Conductive Polymers: Technologies and Global Markets

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Conductive Polymers: Technologies and Global Markets
Published on October 2011

Report Summary

REPORT SCOPE

INTRODUCTION

STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

The major objective of this report is to measure and analyze markets for inherently conductive polymers (ICPs) and, somewhat, to a
lesser extent, traditional conductively filled thermoplastics, in terms of their competitive scenario in specific applications. Another goal
is to develop a reasonable scenario for ICP markets outside of their competitive posture vis-à-vis traditional conductive-filled
thermoplastics.

The latter group is often called 'conductive plastics.' However, in several market reports these materials are often termed 'conductive
polymers,' which often leads to some confusion.

Often ICPs and conductive plastics are termed 'electroactive polymers/plastics' while in other studies the phrase 'electroactive'
polymers includes very highly specialized polymers with both electrical and/or optical characteristics (electro-optic polymers).

REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY

Conductive plastics are made from traditional thermoplastics containing fillers that render them conductive, while ICPs conduct
electricity on their own, and electro-optic polymers develop optical characteristics under influence of an applied electric field.

Although conductive plastics mimic conductivity of metals (particularly copper and steel), insulative resins employing conductive fillers
(e.g., metal or carbon powder or fiber) achieve a measure of conductivity. However, there are generally compromises in terms of
processibility or performance or overall economics; thus, the search for alternate 'conductive plastics' such as ICPs.

By the mid-1990s, commercialization of ICPs was still in its infancy. Production of these materials had been scaled up from grams to
pounds, but overall global production and consumption totals are still negligible due to overall instability and higher prices.

Even though several major companies have 'given up' on ICPs, researchers and other commercial and educational institutions are
pushing ahead. Literally hundreds of papers and patents on ICPs are published each year. Clearly, there are a great many scientists
and corporations who are still optimistic about significant commercial successes of ICPs and, indeed, usage has increased over the
last several years.

Electro-optic polymers (EO polymers) are further removed from commercialization than ICPs. However, there might be greater
potential in the long term for EO polymers, compared with those of ICPs, because optical applications may be farther reaching than
electrical uses.

Clearly, there is a need for an objective appraisal of ICPs versus traditional conductive plastic markets.

Conductive Polymers: Technologies and Global Markets (From Slideshare) Page 1/19


ICPs have a wide variety of potential applications, such as electrostatic dissipation (ESD) control, light emitting displays, capacitors,
electrostatic paintable plastics, antistatic packaging, corrosion-resistant paints/coatings, and other more esoteric markets such as
rechargeable batteries, smart windows, and electronic membranes. Currently, most ICPs lack sufficient conductivity to be effective
for EMI shielding.

In many of these applications, ICPs are beginning to impact conductively filled traditional thermoplastics, while the 'market' for EO
polymers is still not expected to become significant until the middle of this decade, at the earliest.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This report will cover both ICPs and conductively filled thermoplastics in terms of their competitive scenario as well as to assess ICP
markets independent of traditional conductive plastics.

Typical applications for conductive plastics include ESD/antistatic packaging, electrostatic spray painting, as well as other
applications, while, as noted, ICP applications include batteries, transistors, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), capacitors,
corrosion-resistant coating products, membranes, sensors, etc.

It should be made clear that mention of new conductive polymer activities are a very frequent occurrence in the trade press and/or
company press releases.

To quantify estimated volumes for basic ICPs such as polythiophenes, polyanilines, or polypyrroles is exceedingly difficult mainly
because these materials are usually not used as existent solids or liquids in the 'neat' form, except for several types of films or
'pastes.'

Polythiophenes, for example, are mostly sold in very dilute solutions (less than 5% concentration), while polyanilines are often used
as 25% emulsions. ICP 'volumes,' therefore, are almost always reported by weight as dilute solutions or emulsions and overall global
estimates derived from various suppliers, the trade press, or reports vary by several hundred percent. The major players in the ICP
business are almost always unwilling to provide even the broadest estimates because of the wide disparity of concentrations of the
ICPs along with the proprietary nature of this information.

The overall market data is global, but further segmentation into major geographic areas was not feasible.

