as it is a brand that will be memorable for the audience so that whenever they
see this particular brand they will instantly think of the movie/show making them take notice of it and either
watch it or recommend it.
41. Are independent films up to the same standard as Conglomerates?
with technology growth independent film trailers have now easily matched those of conglomerates this is due to
the fact that as technology grows equipment that are not out dated but older than the latest ones have become
cheaper which means independent films will now easily be able to afford the same high definition as the ones for
conglomerates such as Disney. It also means renting the best equipment is easier for independent films.
Therefore both independent film trailers and conglomerates will have the same standard or close enough.
42. Why do films include movie posters?
Movie posters are vital as they are a way of advertisement and to inform the audience of the movie that is coming
up. The poster will also get them excited and searching for the movie online so they can learn more about it. The
poster design is also vital as it will be what makes the audiences take notice and interested it should also have a
brand so that it is memorable it will have some of the cast names, film title, release date and sometimes the
tagline , these also will excite the audience as they will want to research about all these gaining their interest and
curiosity.
43. Trailer – 3 Act Structure:
The three act structure is a structure that all trailers follow but only theatrical trailers not teaser trailers this
structure is in every type of genre and is not fixed to one type of genre. This act structure is;
Establishing part : this part is at the start and it sets the scenery and introduces us to the main characters.
Disturbance : this is where you will see that there is a issue/problem happening.
Montage: this is a diverse range of clips scenes from the movie that is edited together to excite and tease the
audience.
The trailer from suicide squads follows this structure;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CmRih_VtVAs
• Establishing part : approximately 00:00 till 1:02
• Disturbance : approximately 1:02 till 1:20
• Montage: approximately 1:20 till 2:13
44. Act 1:Establishing:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CmRih_VtVAs
approximately 00:00 till 1:02
• The scene starts of with a medium shot of cells and armed guards
standing by. This connotes to us that there are dangerous people in
this area. For the mise-en scene the area looks dark and shadowy
which might indicate to the secrets buried in the place also the
guards facial expression and uniform suggests that they have been
trained well. For the sound it is non-diegetic recorded song. The
scene then moves on to a man in a cell , the mise-en scene in this is
how the place looks very dark and cold with a dull mahogany color
which makes the viewer automatically link in into to a serious
situation as it looks formal. The sound in this scene is diegetic live
of the man in the cell screaming desperately let me go which
indicates to us that he is not in the place willingly. It then moves on
to a women sitting cross legged in a cell drinking something from a
small cup and looking well and put together, this stereotypes
women into making it seem as if they are always well kept together
sophisticated and calm, she is also wearing a dull orrangle colour
which makes us assume that she is in jail. You can also then see
another character doing pushups while being in a dark unsanitary
area which connotes to us that there is something different about
this character and how the character is not treated humanly it also
makes the audience pay attention as it is strange. You can then see a
tattooed character holding fire, this is a typically representation of
what a ‘bad guy’ would like which is tattooed a lot, but the audience
would also talk notice of the mise-en scene as his expression is
remorseful. It then cuts to different scenes as they introduce the
characters.
Analysis of Trailer 1:
suicide squad
KEY CONCEPTS:
Meaning
Institution
Genre
Representation
Audience
Ideology
Narrative
45. Act 2:
The problem:
approximately 1:02 till 1:20
• The semantics of this scene are the aircrafts weapons and guns and
the syntactic is the tense dark atmosphere that and the anxiety that
is associated with action movies which is what's is preferable. The
scene then moves on to even more destruction and violence which
makes us further assume that is an action. The scene then moves
onto some of the characters standing I a line and now you can see
all their outfits, Harley quin’s outfit follows Laura Mulvey male gaze
theory as her outfit is tight and short which makes it enticing for
the male viewers , which means it follows the stereotype of how
women are there for the men’s pleasure, but her outfit is a mix of
white, blue and red which might indicate her past as she was a
therapist before. The red symbolizes how she is dangerous. And you
can also an Asian character of Alvarado's theory which is how other
ethnicities can be dangerous which is what she is because of her
profession and the mise-en scene as she carries a sword and looks
like a samurai. The sound in this clip is also of a loud recorded non
diegetic song that has a fast tempo which makes the action filled
trailer even more exciting as the song is loud and attracts your
attention. Other sounds are live diegetic of shootings which
confirms to us further that it falls under the action category because
of the semantics and syntactic according to rick Altman's theory.
