02 Logistics - transportation by sea.pptx

CERTIFICATE IN
SUPPLY CHAIN LOGISTICS
MANAGEMENT
R. Ravindran
Email: ravi311@outlook.com
A domain specialisation program by

Part B – Components of
logistics
Logistics “revolves” around 2
major components:
Transportation
• Sea
• Air
• Rail – Road
• Pipeline
Storage
• Warehousing
• Distribution

Animal carts:
Bullock carts – horse carriages -
camels

Human carriers!
… also called “porters”

Important voyages
• Discovery of America
• Discovery of Maluku
Islands
• Journey “around the
world”

Christopher Columbus
B: 31 Oct 1451 (Italy)
D: 20 May 1506 (Spain)
3 Aug 1492 (41 years old) First
voyage to “America”
02:00am 12 Oct 1492 saw land
after 5 weeks of sailing

Christopher Columbus
Voyages to The Americas

Vasco da Gama
B: 1460-1469 (Portugal)
D: 23 December 1524 (Kochi, India)
8 July 1497 (37 years old)
with 4 ships + 170 crew … First
voyage to “India”
20 May 1498 arrival at Calicut
(India)

Vasco da Gama
Gateway to the east

Vasco da Gama
Meeting with the Zamorin

Alfonso de Albuquerque
B: 1453 (Portugal)
D: 16 December 1515 (Goa,
India)
6 Apr 1503 first voyage to
Kochi (Cochin), India
24 August 1511 conquered
Malacca – establishing spice
gateway

Ferdinand Magellan
B: 1480 Portugal
D: 27 Apr 1521 Philippines
20 Sept 1519 set sail to
circumnavigate the earth
27 Apr 1521 killed in the Battle of
Mactans
6 September 1522, Elcano and the
remaining crew of Magellan's voyage
arrived in Spain aboard the last ship
in the fleet, Victoria … 18 of 237
sruvived

Ferdinand Magellan Magellan died here

Part B – Components of
logistics
• 3. Sea
• 3.1 Trade routes
• 3.2 Manmade canals
• 3.3 New sea routes
• 3.4 Types of cargo ships
Transportation

3.1 Trades routes by sea
Trade route 500-1000 CE

 1st century logistics
centre … Indian &
Chinese traders use
Melaka as trading port
 11th century … Rajendra
Chola conquered part of
Swarnabhumi
Calicut
Quilon
Malacca
Trade route 500-1000 CE

Trade route 1400s

Trade route 1900s

Trade route 1900s
 New trading hubs have
emerged
 Ports of:
Dubai
Singapore
Hong Kong

Trade route today

Why do we need
canals?
3.2 Manmade canals

The search for shorter routes >
faster travel time > safer conditions
Name two major canals in
the world …
1. The Suez Canal
2. The Panama Canal
3.2 Manmade canals

Panama canal Suez canal
3.2 Manmade canals
Panama – Suez canals

1859 to1869
construction of the
present canal
The Suez Canal
Circa 2000 BC – Pharaoh of Egypt
constructed the first link
Later silted … 1799 Napoleon Bonaparte
revived the idea

9,654 km kilometres saved
London
Via the Suez Canal
• 6,400 nautical miles (12,000 km)
• 14 days
Arabian Gulf
Suez Canal
Cape of
Good Hope
Around Africa
• 11,300 nautical miles (20,900
km)
• 24 days
• The shortcut reduces
the distance by 43%
3
Source: Earth Observation Research Center

 ‘Highway to India’
 connects the Mediterranean and Red Sea
 saves 9,654 km circumnavigation of Africa
The Suez Canal
The average journey
time is cut from
20 days to just
13 hours

It all started with the
Panama Railroad
It was originally built in
1855
And was the first ocean-
to-ocean land bridge
It acted as the Atlantic–
Pacific California gold
rush route