METHODOLOGY

Both primary and secondary research sources were used to gather information, including:

* Complete literature review on products and technology
* Patent search
* Contacts with key personnel from producers, suppliers, and end users

Table of Content

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1
STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES . 1
REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY .. 1
SCOPE OF THE STUDY 2



METHODOLOGY ... 3
ANALYST'S CREDENTIALS . 3
RELATED BCC REPORTS 3
BCC ONLINE SERVICES .. 4
DISCLAIMER . 4
CHAPTER TWO: SUMMARY .. 5
SUMMARY TABLE GLOBAL MARKET FOR ELECTROACTIVE
POLYMERS, THROUGH 2016 (MILLION POUNDS/$ MILLIONS) . 5
SUMMARY FIGURE GLOBAL MARKET FOR ELECTROACTIVE
POLYMERS, 2010-2016 ($ MILLIONS) 6
SUMMARY (CONTINUED) ... 7
CHAPTER THREE: ELECTROACTIVE POLYMER OVERVIEW 8
OVERVIEW . 8
BACKGROUND .. 8
INHERENTLY CONDUCTIVE POLYMERS 8
INHERENTLY DISSIPATIVE POLYMERS (IDPS) . 9
CONDUCTIVE PLASTICS . 9
CONDUCTIVE PLASTICS (CONTINUED) . 10
CHAPTER FOUR: INHERENTLY CONDUCTIVE POLYMERS 11
OVERVIEW ... 11
ADDITIONAL TECHNICAL DETAILS .. 11
SYNTHESIZING CONJUGATED POLYMERS .. 11
TECHNIQUES FOR MAKING PLASTICS CONDUCTIVE ... 12
TABLE 1 HOW TO MAKE PLASTICS CONDUCTIVE .. 12
CONCEPT OF RESISTIVITIES .. 12
OVERVIEW 12
TABLE 2 RESISTANCE SPECTRUM FOR METHODS OF MAKING
PLASTICS CONDUCTIVE ... 13
CONCEPTS AND NOMENCLATURE . 14
BARRIERS TO APPLICATIONS .. 14
A HANDY WAY OF CATEGORIZING ICPS 14
TABLE 3 CATERGORIZING INHERENTLY CONDUCTIVE
POLYMERS ... 15
ICP HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE . 15
PRIOR TO 1990 .. 15
POST-1990 PERIOD .. 16
BY 2010 ... 17
TECHNOLOGIES . 17
OVERVIEW 17
PREPARATION OF ICPS .. 18
ENERGY BAND STRUCTURE . 18
CHAIN STRUCTURE 19
COMPARISON OF CONDUCTIVITIES OF ICPS WITH
METALS, SEMICONDUCTORS, AND INSULATORS .. 20
TABLE 4 CONDUCTIVITIES OF DOPED ICPS COMPARED WITH
METALS, SEMICONDUCTORS, AND INSULATORS .. 20
DOPING DETAILS 20
Background .. 20



Overview .. 21
Chemical and Electrochemical Methods . 21
Reversal of Doping Process ... 22
Types of Dopants . 22
Goal of Narrow Band Gaps . 22
Effect on Color and Optical Properties ... 23
TABLE 5 COLOR OF DOPED AND UNDOPED CONDUCTIVE
POLYMERS ... 23
IMPORTANCE OF MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND
DISTRIBUTION IN CONDUCTIVE POLYMERS .. 23
IMPROVING HIGH TEMPERATURE CONDUCTIVITY AND
TEMPERATURE STABILITY . 24
ALLOYING AND BLENDING CONDUCTIVE POLYMERS
WITH CONVENTIONAL RESINS .. 24
PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENTS SOUGHT THROUGH
ICPS ... 25
Conductivity . 25
Electrochromic Effects . 25
Electroluminescence 25
Photoconductivity 26
Thermochromic Effects 26
PROCESSING CONDUCTIVE POLYMERS 26
Background .. 26
Problems and Challenges 27
Processing Options for ICPs 27
TABLE 6 ICP PROCESSING TECHNIQUES 28
TABLE 7 STABILITY AND PROCESSING ATTRIBUTES OF KEY ICPS .. 28
CONDUCTIVE POLYMER TYPES . 28
OVERVIEW 28
POLYTHIOPHENES . 29
Nature of the Material 29
Poly(3-alkylthiophene) 30
Suppliers .. 30
H.C. Starck 30
American Dye Source 31
Plextronics, Inc.. 31
More Details on Polythiophene Products ... 31
PEDOT .. 31
PEDOT/PSS Complex ... 31
EDOT . 32
Potential Applications . 32
Actual Usage of Polythiophenes and Derivatives .. 32
TABLE 8 BRIEF SUMMARY OF KEY APPLICATIONS OF
POLYTHIOPHENE VARIANTS ... 33
Recent Developments .. 33
Printed Organic Electronics . 33
Further Developments with PEDOT ... 33
Use of Polythiophenes in MEMS Applications 33