Analysis of Trailer 1:
suicide squad
KEY CONCEPTS:
Meaning
Institution
Genre
Representation
Audience
Ideology
Narrative
46. Act 3:
The montage:
approximately 1:20 till 2:13
• The rest of the scenes follow a fast pace of different clips throughout
the movie, this is meant for the audience to pay close attention and
be attracted to it as everything is happening at a fast pace which
makes it more exciting when viewed also especially because the
genre is action. The sound throughout also makes it better as there
are two types of sounds one which is a non diegetic recorded song
that is lout fast pace and quick tempo which is meant to fit the
genre and the movie which is does, the other sound is diegetic live
sound of destruction which is usually associated with action. Then
there is a scene of the joker laying down in the middle of items such
as knifes which makes it look psychotic and further improves the
trailer as the audience will want to know the backstory and why he
is laying on the ground in the middle like that. The sound is also
diegetic live sound of his laugher which chills the audience as its
loud and different. After a bit the scene then moves onto a character
drinking what appears to be bear the character is also seen as
humorous and it of Australian ethnicity, this follows alverado’s
theory of how ethnicity are always portrayed into fitting into
different categories. It then moves onto a women in water looking
helpless this also shows the male gaze as women stereotypically
appear more helpless and less capable to men. The mise-en scene
shows her facial expression to be scared and horrified and appears
to be in shock which tells us that something wrong occurred, the
black water also symbolizes how she has darkness within her at the
moment because of the witch. And the grass looking to be leaning
away from her shows us how she is to be feared even plants seem to
be moving away from her. And there is a black mark in the
backdrop which symbolizes evil.
Analysis of Trailer 1:
suicide squad
KEY CONCEPTS:
Meaning
Institution
Genre
Representation
Audience
Ideology
Narrative
47. Analysis of Poster 1: suicide squad
• Written text: there is a lot of
information given to us by the poster
such as the release date, production
label and cast members it also gives
us a tag line that is meant to entice
the audience so their curiosity will
be peaked and will make them come
watch the movie. And having the
tagline be worst heroes ever will
entice audiences. The most famous
cast members are also at the very top
so that the view can see it first and
will be interested.
• Images: the title of the movie is the
suiside squad. And the colouring
and font in it is very bold and fitting
for the movie it is also very unique
because of the Q as it looks like its
custom made the colours are also
enticing as they are colours action
movies will have. Such as blues and
purples.
• Layout: from the posters you can see
that there is a mixture of characters
and they all look a bit animated they
are also all shaped like an explosion
with the girl which makes us believe
that she is what caused the problem.
The titles and credits are also at the
top which is unusual because they
usually appear at the bottom but in
this case they appeared at the top so
they don’t distract the audience of
the poster itself.
• Narratives: from the facial
expressions of these characters we
can see that it is action as most of
them are holding a weapon
menacingly at an attacker you can
also see that it is action filled from
how most of them look serious. And
being in a fighting stance, weapons
and a serious face will
automatically link to action which is
the movie’s genre.
• USP: one usp it has is how
colourful it is and that it has a lot of
characters on the poster making it
eye catching which will make
audiences pay attention to it and
make their curiosity peak.
• Colours: the colours used in this
poster is diverse and ranges which
makes it appear exciting and
colourful which makes it eye
catching the colours are also vivid
which makes it associate with
action. You can also see that the use
of green is signified as its used for
the background in other parts as
well, green is often associated with
greed and jealousy which would
explain the use here as they are
villains and so they are often
represented as being greedy and
jealous.
48. Analysis of Social Media Page 1: suicide squad
• The movie suicide squads has a verified official account across the three most influential media platforms. This is very helpful as it
will reach all and each person and it can be shared with anyone easier. One similarity between all of the social media page is how
they all share the same profile picture. Facebook has 6,743,199 followers on their Facebook account which is lower than the rest but
understandable as Facebook is used by less and less people. But they still upload pictures and advertise on it, Facebook is mainly
used by the older generation so them doing that makes sure that they reach an older demographic. You can also see how they post
pictures of the movie throughout teasing the fans further. On their Facebook account you can also see how they have a warnerbros
website and when clicked it leads you to the website it self and lets you see photos and videos of the movie and gives you ways of
purchasing it this website will mainly go unnoticed by the fans who are not as devoted to the movie as the rest. On instagram and
twitter is where most of the followers go to as instagram and twitter generally has a larger young people demographics which means
that they will create more of the anticipation feeling through out and they will do it by commenting on posts or tweeting about it
which will make it more famous and it will also be a way of advertisement as the fans will have an easier access into sharing the
movie. Cast members will also be tagged which means that anyone who likes and follows them will see that they have an upcoming
movie and will then want to watch it which creates further advertisement for them.