It is now an all-water Atlantic-Pacific
transit - opened in 1914
Considered one of the all-time great
engineering feats!
Permanently established the
strategic importance of Panama
Then came the canal

This is where the Panama
Canal is located
Caribbean
Pacific Ocean

 77-kilometre long
 connects the
Atlantic & Pacific
Oceans
 saves 22,500 km
circumnavigation
around Cape Horn
3.2 Manmade canals
Panama canal

 Is the canal
flat?
3.2 Manmade canals
Panama canal

3.2 Manmade canals
Panama canal
What are the constraints
when moving through a
canal?

Locks and vessel
dimensions
Existing locks allow vessels
this size to pass through
Chamber Length 305m (1,000’)
Max. Vessel LOA 294.3m (965’)
New locks let much bigger
ships travel through the canal
12,600 TEU
Chamber Length 427m (1,400’)
Max. Vessel LOA 366m (1,200’)

We have almost
covered the globe by
air – sea – rail – road –
pipelines – human
carriers
3.3 New sea routes
Now where else can we “build” a
new route to make it shorter or
faster?

 Can we
take a ship
across the
ice cap?
3.3 New sea routes
The Arctic route

3.3 New sea routes
The Arctic Express

 Yong Sheng cargo
vessel
 What is special
about this vessel?

China ship - saves almost 13 days of
shipping time
3.3 New sea routes
Dalian to Rotterdam

Korean liner -
saves almost
10 days of
shipping time
and 7,000 km
Video 
Arctic shipping
3.3 New sea routes
Busan to Rotterdam

INDUSTRY FACTS
Discussion:
 how did sea shipping impact and
shape world trade?
 Name some explorers who arrived
India in early history

ACTIVITY
 GROUP ACTIVITY PREPARATION
Prepare one assigned topic and present later
in the day
 Topic 1: Explain types of shipping
containers and their application for
transport of cargo
 Topic 2: Explain types of ships and their
usage

SEA SHIPPING
CONTAINERS
What is a sea
shipping container?
Why do we use
containers?

WHY DO WE USE
CONTAINERS?
 Standardised size to load on a ship
 Can load many types of cargo on same
ship
 Cargo protected from rain and shine
 Easy handling at loading and unloading
ports
 Easy segregation for inspection and
classification

• As far back as 1792, boxes similar to modern containers
emerged in England and these were transported with horse
and wagon and later moved via rail.
• Modern container shipping begun in 1956, when Malcolm
McLean, a trucking entrepreneur from North Carolina, U.S.,
bought a steamship company with the idea of transporting
entire truck trailers with their cargo still inside.
• Various companies in the U.S. began to adopt containerisation.
In 1966, the vessel Fairland owned by Sea-Land sailed
from the U.S. to Rotterdam in the Netherlands with 256
containers. This was the first international voyage of a
container ship.

A standard container can hold
24,914 tin cans…
 Container capacity is
measured in twenty-foot
equivalent units (TEU).
 This is the size of the
standard 20-foot long (6.09
m) container.
 Another unit is FEU
Facts about containers…

 GP (General Purpose)
containers
 Open top
 Flat racks
 ISO tanks
 Reefer containers
Ref: www.marineinsight.com

GENERAL PURPOSE CONTAINER
(ALSO CALLED DRY CARGO CONTAINER)
The most commonly
used shipping
containers; they come
in various dimensions
standardized by ISO.
They are used for
shipping of dry
materials and come in
size of 20ft, 40 ft and
10ft.

FLAT RACK CONTAINER
With collapsible sides, these are like simple storage
shipping containers where the sides can be folded so as to
make a flat rack for shipping of wide variety of goods.

OPEN TOP CONTAINER
With a convertible top that can
be completely removed to make
an open top so that materials of
any height can be shipped
easily

TUNNEL CONTAINER
Container storage units
provided with doors on both
ends of the container, they are
extremely helpful in quick
loading and unloading of
materials

OPEN SIDE CONTAINER
These storage units are
provided with doors that can
change into completely open
sides providing a much wider
room for loading of materials.