Use as Conductive Inks 34
POLYANILINES 34
Background .. 34
Overview .. 34
Synthesis .. 34
Processing 35
Doping .. 36
FIGURE 1 THE FOUR OXIDATION STATES OF POLYANILINE ... 36
Characteristics and Properties ... 37
Overview 37
Blending with Commodity Polymers and
Elastomers ... 37
Optical Properties . 37
Suppliers .. 38
Company Products/New Developments .. 39
Synthesis of Nano Conducting Polymer ... 39
Conductivity of Polyaniline Blends and Composites
by Irradiation ... 39
PolyOne Teslart Polyanilne Grafts .. 39
Indian Companies Supplying Polyaniline Products 39
POLYPYRROLES ... 40
Processing 41
New Developments .. 42
Polypyrrole Coated Mica Flake for Corrosion
Protection . 42
POLYACETYLENES . 42
Background .. 42
Preparation .. 43
Processing 43
Problem of Environmental Instability 43
Recent Developments .. 44
OTHER INHERENTLY CONDUCTIVE POLYMERS . 44
Polyphenylene Vinylene (PPV) ... 44
Overview 44
Background ... 44
Processing .. 45
Potential in Light Emitting Polymers . 45
Other Potential Applications 45
Polyfluorenes ... 46
Polyphenylene Sulfide . 46
Phthalocyanines .. 47
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN CONDUCTIVE POLYMERS ... 47
Second and Third Generation Versions .. 47



Improved Printing ... 47
Solar Cell Advances . 47
INHERENTLY DISSIPATIVE POLYMERS (IDPS) 48
Overview .. 48
Technologies . 48
Other Technological Aspects and Problems ... 49
Suppliers .. 49
IDP New Developments .. 49
Arkema's New Products 49
Kostat Plastic Sheets 49
Pozzeta Products ... 50
Shinil Chemical . 50
CHAPTER FIVE: ICP COMPETITIVE RESIN SYSTEMS: CONDUCTIVE
PLASTICS .. 51
BACKGROUND 51
OVERVIEW ... 51
LIMITATIONS OF A PLASTIC COMPOUND'S RESULTING
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES . 51
TECHNIQUES FOR MAKING PLASTICS CONDUCTIVE ... 52
TABLE 9 HOW TO MAKE PLASTICS CONDUCTIVE .. 52
CONCEPT OF RESISTIVITIES .. 53
TABLE 10 RESISTANCE SPECTRUM FOR METHODS OF MAKING
PLASTICS CONDUCTIVE ... 53
TYPES OF CONDUCTIVE PLASTIC MATERIALS .. 54
FORMULATION OPTIONS .. 54
COMPOUNDING CONDUCTIVE PLASTICS . 55
CONDUCTIVITY TESTS... 56
EXAMPLES OF COMPANIES PRODUCING CONDUCTIVE
PLASTICS . 56
TABLE 11 SELECTED KEY COMPANIES PRODUCING CONDUCTIVE
PLASTICS .. 56
CONDUCTIVE PLASTIC ADDITIVES ... 56
OVERVIEW 56
ESD COMPOUNDS ... 57
ANTISTATIC ADDITIVES 57
Fibers and Powders . 57
Carbon Fibers and Powders 58
Overview 58
Carbon Fibers 58
Carbon Blacks ... 58
Metal Fibers . 59
Overview 59
Advantages 60
Metal Fiber Conductivity . 60
Metalized Glass Fibers . 61
Nickel-Coated Graphite Fibers 61
Background. 61
Advantages . 62



Stainless Steel Fibers ... 62
Overview . 62
Technology .. 63
Affect on Processing ... 63
Fiber Forms 63
Advantages and Disadvantages 64
TABLE 12 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF STAINLESS
STEEL FIBERS . 65
Copper Fibers 65
CARBON NANOTUBES 65
Overview .. 65
Overview (Continued) ... 66
Usage in Producing Electrically-Conductive Composites .. 67
Overview 67
Technical Problems ... 67
Carbon Nanotube Producers/Suppliers .. 67
TABLE 13 SELECTED KEY SUPPLIERS OF CARBON NANOTUBES .. 67
TECHNICAL ISSUES .. 68
COSTS ... 68
RESINS USED .. 69
CONDUCTIVE FILLER SUPPLIERS . 69
TABLE 14 CONDUCTIVE FILLER SUPPLIERS... 69
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN CONDUCTIVE PLASTICS 70
COLORED CONDUCTIVE POLYACETALS ... 70
NEW CONDUCTIVE GRADES MEET ECC'S STRICT
REGULATIONS 70
CONDUCTIVE POLYMER BLENDS USED IN POWDER
COATINGS 70
CONDUCTIVE TPES . 70
NOVEL CONDUCTIVE ADDITIVES ... 71
OTHER CONDUCTIVE PLASTIC SYSTEMS 71
CONDUCTIVE PAINTS AND COATINGS .. 71
Background .. 71
Overview .. 71
Performance of Alternate Conductive Coatings . 72
Background ... 72
Copper ... 72
Silver . 72
Nickel . 72
COATED PLASTICS FOR ESD CONTROL . 72
Background .. 72
Comparisons 73
Other Aspects ... 73
Conductive Coating Cost Comparisons .. 73
CONDUCTIVE FILMS .. 74
EXAMPLES OF COMPANY PRODUCTS 74
Dontech VCF Series . 74
Z-Flo Conductive Films ... 75



