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1. VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
JNANA SANGAMA, BELGAUM-590018, KARNATAKA
Technical Seminar Report
On
Aerodynamics of a F1 car
Bachelor of Engineering
in
Mechanical Engineering
by
SAMARTH M V 1DB18ME052
Under the Guidance of
Prof. Kiran
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DON BOSCO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
KUMBALAGODU, MYSORE ROAD, BANGALORE- 560074
2022-2023

2. Technical seminar
on Aerodynamics
of a f1 car

3. Table of
contents
Introduction
Objectives
01
02 Literature review
Concepts and Working
Principle
03
04
05 Conclusions

4. Introduction
• Formula 1 teams spend millions every year on research and
development of Aerodynamics as it is key to building a fast and
successful car.
• The main considerations for the aerodynamic designer are twofold:
firstly, to generate downforce that aids in pressing the car's tires
onto the track and enhances cornering capabilities; and secondly,
to reduce the amount of drag caused by turbulence, which acts as a
force that decelerates the car.
• In the 1968 Formula One season, Lotus, Ferrari, and Brabham
were the first to use aerodynamics to enhance the grip of their cars.
Lotus began with small front wings and a spoiler on Graham Hill's
Lotus 49B at the Monaco Grand Prix. Later, at the Belgian Grand
Prix, Brabham and Ferrari took it a step further by installing full-
width wings mounted on struts positioned high above the driver.
Mercedes W196 driven by Fangio in 1954
Lotus 49B driven by Graham Hill in 1968

5. Introduction
• In the late 1960s, Jim Hall of Chaparral, first introduced “ground
effect" downforce to auto racing. In the mid-1970s, Lotus
engineers found out that the entire car could be made to act like a
giant wing by the creation of an airfoil surface on its underside
which would cause air moving relative to the car to push it to the
road.
• Every single surface of a modern Formula One car, from the shape
of the suspension links, front wing, rear wing, barge boards and
even the driver's helmet has its aerodynamic effects considered.
• Modern F1 teams use wind tunnels and CFD to design cars before
and then compare results from on track testing to further develop
the car.
Mercedes AMG W11 driven by Lewis Hamilton in 2020
Scuderia Ferrari F1 cars between 1950-2002

6. Literature Review
Authors Title Key Highlights
Alex Guerrero and
Robert Castilla
Aerodynamic Study of
the Wake Effects on
a Formula 1 Car
• Comparison in aerodynamic regulations
between the previous regulations(2017)
to the current set of aerodynamic
regulations introduced in 2022 which
focus more on ground effect.

7. To increase downforce
produced by the car to
increase its cornering speed.
To optimise the distribution
of air throughout the chassis
and body of the car to obtain
right levels of downforce and
drag.
Reduce drag to improve
straightline speed of the car.
Objectives

8. Concepts and Working
Principle
1. Air Movement(Aerodynamics)
• Air always moves from region of higher pressure
to region of lower pressure.
• The principle of air flow described by the Venturi
effect states that the smaller the region air is forced
to flow through the faster air will flow
Venturi Effect
2. Newtons third law of motion
Using Newtons third law of motion to create downforce
• Newtons third law of motion states that every
action has an equal and opposite reaction.
• In the figure we can see how the rear wing which
is a key aerodynamic component of the car pushes
the air upwards this results in an opposite force
pushing the car downwards and creating
downforce.

9. 1. Rear Wing
• The rear wing according to the FIA regulations is the “Bodywork
behind the rear wheel centerline”. Rear wing is the last part of an
F1 car, it produces about 15 to 25 % of the car’s downforce
depending on the track. The rear wing is the one part in the F1 car,
which changes most with tracks, depending upon how many turns
there are. The rear wing is an airfoil which is inverted as compared
to a plane wing. This is because it produces downforce.
Comparison of different rear wings used on the Mercedes AMG W13 in 2022
Side profile of rear wing and air movement
• Bigger rear wings are used in tracks that require more downforce.
• Smaller rear wings are used in tracks where straight-line speed is
more important.
• The angle at which the rear wing is aligned is called angle of
attack, higher angle of attack generally produces higher downforce
up to a certain point.

10. 2. Front wing, vortices and turbulent air
• The front wing generates downforce equivalent to twice the weight
of the car. The front wing is the only downforce generating devices
exposed to undisturbed air and is the first part of the car that the air
contacts.
• The flaps in front wing can be adjusted even during the race to
change angle of attack to increase or decrease downforce.
• Another key function of front wing is to create vortices and keep
dirty turbulent air away from the tires to help with tire degradation.
• Vortex in simple terms is a spiral of air. Vortices help in keeping
the air flow attached to the surface of the car. Separation of air will
significantly increase the drag and slow down the car, so vortices
play a major role in aerodynamics.
Force India VMJ09 Front wing
Mercedes AMG W14 driven by George Russell 2023
Outwash concept front wing on
Mercedes AMG W11

11. Top view of air flowing through the front wing , vortices and turbulent air.

12. 3. Car floor, diffuser and ground effect
• The car floor refers to the area between the car and the road.
Aerodynamically, the car floor is one of the most important aspects
of the current generation F1 cars , it produces about 60% of the total
downforce.
• Normally, downforce generation comes at the cost of drag due to
airflow separation; however, the downforce produced by the car
floor creates very less drag.
• The car floor works based on the venturi effect.
• Ground effect is the concept of making the entire body of the car
act as a giant wing to produce downforce.
• The diffuser sucks the air into a low pressure void behind the car
this creates a very low pressure zone under the floor of the car
which sucks the car to the ground increasing downforce.
• The angle between the back end of the car and front end of the car
is called wake and it has been a huge separator in concepts for
different F1 teams. Higher rake means less ground effect.
Redbull RB18 floor details
Side profile of air flow in rear wing and side profile of F1 car
emulating a giant wing

13. Aerodynamics is one of the
most if not the most important
aspect of a F1 car.
Use all allowed aerodynamic
elements to maximise the
efficiency of air flow through
the car.
The aim of Aerodynamicists
is to create a car with high
downforce and low drag and
finding the right balance
between them.
Conclusions

14. Thank You