DOUBLE DOOR
CONTAINER
They are kind of storage units that are provided with
double doors, making a wider room for loading and
unloading of materials.

How can container ships keep
food fresh?
 Reefers can keep goods
frozen at temperatures as
low as -60◦C.
 However, they can also
preserve goods at warmer
temperatures if that is
necessary.

REEFER (REFRIGERATED)
CONTAINERS
These are temperature
regulated shipping
containers that always
have a carefully
controlled low
temperature.
They are exclusively
used for shipment of
perishable substances
like fruits and vegetables
over long distances.

REEFER (REFRIGERATED)
CONTAINERS
Capt Thomas –
mafia controller of
sea food export
Rameshwaram
1995-2000.

INSULATED CONTAINER
These are the shipping storage
containers that come with a
regulated temperature control
allowing them to maintain a
higher temperature.
The choice of material is so
done to allow them long life
without being damaged by
constant exposure to high
temperature. They are most
suitable for long distance
transportation of products.

ISO TANK CONTAINERS
Container storage units used
mostly for transportation of
liquid materials, they are used
by a huge proportion of entire
shipping industry.
They are mostly made of strong
steel or other anti corrosive
materials providing them with
long life and protection to the
materials

HALF HEIGHT CONTAINERS
Another kind of shipping containers includes half height
containers. Made mostly of steel, these containers are half
the height of full sized containers.
Used especially for
good like coal, stones
etc which need easy
loading and unloading.

CAR CARRIERS
Car carriers are container
storage units made
especially for shipment of
cars over long distances.
They come with
collapsible sides that help
a car fit snugly inside the
containers without the risk
of being damaged or
moving from the spot.

 The containers are stacked on
the ship with up to 8
containers stacked on top of
each other on deck.
 Below the deck a ship can
stack up to 11 containers on
top of each other.
How do the boxes
fit on the ship?
8 containers
11 containers

STOWAGE PLANNING
ABOVE AND BELOW DECK

STOWAGE PLANNING
WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION

LASHING OF CONTAINERS
To make sure that the
containers stay in place
during the voyage, twist
locks are used to
connect the containers.
A twist lock is a device
used for connecting two
containers at the corner
posts through an
interlocking mechanism.

HOW IS CARGO “STUFFED” INTO
CONTAINERS?
Can you think of some methods of
placing (stuffing) cargo into a
container?

CONTAINERS?

PALLETS
CONTAINERS?

FLEXIBAGS
CONTAINERS?

BULK BAGS
CONTAINERS?

CONDENSATION
 Some grains and seeds can cause
condensation during shipment
 Onion loses its weight in shipment
 Corn may germinate if stored too
long
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS WITH CARGO
IN CONTAINERS

HOW TO PREVENT PROBLEMS WITH
CONDENSATION?
 Open top
 Open side
 Open door
 Ventilated containers
IN CONTAINERS

PESTS
 Pests may be carried with the cargo
 Many countries have strict
fumigation rules especially for
wooden packaging
IN CONTAINERS

HOW TO PREVENT PESTS IN
CARGO?
 Fumigation
 Need to comply with destination
laws
 Includes passengers in an aircraft!
IN CONTAINERS

• The world’s biggest container ships are about
1,300 feet long - that’s nearly 400 meters or the
distance around an Olympic running track.
• Many container ships can comfortably carry more
than 8,000 containers.
• Container ships have the capacity to carry
several warehouses-worth of goods.