CONDUCTIVE ELASTOMERS 75
EXAMPLES OF CONDUCTIVE ELASTOMER PRODUCTS . 75
Conductive Composites ' Midway, UT ... 75
Laird Technologies: Chesterfield, MO 76
Leader Tech: Tampa, FL . 76
NEW DEVELOPMENTS ... 76
Electrically Conductive Polyacetal Nanotubes ... 76
Electrically Conductive Soft TPEs .. 76
COMPOUNDING CONDUCTIVE PLASTICS 77
KEY SUPPLIERS AND EXAMPLES OF THEIR CONDUCTIVE
PLASTIC PRODUCTS 77
BOEDEKER PLASTICS 77
CABOT 78
CIBA SPECIALTY CHEMICALS .. 78
LNP ENGINEERING 78
LUBRIZOL ADVANCED MATERIALS 79
POLYONE .. 79
RTP . 79
NEW CONDUCTIVE PLASTIC PRODUCTS . 80
LUBRIZOL . 80
PREMIX THERMOPLASTICS .. 80
Premix Thermoplastics (Continued) ... 81
CHAPTER SIX: MARKET ESTIMATES AND FORECASTS .. 82
INHERENTLY CONDUCTIVE POLYMERS .. 82
BACKGROUND . 82
OVERALL MARKET BY VOLUME .. 82
TABLE 15 GLOBAL ICP MARKET BY TYPE OF RESIN, THROUGH
2016 (THOUSAND POUNDS) . 82
TABLE 15 (CONTINUED) .. 83
PRICING. 83
OVERALL ICP MARKET BY VALUE .. 84
TABLE 16 GLOBAL ICP MARKET BY TYPE OF RESIN BY VALUE,
2010-2016 ($ MILLIONS) . 85
ICP MARKET ESTIMATES BY APPLICATION . 85
Overview .. 85
Polythiophenes . 85
TABLE 17 GLOBAL POLYTHIOPHENE MARKET BY APPLICATION
THROUGH 2016 (THOUSAND POUNDS) . 86
Polyanilines .. 86
TABLE 18 GLOBAL POLYANILINE MARKET BY APPLICATION,
Polypyrroles . 87
TABLE 19 GLOBAL POLYPYRROLE MARKET BY APPLICATION,
Other ICPs ... 88
TABLE 20 GLOBAL MARKET FOR OTHER ICP APPLICATIONS,
CONDUCTIVE PLASTICS ... 88