49. Branding1: suicide squad
• As you can see from these social media pages they all have the profile picture the same which is of the
title which is excusive and unique to the movie as the font is properly custom made to fit their aesthetic
especially with the colouring which links into action movies and the font type which is quite big and bold
which will make people pay attention to it which means more advertisement. The profile picture is the
same throughout as it’s a branding technique to make sure the audience don’t mistake thee movie when
its on any platform. The movie has the same logo throughout except on the comics which is what it
should look like originally you can clearly see the difference between the font size and which makes it
look different than all of them , which means it might cause confusion to the audience as they will not be
able to understand if the comics and movie are extremely related or not. As the only similarity between
them is the name and Harley quins signature hairstyle.
50. Act 1:Establishing: approximately 0:00 till 0:33
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s9PrQmc
V81Y
• The trailer begins with a medium close-up show of the girl in a book store
and we know this because of the mis-en scene which is of the books in the
background we also she seems to be looking at a vogue magazine but
seconds later we see that she is looking at a boy and her grandma is next
to her. The mise-en scene also shows that all three characters we see at
the start are dressed in the 1970s fashion as it is important because that is
when the movie was set. The girl is wearing a pale wine-colored sweater
her facial expression is also of exasperation as she is does not like the
question her grandma is asking. The grandma is also wearing a pale
brown coat and her makeup is applied in a way that fits the time period
and her hair is also fashioned the same way. The boy also does not
typically look like how an American would look like this follows
Alvarado's theory of how other races would look exotic, he wears a pale
olive coloured button up shirt and a blue denim jacket, his backdrop is of
green trees signifying how he is peaceful and relaxing. The sound is also a
recorded non-diegetic score that is quite and low pitched which relaxes
and calms the audience especially because of the tempo.
• The semantics of this scene is the emptiness of the field which is a long
shot and how you can see that it is foggy and the weather is dark, the
syntactic of this scene is an eerie somber feeling as it makes the audience
pay attention as something does not feel right especially with the weather
as it is not the norm and there is no sun shinning and it is not night either
making the atmosphere depressing which is good as the movie is a drama.
The girl wearing is wearing a pale mustard coloured pants and a denim
jacket the pale mustard pants makes provokes the sadness as its supposed
to be a bright happy colour but because its pale it does the opposite, the
dark blue jacket she is wearing also makes the audience feel down and
because of the colouring. For the mise-en scene the grass appears dead
adding to the anxiety and it is also foreshadowing her own fate. The man
that also appears adds to the suspicion and distrust as he appears to be
wearing black gloves which usually signifies danger and sadness and for
the rest of his clothes to that is a mix of greys which shows his stability
but also adds to the nervesnus because of her facial expression which
appears distrustful.
Analysis of Trailer 2:
The lovely bones
KEY CONCEPTS:
Meaning
Institution
Genre
Representation
Audience
Ideology
Narrative
51. Act 2:
The problem: approximately
0:33 till 1:00
• In this shot you can see is an medium shot the mise-en
scene in this is of the police men and how they are all
wearing black which adds to the dark feeling that should
come when you watch a movie that is a drama it also
shows formality and sophistication. The backdrop is also
foggy and dark with dead trees which signifies the girls
death. The syntactic of this scene is also cold because of
the weather and atmosphere. The problem also supports
todrov’s theory. The sound used in this is also a soft
melancholy score which emphasis the sad feeling the
audience will be facing and will form an emotional
attachment to the characters. It will also especially form
an emotional attachment with any parent who lost their
child.