Shipped by the grace of God in good order, and
well conditioned by William Stephens in and upon
the good ship, called the Charming Glory where
of is xxx under god for this xxx voyage xxx and
now riding at anchor in the xxx port and by Gods
grace bound for New Brunswick to carry eight
hundred bundles of cotton …

1819 - first steamships to
cross the Atlantic with
combined steam and wind
power.
1845 - First ocean-going
liners made of iron and
driven by a propeller were
being built.
3.4 Types of cargo ships
A little history of ships

1959 - The N.S. Savannah,
one of the first nuclear
powered cargo ships, was
able to sail for three and a
half years without refuelling
A little history of ships

PASSENGER SHIPS
In the early days some passenger
ships also carried cargo.
However passenger ships are not
primary cargo carriers.

PASSENGER SHIP
 Example of: Rajula ship
transporting Indian
immigrants to Malaya
during British era
 Built in 1926, operated
until 1974
 First route was Madras-
Nagapatinam-
Singapore
 30 First Class
 30 Second Class
 92 Third Class
 5,113 Deck

CRUISE SHIP
 13-storey high floating
hotel

1. Aircraft spare
parts
2. LCD television
3. Chocolates
4. Mercedes Benz
cars
5. Petroleum
6. California
grapes
7. Kraft cheese
8. Computer chips
9. Coal
10. Palm oil
11. President of
America
Types of cargo?
Lets review some items that comes from
outside your country
Which are the items that can be sent by ship to
your country

What kind of cargo do you expect
to carry on a ship?
Review … list of items that comes
from outside your country … list
of items that goes out of your
country
Types of cargo?

Types of cargo?
Marine
Cargo
Packed
cargo
General
cargo
Unpacked
cargo
Bulk
cargo

Types of cargo?
Marine
Cargo
Packed
cargo
Unpacked
cargo
Liquid
Bulk
Solid
Bulk

Types of cargo?
Packed cargo
Unpacked
cargo
Liquid Bulk
Petroleum,
LNG, Oil
palm
Solid Bulk
Cement,
grains,
stones

Types of cargo?
Marine
cargo
Packed
cargo
Neo bulk
Break
bulk
Unitised
Unpacked
cargo

Types of cargo?
Packed cargo
Neo bulk
Timber,
paper, car,
truck, steel
Break bulk
Barrel, drum,
pallets,
boxes
Unitised
Containers,
ISO tanks

TYPES OF CARGO SHIPS
Bulk
vessels
Tankers
LNG
tankers
Reefer
vessels
Livestock
carriers
Car
carriers
Container
vessels
Heavy lift
vessels

www.stevesmaritime.com
Steve’s Maritime reference

Cargo ships are
categorized:
•partly by capacity
•partly by weight
•partly by dimensions (often with reference
to the various canals and canal locks they
fit through).
Ship categorization

Bulk carriers
Bulk carriers carry raw dry
cargoes in huge cavernous
holds, such as coal, iron ore,
grain, sulphur, scrap metal.

Cargo hold of a bulk carrier …
large enough for a bulldozer to
work in it!
Bulk carriers

Bulk carriers

Tankers
Tankers are designed to carry liquid cargoes (not just oil).

Tankers

LNG tankers

LNG tankers
LNG is a gas, so to transport it, it needs to
be kept as a liquefied state by reducing
the temperature to approximately MINUS
160 degrees C

The LNG carrier (Liquefied Natural Gas)
and it's cousin the LPG carrier (Liquefied
Petroleum Gas) are products of the late
twentieth century.
LNG and LPG are the preferred fuel types
of certain countries for their industrial
power needs. Japan is one such country
that needs to import 95% of the LNG it
needs, and so LNG has to be transported to
Japan.
LNG tankers

Refrigerated Cargo Carrying Vessels
("Reefers") are purpose built to carry
fruit, meat and other food products
across the sea in a fresh and clean
manner.
Reefer vessels

Perhaps the most famous of these
types of vessels are the banana
carriers, trading between the Caribbean
and Europe.
Reefer vessels

The carriage of live animals around the world
is performed by specialist vessels, designed
to transport large numbers of cattle and sheep
in secure but humane conditions.
Livestock carriers

Livestock carriers

When a livestock carrier has a fire or
sinks, the loss of life of the animals can
be appalling.
Cattle can't swim and they are not very
good, when it comes to Lifeboat Drills !!!
Livestock carriers
One modern vessel
may carry up to
125,000 sheep.