TABLE 21 GLOBAL CONDUCTIVE PLASTIC MARKET VOLUME BY
RESIN, THROUGH 2016 (THOUSAND POUNDS) .. 89
TABLE 22 GLOBAL CONDUCTIVE PLASTIC MARKET VALUE BY
RESIN, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) ... 90
TABLE 23 TOTAL GLOBAL ELECTROACTIVE POLYMER MARKET,
TABLE 24 TOTAL GLOBAL ELECTROACTIVE POLYMER MARKET,
THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) .. 91
CHAPTER SEVEN: APPLICATIONS OF ICPS AND CONDUCTIVE
PLASTICS .. 92
OVERVIEW ... 92
GROUP 1: ELECTROACTIVE . 92
GROUP 2: CONDUCTIVITY 92
BACKGROUND 93
POTENTIAL/CURRENT APPLICATIONS OF ICPS . 94
OVERVIEW 94
TABLE 25 POTENTIAL ICP APPLICATIONS BY MARKET 94
REVIEW OF POTENTIALLY SIGNIFICANT COMMERCIAL
USES OF ICPS.. 95
SPECIFIC INDIVIDUAL ICP PROPOSED APPLICATIONS . 96
APPLICATIONS OF IDPS . 96
OVERVIEW OF COMPETITIVE SCENARIO BETWEEN ICPS AND
CONDUCTIVE PLASTICS . 96
TABLE 26 COMPETITIVE SCENARIO BETWEEN ICPS AND
TRADITIONAL CONDUCTIVELY-FILLED THERMOPLASTICS ... 96
ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC APPLICATIONS 97
OVERVIEW 97
MAJOR SEMICONDUCTOR COMPANIES . 98
TABLE 27 TOP GLOBAL SEMICONDUCTOR COMPANIES .. 98
ORGANIC ELECTRONIC MARKET 99
Overview .. 99
Some Interesting Observations and Details ... 99
LIGHT-EMITTING DIODES ... 100
Background 100
Organic Light-Emitting Diodes . 101
Overview .. 101
Technology . 101
Some Definitions 102
Historical Background 102
How OLEDs Work ... 103
Parts of OLEDs ... 103
Additional Technical Details .. 104
OLED Technology Summary .. 105
Advantages of OLEDs . 106
Features and Benefits of OLEDs ... 106
Disadvantages of OLEDs 106
Issue of Shorter Lifetimes than Inorganic
LEDs 106



High Prices and Water Issue .. 107
OLED Research Focus and Technologies .. 107
Automotive Lighting .. 108
Potential Market Size . 108
Early Use of ICPs in OLEDs .. 109
ICP Technology Review for OLEDs ... 109
Recent Developments 110
New Fluorescent OLEDs Display Increased
Efficiencies . 110
White OLEDs Move Closer to Commercialization 110
Samsung to Begin Producing OLED Materials . 110
CAPACITORS... 110
Overview 110
Background 111
Capacitor Coating Technology .. 111
Conductive Polymers in Use . 112
Companies Involved .. 112
Advantages 113
Potential Markets .. 113
New Developments 114
Kemet's New Conductive Polymer Capacitors .. 114
Possible Shift from Aluminum to Tantalum
Conductive Polymer Capacitors 114
BATTERIES . 114
Background 114
Lithium Batteries .. 115
Overview .. 115
Technology ... 115
Advantages and Disadvantages . 116
Advantages .. 116
Disadvantages . 116
Concept of All-Polymer Battery 116
Button Batteries 117
Automotive Batteries . 117
Energy Storage Devices . 118
Brief Summary of ICP Potential in the Battery Market . 118
Recent Developments in Conductive Polymer-Based
Batteries ... 119
SEMICONDUCTOR TRANSISTORS . 119
Definitions .. 119
Semiconductor . 119
Transistor 119
Background 120
Moore's Law ... 120
Silicon Technology . 120
Position of Silicon Substrates 121
Silicon-Free Integrated Circuits ... 121
Concept of Plastic Electronics ... 122



Polymers Used for Plastic/Organic Transistors ... 123
Processes and Applications ... 124
Optimistic Forecasts .. 124
SENSORS . 124
Background 124
Fiber Optic . 125
Microbalances 125
Conductive Polymers . 125
Some ICP Technology Details ... 125
Remotely Readable Indicators .. 126
Gas Sensors 126
Odor Sensors .. 127
Chemical Sensors... 127
Biosensors .. 127
Use of Microelectrodes ... 128
Seminar ... 128
Transparent Conductive Polymer Sensors for
Flexible Displays ... 129
Instruments for Nanotechnology Research ... 129
Textronix Products .. 129
SOLAR CELLS . 129
Background 129
Overview 129
Some Technologies . 130
Plastic Solar Cells .. 131
Novel Electrode for Flexible Thin-Film Solar Cells .. 132
Blue Nano Products 132
ELECTRONIC DISPLAYS .. 132
Overview 132
Flat-Panels Displays ... 133
Electronic Display Comparisons 133
TABLE 28 ELECTRONIC DISPLAY COMPARISONS 134
The Future of CRT Technology . 134
Forecasts . 134
TABLE 29 TOTAL GLOBAL DISPLAY AREA BY FLAT PANEL
TECHNOLOGY, 2005-2015 (%) .. 135
Conductive Polymer Flat Panel Displays .. 135
ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE (EMI) . 135
BACKGROUND ... 135
OVERVIEW OF EMI SHIELDING . 136
MECHANISMS OF SHIELDING 136
EMI EFFECTS . 137
THE IMPORTANCE OF SHIELDING ... 137
CONTROLLING EMI .. 137
Controlling EMI (Continued) 138
USE OF CONDUCTIVE PLASTICS ... 139



