This document summarizes key concepts relating to aldehydes, ketones, and carbohydrates including: the electronic structure of the carbonyl group; addition and substitution reactions on the carbonyl group; catalytic mechanisms and transition states; Haworth projections; anomers; aldoses and ketoses; acetals and imines; reduction and transamination reactions. Specific topics covered include nucleophilic addition, glycoside formation, addition/elimination/substitution reactions, reaction with nitrogen nucleophiles, reduction, selective protection, and transamination.

1. Aldehydes, ketones and carbohydrates:
electronic structure of the carbonyl
group, addition, removal and
nucleophilic substitution on the
carbonyl group, catalytic mechanisms,
transition states, Haworth projections,
anomers, aldoses, ketoses, acetals
(glycosides), imines (vision, reduction,
transamination).
Lesson 9 & 10

2. Aldehydes and Ketones
O
H
HOH2C
O
OH
H
H
HO
N
H
O
OH
+
O3PO
2-
Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)
Co-enzyme
Hydrocortisone:
Steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal
glands to regulate fat,protein and
carbohydrate metabolism

3. Carbonyl Group

4. Nucleophilic Addition Reaction
Nucleophile
Electrophile

5. Reaction of carbonyl
• Reaction with water

6. Nucleophilic addition
• Acid catalysed

7. Reaction of carbonyl
• Reaction with water- basic
catalysed

8. Glucose

9. Anomers

10. Nucleophilic addition

11. Glycoside formation- Nu Substitution

12. Addition, Elimination and Substitution

13. Reaction with Nitrogen Nu

14. Reduction

15. Selective Protection

16. Transamination

17. Nucleophilic Substitution
Selectivity

18. Summary

19. Carboxylic acid

20. Carboxylic acid

21. Hydrogen Bonding

22. Resonance of acids

23. Acidity

24. Esterification

25. Esterification

26. Hydrolysis/ Saponification

27. Saponification

28. Reduction

29. Keto-enol tautomerism

30. Aldol condensation

31. Dehydration

32. Claisen Condensation

33. Decarboxylation