Livestock carriers disasters

The car carrier or more correctly the P.C.C.
(Pure Car carrier)
Car carriers

Normally in rectangular design, is purpose built to
carry large numbers of cars.
Car carriers

A few years ago, a car carrier, called the
REIJIN ran aground and partially
submerged off Spain, full of Japanese
cars.
The manufacturers were so scared of
people stealing whole cars or parts from
the wrecked vessel that they ordered the
vessel, and it's cargo of brand new
vehicles, to be towed out into deep water
and sunk.
Car carriers

Car carriers
RORO = Roll On Roll Off
Various types of RORO vessels
include ferries, cruise ferries, cargo
ships, and barges.
Aboard PCCs cargo capacity is often
measured in RT or RT43 units based
on a 1966 Toyota or in car equivalent
units (CEU).

ROPAX: The acronym ROPAX (roll on/roll
off passenger) describes a RORO vessel
built for freight vehicle transport along
with passenger accommodation.
Car carriers

ConRO: The ConRo vessel is a hybrid
between a RORO and a container
ship.
Car carriers

RoLo: A RoLo (roll-on
lift-off) vessel is
another hybrid vessel
type with ramps
serving vehicle decks
but with other cargo
decks only accessible
when the tides change
or by the use of a
crane.
Car carriers

LMSR: Large, Medium-Speed Roll-on/Roll-
off (LMSR) refers to several classes
of Military Sealift Command (MSC) roll-
on/roll-off type cargo ships.
Some are purpose-built to carry military
cargo, while others are converted.
Car carriers

Aircraft carriers:
Large “football fields” floating in the sea
Has runways for fighter jets landing and
take off
Carries fighters closer to battle field by sea
… thus reducing the fuel load
Serves as a maintenance and re-fuelling
stop
Aircraft carriers

Container vessels

First container in Cochin port

Container vessels
Why use containers??

20´ = 6,058 m
Container units … TEU = twenty foot
equivalent units
Container vessels
TEU

1ST GENERATION 700 TEU
VESSEL
Container vessels

Only 35% containers on deck
3RD GENERATION 3000
TEU VESSEL
Container vessels

PANAMAX 5000 TEU VESSEL
Container vessels

POST PANAMAX
5500-7500 TEU
VESSELS
Container vessels

Emma Maersk (Denmark)
Container vessels
NEW PANAMAX 15,000 TEU

Container vessels – Emma Maersk
 15,000 teus capacity
 Accommodation for 30 people
 Normal crew is 13 persons
 First trip on 08 Sep 2006
 Cost USD145 million

Container vessels – Emma Maersk
About 7 x the length of
the largest aircraft –
Airbus 380

Heavy lift vessels are built to load,
carry and discharge large, unusual
shaped cargoes that will simply not fit
inside the holds of conventional
vessels.
Heavy lift vessels

There are 3 basic methods of
loading/discharging:
 Load on - Load off
 Roll on - Roll off
 Float on - float off
Heavy lift vessels

Heavy lift vessels
Float on - float off

 Bulk vessels
 Tankers
 LNG tankers
 Reefer vessels
 Livestock carriers
 Car carriers
 Container vessels
 Heavy lift vessels
Recap

Ship registration is the process by
which a ship is documented and
authorised by some country.
It is usual to say that the ship sails
under the flag of the country of
registration
Registration of ships

A registry that is open only to ships
of its own nation is known as
a traditional or national registry.
Registries that are open to foreign-
owned ships are known as open
registries.
Registration of ships

Ship accidents

Moving on to next segment
R. RAVINDRAN
Email:
ravi311@outlook.com
Biography:
www.ravi311.com
Facebook:
www.facebook.com/ravi311

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