Background 139
Functions ... 139
Conductive Additive Selection .. 139
TABLE 30 SURFACE RESISTIVITY FOR ELECTRONIC DEVICE
SUBSTRATES (OHMS/SQ) .. 140
Conductivity Tests . 140
Advantages and Disadvantages of Conductive Plastics .. 140
Advantages and Disadvantages ' (Continued) 141
USE OF INHERENTLY CONDUCTIVE POLYMERS .. 142
COMPARISON OF CONDUCTIVITIES OF ICPS WITH
METALS, SEMICONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS . 143
METAL, SEMICONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS 143
PROCESSING OPTIONS FOR ICPS .. 143
METALS, SEMICONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS . 143
TABLE 33 STABILITY AND PROCESSING ATTRIBUTES OF KEY
ICPS .. 144
ROLE OF IDPS (INHERENTLY DISSIPATIVE POLYMERS) . 144
RECENT ACTIVITIES AND DEVELOPMENTS ... 144
Fibron Technologies ... 144
Polyanilines for EMI Shielding . 144
Other Academic Advances . 145
ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE (ESD) ... 145
TECHNOLOGY BACKGROUND 145
USE OF METAL CABINETS .. 145
DEVICE FAILURES DUE TO ESD DAMAGE .. 146
HOW MUCH STATIC PROTECTION IS NEEDED' . 146
SUMMING UP THE ESD SCENARIO ... 146
ESD IN THE ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY 147
ESD CONTROLS . 147
Background 147
Materials and Methods.. 148
Use of Chemical Additives 148
Background . 148
Technology ... 149
Use of Conductive Fillers 149
Use of Coated Sheets .. 150
Role of Plastics in ESD Control 150
Static-Dissipative Polymers .. 151
ICP POTENTIAL . 152
Overview 152
Thermoplastic ICP Compounds 152
Antistatic Coatings Used for Polymer Films 152
REPRESENTATIVE COMPANY ESD PRODUCTS .. 153
TABLE 34 SELECTED KEY ESD PLASTIC PRODUCTS ... 153
RECENT ESD ACTIVITIES WITHIN THE ELECTRONIC
INDUSTRY.. 153



Polypropylene Static-Dissipative Alloy for ESD Protection 153
IonPhasE Develops Dissipative Polymers 154
ANTISTATIC PACKAGING 154
Background 154
Benefits .. 154
Topical Coatings 155
Permanently Static-Dissipative Polymers 155
Types of Products and Additives Used . 155
Carbon Black ... 155
Powdered Metals . 155
Mixed-Metal Oxides 156
Polymer Alloys ... 156
Permanent Coatings .. 156
Other Characteristics of Materials Used in Antistatic
Packaging . 157
TABLE 35 GENERAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF
SOME COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE ANTISTATIC PACKAGING
MATERIALS 157
Examples of Antistatic Packaging Types of Products .. 158
New Products for Static Dissipation . 158
DuPont Delrin Polyacetals . 158
RTP New Permastats . 158
ELECTROSTATIC PAINTABLE PLASTICS . 158
Background 158
Overview 159
Applications ... 159
AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS .. 160
OVERVIEW .. 160
AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY SCENARIO ... 160
TABLE 36 HISTORICAL AUTO CAFÉ STANDARDS
(MILES/GALLON) .. 161
CONCEPT OF COMPLIANCE COATINGS ... 161
Concept of Compliance Coatings (Continued) .. 162
UV-CURED COATINGS .. 163
MOLDED-IN-COLOR AUTOMOTIVE EXTERIORS . 163
DRY PAINT .. 163
Background 163
Technology . 163
NEW DEVELOPMENTS . 164
Electriplast . 164
Conductive Plastic Nozzle Guide .. 164
Sabic IP Offers Conductive Plastics for Large Auto Panels 164
ANTI-CORROSION PRODUCTS ... 164
OVERVIEW .. 164
CORROSION-RESISTANT COATINGS . 165
POTENTIAL ROLE OF ICPS .. 165
Potential Role of ICPs (Continued) ... 166
ADVANTAGES OF ICP-BASED ANTICORROSION



