2. A research process cannot be considered complete until
its report has been written and disseminated
(Rose Marie Nieswiadomy, 2008)
Nursing is concerned about the quality of its research
generated knowledge base.
Failure to communicate study findings is a form of
scientific misconduct. (Winslow, 1996).
3. Communication of Research findings
Research not published is research not done
The goal of research is to generate sound scientific
knowledge and disseminate its findings for evidence-based
practice
Communication of research findings is the last formal
step in the research process, but it is the most important
phase of research – the utilization of research findings.
Moral accountability to share the findings with others
( Resources used)
4. Purposes of Communication of Research
Builds the body of knowledge
Useful to improve the practices
Help the new researchers to plan their research more
effectively
Helps in policy making
Source of ROL
5. Research Misconduct
On the process of communicating research, the
investigator involves such practices as fabrication,
falsification, plagiarisms or other practices. (ORI, 2003, 42
CFR section 50.102)
6. Types of scientific
Misconduct
1. Fabrication
Making up data or results
2. Falsification
Manipulation research by changing or omitting data
3.Plagiarism
Stealing intellectual property or taking credit for other individual’s
work
a. Plagiarism of ideas
Using another person’s ideas, without giving appropriate credit
b. Plagiarism of text
Using another person’s words without giving appropriate credit
7. Contd….
4. Without citing the source –verbatim copying
Using text or any materials of others without
acknowledging the source
5. Paraphragiarism
Using the text of others with a few changes or
mixing the other’s texts without acknowledging
the source(s)
8. Contd….
6. Inappropriate paraphrasing
Using texts of others while citing the origin but only
with minor changes in the words or structure
7. Copyright infringement
Using a large part of others’ words (in quotation marks)
that violates the copyright
9.Self plagiarism
a. Duplication publication
Publication of paper or results in more than one journal
9. Contd….
b. Salami publication
Publication of each part of the results of one study in
several papers.
c. Practice of text recycling
Using one’s own text in several different papers as the
copyright is reserved.
10. Strategies for communicating research
findings
a. NURSES PRESENTATIONS
1. Nursing research conferences
2. Clinical practice conferences and meetings
3. Videotaped and audio taped presentations from conferences and meetings.
4. In-service education programs
5. research committee & journal club.
11. Contd….
Written reports
Research publication in professional journals
Research publications in books
Monographs from research and clinical conferences and meetings
Theses and dissertations
Nursing research newsletter
Outlets on the internet
12. Contd…..
b. HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS:
Presentations
Professional conferences and meetings in other
disciplines
Interdisciplinary team meetings
Written reports
Research publications in professional journals and
books in other disciplines.
Interdisciplinary research newsletter
13. Contd…
c. POLICY MAKERS:
Presentations-
Presentations on health problems to state and federal
legislators
Written reports-
Research reports developed for legislators
Research reports published by funding agencies
Electronic databases (WHO, GOI..)
Agency for health care policy and research (AHCPR)
clinical practice guidelines.
14. Contd…
d. HEALTH CARE CONSUMERS:
Presentations-
television and radio
community meetings
patient and family teaching
Written reports-
Newspaper
News and popular magazines,
Electronic databases
15. Preparing a Research Report
Research report should contain 4
sections(IMRAD)
Introduction
Methods and Materials
Results
Discussion
18. 1.Theses and Dissertations: Pages- 150-250, double spaced
Thesis & Dissertation are means of communication to fulfill educational
requirements.
Theses : are concerned with testing existing theory.
The thesis is a project that marks the end of a master's program
A thesis is a compilation of research that proves you are knowledgeable
about the information learned throughout the graduate program
Dissertations focus on refining existing theories or generating new theories.
- dissertation occurs during doctoral study
A dissertation is the opportunity during a doctorate program to contribute
new knowledge, theories or practices to the field. To come up with an
entirely new concept, develop it and defend its worth.
Purposes: -Communicating research findings & assess the students ability
to perform scholarly work.
19. 2. Journal article:
Progress in nursing research depends on researchers efforts to
share their work with others.
It contains main body of research but articles are much shorter
10-15 pages
20. Preparing a research report
Introduction chapter should contain
Research problem
Significance of the problem
The context in which the problem is selected to
study.
21. Preparing a research report
“Method section” : should contain detailed description of
the research methods
“Result Section”: should contain statistical analyses,
summarized in Tables and Graphs.
“Discussion Section” should contain:
• Main Findings
• Interpretation findings and inferences
• Evidences to support the findings if not
justification for the findings
• Comparison of results with prior knowledge on
the topic
• Conclusion, implications and recommendations
22. Preparing an abstract
An abstract is the summary of a study that the researcher
wishes to present at a conference.
