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2. (from the Latin word "infectio" - infection, pollution) is a large group of diseases caused by pathogenic
microorganisms: bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi.

15. 1. Specificity - each infectious disease is caused by a specific type of
microorganism.
Properties of infectious diseases

17. 2. Contagiousness (contagiousness) is the possibility of
transmitting the causative agent of an infectious disease from
a sick person to a healthy one.

24. 3.Cyclicity is the presence of successively
alternating and varying in duration
periods of the infectious process.

26. Periods of Disease
The five periods of disease (sometimes referred to as stages or phases) include the
incubation, prodromal, illness, decline, and convalescence periods.
The incubation period occurs in an acute disease after the initial entry of the
pathogen into the host (patient). It is during this time the pathogen begins multiplying
in the host. However, there are insufficient numbers of pathogen particles (cells or
viruses) present to cause signs and symptoms of disease.
Incubation periods can vary from a day or two in acute disease to months or years in
chronic disease, depending upon the pathogen.
Factors involved in determining the length of the incubation period are diverse, and
can include strength of the pathogen, strength of the host immune defenses, site of
infection, type of infection, and the size infectious dose received.
During this incubation period, the patient is unaware that a disease is beginning to
develop.

27. The prodromal period occurs after the incubation period.
During this phase, the pathogen continues to multiply and the
host begins to experience general signs and symptoms of
illness, which typically result from activation of the immune
system, such as fever, pain, soreness, swelling, or
inflammation.
Usually, such signs and symptoms are too general to
indicate a particular disease.
Following the prodromal period is the period of illness,
during which the signs and symptoms of disease are most
obvious and severe.

28. The period of illness is followed by the period of decline, during
which the number of pathogen particles begins to decrease, and the
signs and symptoms of illness begin to decline.
The final period is known as the period of convalescence.
During this stage, the patient generally returns to normal functions,
although some diseases may inflict permanent damage that the
body cannot fully repair.

29. 4. Formation of a specific immunity during the development of an infectious
disease, ensuring immunity.

31. DIAGNOSIS OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Diagnostics is based on:
survey data,
patient examination,
results of laboratory and instrumental research methods.

32. Methods of laboratory diagnostics
• methods of direct detection of the pathogen in the patient's
body – bacteriological, bacterioscopic (parasitoscopic),
virological studies;
• methods of indirect evidence of the presence of the
pathogen in the patient's body – serological and
allergological studies.

33. Bacteriological method
• Sowing the material on nutrient media to isolate a pure culture of the pathogen
and determine its sensitivity to antibiotics. The material for the study can be
blood, cerebrospinal fluid, sputum, feces, urine, vomit, duodenal contents, gastric
lavage, flushes from mucous membranes, the contents of rash elements, lymph
nodes, cadaveric material.
• The main requirement for taking the material for bacteriological examination is
compliance with the sterility of the dishes and the fence.

34. Virological method
• Isolation of the virus by seeding it on specific media (tissue culture,
chicken embryo).
• In recent years, the method of gene diagnostics – polymerase chain
reaction (PCR) has been used to detect viral antigens.

35. Serological methods
Detection of antibodies or antigen in blood serum. agglutination reaction (RA), used in
typhoid fever (Vidal reaction), brucellosis (Wright–Huddleson reaction);
the complement binding reaction (RSC) is carried out with typhus, brucellosis,
toxoplasmosis.immunofluorescence reaction (RIF) - using a fluorescent microscope
(antibodies labeled with fluorescent dyes glow);
enzyme immunoassay (ELISA).

36. Skin-allergic tests
the Burne test for brucellosis,
the Mantoux test for tuberculosis,
the anthraxin test for anthrax.
The allergen is injected intradermally. After 24-48 hours, an
inflammatory reaction develops at the site of allergen administration
in the form of hyperemia and edema.

37. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
When choosing treatment, it is necessary to take into account the age and gender
of the patient,
the individual characteristics of his body, the severity and period of the disease, the
presence of concomitant pathology.
Compliance with the regime,Diet therapy,
Drug therapy. etiotropic, Specific,pathogenetic,immunomodulatory,symptomatic
agents.