COATINGS .. 167
SOME TECHNOLOGIES 167
Commercial Polyanilines for Corrosion Control ... 167
Applications of ICP-Based Anti-Corrosion Coatings 168
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS .. 168
Dust Relief/Corrosion Control with ICPs . 168
Ancott's Anti-Corrosion Coatings.. 168
TEXTILES/FABRICS (ELECTROTEXTILES/CONDUCTIVE
TEXTILES) 168
DEFINITIONS . 168
OVERVIEW .. 169
BACKGROUND ... 169
MATERIALS USED TO CREATE CONDUCTIVE FIBERS . 170
FIBERS THAT CAN BE USED TO MAKE CONDUCTIVE
FABRICS . 170
TABLE 37 TYPES OF FIBERS THAT CAN BE USED IN CONDUCTIVE
FABRICS .. 170
EXAMPLES OF COMPANIES INVOLVED IN CONDUCTIVE
TEXTILES ... 171
NEW MATERIALS ... 171
APPLICATIONS ... 171
NEW DEVELOPMENTS . 172
Anti-Static Fabrics 172
Radar Absorbing Materials Developed . 172
Conductive Fiber Manufacturers Council Formed ... 172
REPRESENTATIVE COMPANY PRODUCTS... 172
Swift Textile Metalizing LLC 172
Bekaert North America . 173
MEMBRANES . 173
BACKGROUND ... 173
POTENTIAL OF ICPS . 173
A NEW DEVELOPMENT 174
AVIATION/AEROSPACE ... 174
OVERVIEW .. 174
SMART SKIN/STEALTH TECHNOLOGY . 175
A NEW DEVELOPMENT 175
COATINGS/INKS ... 175
OVERVIEW .. 175
PROCESSING METHODS .. 176
SELECTED PRODUCTS . 176
Polyanilines 176
Polythiophenes ... 176
FUEL CELLS .. 177
DEFINITIONS AND OPERATION . 177
OVERVIEW .. 177
CHALLENGES . 178
FUEL CELL TYPES 178
A NEW ICP DEVELOPMENT 178



NEW HYDROGEN TYPE FUEL CELL BEING DEVELOPED 179
RFID TAGS/LABELS . 179
DEFINITIONS . 179
BACKGROUND ... 179
APPLICATIONS ... 180
HOW RFIDS FUNCTION 180
OTHER TECHNICAL ASPECTS 181
ROLE OF ELECTROACTIVE POLYMERS ... 181
MEDICAL/PHARMACEUTICAL 182
Overview 182
Artificial Muscles ... 182
Microfluidics .. 183
Medicine Delivery .. 183
Conductive Polymers inside the Body .. 183
MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS ... 184
OVERVIEW .. 184
PLASTIC LASERS ... 184
MICROTOOLS . 185
PRINTING PLATES 185
SMART/ELECTROCHROMIC WINDOWS 185
CAMOUFLAGE COATINGS ... 186
SOLDERS . 186
ELECTROLUMINESCENT LAMPS (EL LAMPS) 186
TOYS . 187
CHAPTER EIGHT: MARKET ESTIMATES AND FORECASTS BY
APPLICATION .. 188
OVERVIEW . 188
TABLE 38 ELECTROACTIVE POLYMER MARKET BY APPLICATION,
THROUGH 2016 (THOUSAND POUNDS) ... 188
ICP MARKETS BY APPLICATION... 189
OVERVIEW .. 189
TABLE 39 GLOBAL ICP MARKET BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2016
(THOUSAND POUNDS) . 189
Capacitors .. 189
TABLE 40 GLOBAL CAPACITOR MARKET BY ICP PRODUCT TYPE,
ESD/Antistatic Packaging . 190
TABLE 41 GLOBAL ESD/ANTI-STATIC PACKAGING MARKET BY
ICP PRODUCT TYPE, THROUGH 2016 (THOUSAND POUNDS) 190
ESD/Antistatic ' (Continued) ... 191
Corrosion Protection .. 192
TABLE 42 GLOBAL CORROSION PROTECTION MARKET BY ICP
PRODUCT TYPE, THROUGH 2016 (THOUSAND POUNDS) ... 192
Sensors ... 192
TABLE 43 GLOBAL SENSOR MARKET BY ICP PRODUCT TYPE,
OLEDs 193
TABLE 44 GLOBAL OLED MARKET BY ICP PRODUCT TYPE,