Abstract should contain
Purpose, research questions or hypothesis,
design, methodology, main findings, and
conclusions (with limited words)
23. Advantages of written reports:
• Best methods of dissemination
• Has the potential to reach the largest percentage of consumers
• Publication is the medium of sharing the knowledge
• Remains permanent
• Easy to conduct further researches
25. 2.Oral reports
Presentation at professional conferences:
• Scientific paper- Oral presentations: abstract of 500-1000 words
• Duration 15-30 min
• Poster presentation:
• Suitable for the beginners
26. 1.Oral presentation: Paper presentation
• The word “paper” is used because the report of the
study has been written out on paper.
• Co-author may also present the paper
• Paper gets published in conference proceedings.
• 15-30 mins is usually allotted to present
• Research process is presented chronologically. Some
may present findings first.
• Paper gets accepted if it matches the theme of the
conference
27. Contd…
• Review of literature is not usually discussed in detail.
• Conference organizers distribute evaluation sheets and the audience
rate.
28. Advantages : Oral reports
• Helps in immediate dissemination of current findings than publishing
• Audience can interact with researcher and clarify doubts
Avoid duplication of presentation of your research: Published
articles should never be presented
- Presented papers can always be published
29. General Guidelines
• Professional appearance – wear the right clothes (neat, formal,
comfortable)
• Art of communication
• Knowledge of the podium and the facilities
• Do not put all the text on the screen and read it off
• Always ensure that the support material is of exceptional quality.
• Don’t use irrelevant support material
• Don’t ever be apologetic
• Refrain from irritating manners
• When you have a graph on a slide, explain the axes and indicate what you
are talking about.
30. Contd…
• Stick to the time limitation. A rule of thumb is that 1 minute should be allocated
per slide (excludes title slide and thank you slide)
• Before presenting practice, practice, practice. Be sure you can pronounce
unfamiliar words.
• If possible project your presentation in a large room to see that colours project as
they should.
• Use the speakers preview room to see that formatting did not change.
• Check compatibility between Mac and other word processors.
• If the Chairperson introduces you and gives the title of your presentation -do not
repeat.
• Make sure you have two copies of your talk or email it to yourself or place it in
Dropbox
31. • Voice modulation is important
• Avoid speaking too hurriedly
• Be mobile while presenting
32. Power Point Guidelines
• Use lower case lettering: reads faster and takes up less space.
• Titles should preferably be placed on the left, rather than in
the middle, because our eyes are accustomed to read from left
to right.
• Use only one background colour throughout the presentation.
• Use the same font size for headings on different slides.
(headings is 32 and other text- 24. )
• Use a font that is plain and will reflect clearly e.g. Arial/Times
roman
• Make sure that the contrast between the background and the
text colour is good – use dark colours on a light background
and light colours on a dark background.
33. • Preferably do not use red and green together as colour blind people
will not be able to read the writing.
• Rule of thumb is 5 lines, each with 5 words per slide. Do not have full
sentences.
• Include a slide with an appropriate picture or graph for every 5th
slide.
• Make use of pictures, graphs, flow charts etc.
• Beware of setting a fixed time to slide before it automatically goes on.
34. 10 Rules for Best presentation
1. Talk to the audience
2. Less is more
3. Only talk when you have something to say: Be sure you have a substantial
amount of data that is meaningful.
4. Make the take-home message pertinent
5. Be logical
6. Treat the floor as a stage
7. Practice and time your presentation
8. Use visuals sparingly but effectively: Visuals should support what you are
saying.
9. Review audio and/or videos of your presentations: These can give problems.
10. Provide appropriate acknowledgements: Can use logos if too many.
Remember that it takes the audience 15 seconds to decide whether your
presentation is worth their attention.
35. BEFORE PRESENTING
• Introduce yourself to the chair
• Make sure that your talk is loaded in the timeslot provided.
• Be on time and stay the entire session.
• Respect the chair’s time cues.
• If you do not understand a question, ask for it to be repeated.
36. 2. Oral presentation: Presenting a research
poster
-A poster is a static, visual medium containing texts,
graphics, tables and photos
- Posters are displayed throughout the conference
- Size of the poster will be as suggested by the
organisers of conference
- Types: Traditional (Printed form) and e poster( Digital
presentation)
37. Oral presentation: Presenting a research
poster
•Developing the content
• Title
• Collaborators and their institutional affiliations: The order that you
list the authors on the project matters a great deal.
• Abstract/Introduction : An abstract is the summary of your research
project.
• Background/literature review
• Research question(s)
38. Contd..
• Materials and methods: data sources, study setting, study design, sample
profile, data collection. Use visual aids to summarize information.
• What measure did you use? What sample did you use? • Were there any
manipulations, comparisons, or correlations of interest? • What are the
strengths and limitations of your methodology?
