The document discusses various types of infections including primary, secondary, reinfection, cross infection, nosocomial infection, and iatrogenic infection. It also defines local, systematic, mixed, acute, chronic, pyrogenic, and latent infections. The chain of infection and how nurses break the chain is explained. Microorganisms that cause infection and the factors affecting their ability to cause disease are outlined. The document also discusses the incubation period, prodromal stage, illness stage, and convalescence period of infections. It examines the risk factors for infection including age, nutrition, medications, disease states, genetics, and neutrophil count. The body's defense mechanisms against infection including anatomical barriers, inflammation, the immune system response

1. BY: RINKAL PATEL

2. The infection can be defined as the entry of
germs in the body of an individual followed by
the multiplication of the same leading to the
formation of specific or non specific reaction
by the body with or without any clinical
symptoms and/ or disease.

3. Primary:- Initial infection with a parasite
Secondary :- primary infection lowers the
resistance of the host and later gets infection
with another microorganisms.
Reinfection:- subsequent infection with the
same organism
Cross:- patient suffering from a disease and
new infection is set up from another source

4. Nosocomial:- cross infection occurring in
hospitals
Iatrogenic or physician induced:- infection is
acquired during therapeutic or investigative
procedures
Focal:- infection at localized site like
appendix and tonsils, general effects are
produced
Subclinical:- clinical symptoms of an
infection are not apparent.

5. Local:- invading microorganism are limited to
a relatively small area of the body
Systematic:- microorganisms or their
products are spread throughout the body by
blood or lymph
Mixed:- two or more microbes infecting same
tissues
Acute:- have a short duration

6. Chronic:- Have a long duration
Pyrogenic:- pus formation
Fulminating:- Occur suddenly and with
severe intensity
Latent:- parasite after infection, remains in a
latent or hidden form & produces clinical
diseases when the host resistance is lowered

7. Communicable disease may be transmitted
from the reservoir or source of infections to a
susceptible individual in many different ways,
depending upon the infections agents, portal of
entry and the local ecological conditions.

8. Infect may be transmitted by direct contact
from skin to skin, mucosa to mucosa or
mucosal to skin of the same or another
perspon.

9. Droplet infection occurs to contact
transmission by infections agents contained in
most respiratory secretions

10. Infectious agent are present in soil can cause
disease, when the host comes in the contact
with soil.

11. The disease agent may: be inoculated directly
into the skin or mucosa,
Transmission of infection an infection after dog
bite.

12. Transmission of infectious agent can occur
transplacentally.

13. an infection will develop if this chain remains
intact.
Nurses use infection prevention and control
practices to break the chain so that infection
will not develop.

14. Microorganisms include bacteria, viruses,
fungi and protozoa.
They are common infectious agents.
The potential for microorganism or parasites to
cause disease depends on the following factors:
1. Sufficient number of organism
2. Virulence or ability to produce disease
3. Ability to enter and survive to the host
4. Susceptibility of host.

15. A reservoir is where a pathogen can survive.
Skin of patients, carriers, animals, food, water
insects, and inanimate objects are common
reservoirs of infection.

16. Microorganism can enter through a variety of
sites such as skin and mucous membrane,
respiratory tract, urinary tract, gastrointestinal
tract, reproductive tract and blood.

17. Direct contact or indirect contact with infected
source, contaminated air, water, blood, food,
flies, mosquito are the common modes of
transmission to infection.
Major mode of transmission of microorganisms
occurs in the hands of the health care
providers.

18. Organisms can enter the body through skin,
mucous membranes, respiratory tract,
gastrointestinal tract, reproductive tract &
blood.

19. Whether a person acquires an infection
depends on susceptibility to an infectious
agent.
Susceptibility depends on the individual degree
of resistance to a pathogen.
The susceptibility of host depends upon the
virulence of microorganisms and immune
status of the host.

20. 1. Incubation period:- Interval between
entrance of pathogen into body and
appearance of first symptoms. ex:- common
cold 1-2 days.
2. Prodromal stage:- Interval from onset of
non-specific signs and symptoms to more
specific symptoms. During this time,
microorganisms grow and multiply and
patient is more capable of spreading disease
to other.

21. 3. Illness stage:- interval when patient manifests sign &
symptoms specific to particular disease. Ex. : common
cold: sore throat, rhinitis, high fever, parotid and
salivary gland swelling.
The severity of patient’s illness depends on the extent of
infection, the pathogenicity of the microorganisms and
susceptibility of individuals.
4. Convalescence:- interval when acute symptoms of
infection disappear unit the individual regain his
normal health.
Length of recovery depends on severity of infection and
patient’s general health status.
Recovery may take several days to months.

22. Risk of infection depends upon many
factors, like host susceptibility, which is
further influenced by certain factors like:-

23. In newborns and in older people there is
less immune defence to fight against
infection, so they are at risk of getting
infection.
Immature immune system is one of the
major cause of death in the newborns.
In older people, the immune system
become weak so they are more
susceptible fro getting infections.

24. Adequate nutrition is required to fight with
infections.
The ability to synthesis the protein
depends upon the adequate nutrition, the
reason behind this is antibodies protein.

25. Some medications like anticancer drug
increase the risk for infection, because
they suppress the bone marrow, which in
the turn reduce the function of white blood
cells (WBCs), which helps to fight against
infections.

26. Certain disease conditions decrease or
weaken the immune system.
Ex:- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

27. Some persons have genetic factors that
predispose the patient for infections.
Like some patient have immunoglobulin
deficiency mechanism and make the
person susceptible for infections.

28. Neutropenia means decreases in the WBC
count.
As white cells fight against infections, as
the number of WBCs decrease the person
becomes more susceptible for infection.

29. Whenever the infectious agent enters in
the body tissues, persons have defense
mechanism, which protects the person
from infections.
The person has two types of response
nonspecific and specific defence.

30. Anatomical & physiological barriers:-
Normal skin and mucous membranes act
as the first barrier against microorganisms
unless it is non-infect or broken.
Skin acts as an effective barrier against
certain bacteria.

31. Inflammatory responses:- inflammatory
responses occur in response to the
injurious or infectious agent.
This is a defensive mechanism that
eliminate or dilute the injurious agent.
They also prevent the future spread of the
injury and encourage the repair of the
damaged tissues.

32. The person has the following signs &
symptoms in response to inflammatory
response, which includes pain, swelling,
redness, heat over the area when the
injury is severe. Injurious agent can be:
Physical agent
Chemical agent
microorganism

33. It involves the immune system reaction in
response to an infectious agent.
The immune system reacts in two way:

34. This is also known as humoral immunity.
 There are two types of immunity-active & passive one.
 In active immunity the person produces antibodies in
response to a natural antigen like microorganisms and
artificial antigen like vaccines.
 The B cells become active when they identify the
antigen.
 B cells divide into plasma cells, which secrete proteins
and antibodies.
 These antibodies will bind to the antigens and dose an
elimination response.
 In passive immunity the person develops a natural or
artificial antibody.

35.  This is also known as cellular immunity, which
comes through T cells.
 When person is exposed to the antigen then
activated T cells are released by the lymphoid
tissues to lymph system.
 There are three main types of T cells which
includes helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells and
suppressor T cells.
 When cell-mediated immune defence
deficiency virus then person is at more risk of
developing the infections.