Solar Cells .. 194
TABLE 45 GLOBAL SOLAR CELL MARKET BY ICP POLYMER TYPE,
Textiles/Fabrics . 195
TABLE 46 GLOBAL TEXTILES/FABRICS MARKET BY ICP
PRODUCT TYPE, THROUGH 2016 (THOUSAND POUNDS) .. 195
Organic Semiconductors 196
TABLE 47 GLOBAL ORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR MARKET BY ICP
PRODUCT TYPE, THROUGH 2016 (THOUSAND POUNDS) ... 196
Batteries . 196
TABLE 48 GLOBAL BATTERY MARKET BY ICP PRODUCT TYPE
Miscellaneous Applications ... 197
TABLE 49 GLOBAL MARKET FOR MISCELLANEOUS
APPLICATIONS BY ICP TYPE, THROUGH 2016 (THOUSAND
POUNDS) . 197
CONDUCTIVE PLASTICS MARKETS BY APPLICATION . 197
TABLE 50 GLOBAL CONDUCTIVE PLASTICS MARKET BY
APPLICATION, THROUGH 2016 (THOUSAND POUNDS)1 .. 198
CHAPTER NINE: RECENT CONDUCTIVE POLYMER PATENT
ACTIVITY . 199
FULLY INTEGRATED ORGANIC LAYERED PROCESSES FOR
MAKING PLASTIC ELECTRONICS BASED ON CONDUCTIVE
POLYMERS ... 199
PRINTING OF ORGANIC CONDUCTIVE POLYMERS CONTAINING
ADDITIVES ... 199
WATER DISPERSIBLE POLYPYRROLES MADE WITH
POLYMERIC ACID COLLOIDS FOR ELECTRONIC
APPLICATIONS 199
MULTIFUNCTIONAL 3,4-ALKYLENEDIOXY THIOPHENE
DERIVATIVES AND ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVE
POLYMERS CONTAINING THEM . 200
BARRIER LAYERS FOR COATING CONDUCTIVE POLYMERS ON
LIQUID CRYSTALS .. 200
DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL PROTON-CONDUCTIVE POLYMERS
FOR PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELL (PEMFC)
TECHNOLOGY . 200
DISPERSIONS OF INTRINSICALLY CONDUCTIVE POLYMERS
AND METHODS FOR THE PRODUCTION THEREOF 200
FLUORESCENT, SEMI-CONDUCTIVE POLYMERS, AND DEVICES
COMPRISING THEM ... 201
IMPLANTABLE HEART VALVE PROSTHETIC DEVICES HAVING
INTRINSICALLY CONDUCTIVE POLYMERS .. 201
WATER DISPERSABLE POLYANILINES MADE WITH POLYMERIC
ACID COLLOIDS FOR ELECTRONIC APPLICATIONS ... 201
COMPOSITIONS OF ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVE POLYMERS
AND NON-POLYMERIC FLUORINATED ORGANIC ACIDS .. 201



POLYTHIOPHENE AND ELECTRONIC DEVICES COMPRISING
THE SAME 202
CHAPTER TEN: INDUSTRY STRUCTURE .. 203
OVERVIEW . 203
COMPANIES INVOLVED . 203
SELECTED ELECTROACTIVE POLYMER PRODUCT LINES . 204
TABLE 51 SELECTED ELECTROACTIVE PRODUCT LINES .. 204
TABLE 51 (CONTINUED) 205
CHAPTER ELEVEN: COMPANY PROFILES 206
ABTECH SCIENTIFIC, INC. . 206
AGFA-GEVAERT GROUP NV ... 206
AMERICAN DYE SOURCE, INC. . 207
BASF, INC. .. 208
BOEDEKER, INC. .. 208
CAMBRIDGE DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY . 209
CENTRAL CORPORATION ... 210
CROSSLINK POLYMER RESEARCH .. 210
DUPONT DISPLAYS .. 211
EEONYX . 212
FIBRON TECHNOLOGIES ... 213
FRACTAL SYSTEM, INC. .. 213
HERAEUS PRECIOUS METALS .. 214
KEMET CAPACITORS ... 214
KLOCKNER PENTAPLAST OF AMERICA . 215
KONARKA TECHNOLOGIES ... 215
LNP ENGINEERING PLASTICS .. 216
LUBRIZOL ADVANCED MATERIALS . 216
MERCK KGAA: DARMSTADT, GERMANY . 217
ORMECON CHEMIE . 218
PANIPOL LTD 218
PLASTIC LOGIC 219
PLEXTRONICS, INC. . 220
POLYMER VISION, LTD ... 221
POLYONE ... 221
PREMIX OY 222
RIEKE METALS, INC 222
RTP COMPANY .. 223
SHIN-ETSU POLYMER EUROPE BV .. 224
STERLING FIBERS ... 225
TICONA ... 225
UNIVERSAL DISPLAY CORPORATION . 226
WESTLAKE PLASTICS COMPANY . 226
ACRONYMS... 227
ACRONYMS 227
ACRONYMS (CONTINUED) .. 228


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