• Results • What were the outcomes of your research? You can express
results quantitatively or qualitatively.
• Discussion and conclusion • What are the broader implications of your
research and/or findings? • Why should we care about this research
project? What might future research look like?
• Did your research leave unanswered questions that could be explored in
the future?
39. Contd…
• Acknowledgements: funding source(s) and acknowledge help from
others
• Contact information
• Visual aids : use graphics and images to communicate information
Should relate to main points and conclusions, should give people a
break from the text .
• Craft the Take-Away Message
• References
40. Criteria for Poster preparation
• Short
• 250 words
• Arouse readers interest
• Few major points, less is best
• Size----find out( standard size- 36 x48 inches, landscape/portrait layout)
• Text has to be read from the distance(6feet), eye catching
• More focus on why, How and What
• Title: Bold, No capitals
• Name of the authors below the title
41. Contd..
• Conclusion: upper left hand corner or bottom
• Photos: JPEG, No web images(at least 300 ppi/dpi)
• Funding acknowledgements: bottom right side
• Colour schemes: 2-3 , not more
• Text size: title- 85 pt, Author name- 56, subheading- 36, body- 24
• Dark typing, light colour background
• Edit, edit, edit and Evaluate
• Print out a letter size draft to check
• Prepare: 3-5 min verbal explanation
• Self directional: Use devices—arrows, numbers, letters– to help
the reader know where to start and what order to read it in.
(left/right)(better processing of information)
42. Contn…
• Know your audience : To choose the language level(simple),
• No use of more than 2 font styles
• Title and subheadings should be readable from 5-6 feet away(ARIAL more than 24 pt)
• Every graphics should have captions, italics and 18pt
• 10 min to impress the audience: If all text is kept to a minimum (1000 words), a
person should fully read your poster in less than 10 minutes.
• Text should be broken up by including graphics or photos.
• 30%text, 50% graphics and 20% empty space
• Avoid using jargon, acronyms, or unusual abbreviations.
• Check that there are no spelling mistakes
• Poster hand out
43. • Color to create contrast: remember that some people cannot
distinguish between certain colors, such as red and green.
• White Space: Divide the sections of your poster logically by using
empty, white space.
44. Tips for poster presentation
• Be Yourself
• Be Prepared and Engage the Audience
• High Volume, Slow Speed, and No Fillers (like um, uh, and like).
• keep it up for the scheduled duration
• Be at your poster during poster viewing times.
• If you decide not to attend the conference withdraw your poster in a
timely manner.
• A poster presentation should basically include the formal scientific
part on the poster
45. The Effective lay out is
• There is no incorrect layout
1. TITLE
2. INTRODUCTION 4. DISCUSSION
3. METHODS 5. CONCLUSION
46.
47. • Title: Title should be in large fonts (e.g. Arial >80 points) and attract
potential viewers. If possible, institute logos or affiliations should be
minimised in size and put in the lower corner of the poster, or
alternatively, next to the title.
• Introduction: Get your viewer interested about the issue or question
Put the objectives of your study at the end of your introduction.
• Methods: Be short, but precise. State what study design you used and
define your study population.
48. • Results: Present data that more specifically addresses the hypothesis and
refer to supporting charts or images.
• Tables and graphs should stand on their own.
• A minimal amount of text materials should supplement the graphic materials.
• Graphic materials should be readable at a distance of 1.5-2.0 metres.
• Conclusion and Recommendations: Comment on main results and discuss why
they are conclusive and interesting.
• Discuss potential biases. What are your recommendations?
Acknowledgments/further information: Thank individuals for specific
contributions to project; mention who has provided funding.
• Provide your e-mail address for further information.
• Take home message
49. References
• Research reports give a list of references cited in the text, using a
reference style of either Vancouver, Campbell or APA.
50. Review Questions
• Does my poster have enough white space?
• Are the text and graphics legible?
• Is the flow of information logical?
• Can I identify research questions?
• Can I identify research methods?
• Can I identify a take-home message or conclusion?
• Have I clearly provided my contact information?
• Have I provided the proper acknowledgements?
• Have I shown the poster to my co-authors and/or faculty supervisor?
52. Characteristics of communicating research report
Conciseness
• It saves the reader’s time
Clarity
• It should help the reader to understand the results
• Free from ambiguity
Honesty
• Necessary to maintain the respect of the researcher
Completeness
• Enables the reader to evaluate the study
Well organized
• Should follow proper sequence
53. Accuracy
• Being free of error
• Must be long enough to cover the subjects content and short enough to
maintain interest among the users and consumers
• Abstract terms to be avoided
• Written logically
• Visually attractive
• Reflect its originality
• Coherent : every part of the research report should be linked
• Grammatically correct
• No abbreviations
• Reliable
• Self explanatory