Analysis of Trailer 1:
the lovely bones
KEY CONCEPTS:
Meaning
Institution
Genre
Representation
Audience
Ideology
Narrative
52. Act 3:
The montage: approximately
1:00 till 2:18
• The shot used in this is a long shot. As for the mise-en
scene you can clearly see a difference between the past
couple of scenes and now in the past scenes the tones
were always cool and the atmosphere always appeared
cold but now after she has died and moved on to the in-
between the tones appear to be warm and the atmosphere
is lively and there is greenery surrounding her which is
ironic because she is now dead. The sound in this is also a
non-diegetic recording of a person singing with a high
pitch and a calming tempo making the audience feel
relaxed and serene because the sound has a calming
effect.
• From this scene, The mise-en scene shows that the
basement is shadowy and dark emphasizing on his secrets
and you can also see how the only light is coming from
upstairs and from the door which he is standing by
making it clear that he is surrounded by darkness of his
life choices.
Analysis of Trailer 1:
the lovely bones
KEY CONCEPTS:
Meaning
Institution
Genre
Representation
Audience
Ideology
Narrative
53. Analysis of Poster 2: the lovely bones
• Narratives: from the body
language of these two
characters we can see that it is
dramatic and has some mystery
as well from the stance and how
the man is shadowed showing
how there is mystery and we
can see how it is a drama from
the clothes that is worn as the
clothes look cold and pear dull
and we can also see that from
her facial expression and how
she is looking out and she looks
somber.
• USP: The USP in this poster is
how it is a dramatic movie and
you can see it from the poster
but you can also see a theme of
fantasy in it.
• Colours: The colours used in the
poster are both cool and warm
tones half is cool tones and the
other is warm tones this shows
the difference of the two sides
and their differences showing
how her character is warm and
his character is cold. The colors
in this are a purple and yellow.
They are relevant because these
colours are associated with the
genre which is drama.
• Written text: there is a lot of
information given to us by the
poster such as the release
month, production label, cast
members and age rating it also
gives us a tag line that is
meant to entice the audience
so their curiosity will be
peaked and will make them
come watch the movie.
• Images: the title of the movie
is the lovely bones which can
be a metaphor to death. The
font used for the title is simple
and puts emphasis on the
word lovely. Saoirse Ronan is
the main character and was 15
at the time which means she
was still at start of her career.
• Layout: from the posters you
can see that there a difference
of between the two characters
as one appears in the dark and
looking bigger and more
menacing while the other
appears smaller brighter and
innocent which makes the
viewer automatically
understand that the man in
shadows is a bad person.
54. Analysis of Social Media Page 2: the lovely bones
• This movie does not have any official social media pages fan made ones. This is due to the fact that this movie is extremely niche
which means it will not always have a social media page.
• These pages are fan made ones about the movie. As you can see they all have the same unique picture which is of the field that has a
person running which might symbolize innocence as the figure is playing in the field this will then entice the audience what happen
to see to look further. The tree with its leaves leaving will also draw the audiences attention as the tree doesn’t look healthy but
lifeless which will make the audience explore the reasoning for that further. The colours are also a unique combination of cool fire
orange and a cool shade of purple which is different as these colours you don’t see together often. The colours will also show how
it’s a fiction. In the Facebook page you can see how the profile picture is off a girl that looks young and innocent this might result I
the audience who see it to be curious about her position as an innocent young person in this movie.in the twitter page you can see
an introduction of a girl named salmon and at the start you can see that the introduction seems innocent and childlike in a way as
sheis comparing it to a fish’s name but you can clearly see that its tone completely changes as she says that she was murdered at the
age of 14, this will captivate the audience as they will want to know why and how this happened. Its also short which makes the
audience read it quickly and easily which will not bore the audience.
55. Branding 2:the lovely bones
• These are all a variation of books and DVDs that are about the movie the movie is a book adaptation.
Branding is a key element as it will be what makes ir memorable and stick to the audience as they will
associate the brand theme with movie/book. One key theme you can see that is similar in all of them is
the use of the purple/blue colours and by doing this you will make the readers who have read the book
want to also view the movie as they will make an association and it will also make anyone who's seen the
movie and sees the book and recognize it because of the common themes. There are also some
differences between them which nis not helpful in branding as it will confuse the audience which is how
the cover changes from each it is not a huge change but its still a change which might confuse the
audience into thinking that the movie book does not link together. But another element that is the same
in all of them is the title and the font being used which is important as it will make the audience link
them together.
