This document provides information about different types of ships used to transport cargo by water. It begins by describing ships in general and their role in exploration, trade and more. It then discusses bulk carriers, which are designed to transport unpackaged bulk cargo like grains and coal in large holds. Details are provided on bulk carrier subclasses and characteristics. The document also summarizes container ships, which carry truck-sized containers, and notes their use of standardized containers and measurement in TEUs. Finally, it briefly outlines LNG carriers for transporting liquefied natural gas and oil tankers, including their role in moving crude oil and refined products around the world.

1. SHIP

2. SHIP
• A ship is a large watercraft that travels the world's oceans and other sufficiently
deep waterways, carrying cargo or passengers, or in support of specialized
missions, such as defense, research and fishing.
• Ships are generally distinguished from boats, based on size, shape, load capacity
and purpose.
• Ships have supported exploration, trade, warfare, migration, colonization and
science. After the 15th century, new crops that had come from and to the Americas
via the European seafarers significantly contributed to world population growth.
• Ship transport is responsible for the largest portion of world commerce

4. BULK CARRIER
• A bulk carrier or bulker is a merchant ship specially designed to transport
unpackaged bulk cargo — such as grains, coal, ore, steel coils, and cement — in its
cargo holds.
• Since the first specialized bulk carrier was built in 1852, economic forces have led
to continued development of these ships, resulting in increased size and
sophistication.
• Today's bulk carriers are specially designed to maximize capacity, safety, efficiency,
and durability.

5. Class overview
Subclasses Handymax, Handysize, Panamax, Capesize, Chinamax
Built c. 1850–present
Active 12,700 vessels over 500 GT (2021)
General characteristics (typical)
Type Bulk carrier
Tonnage up to 400,000 DWT
Length 300m
Height 40m
Propulsion 2-stroke diesel engine and 1 propeller
Speed 12 knots
Notes Rear house, full hull, series of large hatches
Plans of a geared Handymax bulk carrier
Sabrina I is a modern Handymax bulk carrier.

6. Illustration Description
Geared bulk carriers are typically in the handysize to handymax size range although
there are a small number of geared panamax vessels, like all bulk carriers they feature a
series of holds covered by prominent hatch covers. They have cranes, derricks or
conveyors that allow them to load or discharge cargo in ports without shore-based
equipment. This gives geared bulk carriers flexibility in the cargoes they can carry and
the routes they can travel. (Photo: A typical geared handysize bulk carrier.)
Combined carriers are designed to transport both liquid and dry bulk cargoes. If both
are carried simultaneously, they are segregated in separate holds and tanks. Combined
carriers require special design and are expensive. They were prevalent in the 1970s, but
their numbers have dwindled since 1990.
Gearless carriers are bulk carriers without cranes or conveyors. These ships depend on
shore-based equipment at their ports of call for loading and discharging. They range
across all sizes, the larger bulk carriers (VLOCs) can only dock at the largest ports, some
of these are designed with a single port-to-port trade in mind. The use of gearless bulk
carriers avoids the costs of installing, operating, and maintaining cranes.
Self-dischargers are bulk carriers with conveyor belts, or with the use of an excavator that
that is fitted on a traverse running over the vessel's entire hatch, and that is able to move
move sideways as well. This allows them to discharge their cargo quickly and efficiently.
Lakers are the bulk carriers prominent on the Great Lakes, often identifiable by having a
forward house that helps in transiting locks. Operating in fresh water, these ships suffer
much less corrosion damage and have a much longer lifespan than saltwater ships.[32]
As of 2005, there were 98 lakers of 10,000 DWT or over.
BIBO or "Bulk In, Bags Out" bulk carriers are equipped to bag cargo as it is unloaded.
CHL Innovator, shown in the photo, is a BIBO bulk carrier. In one hour, this ship can
unload 300 tons of bulk sugar and package it into 50 kg sacks

7. CONTAINER SHIP
• A container ship (also called boxship or spelled containership) is a cargo ship that
carries all of its load in truck-size intermodal containers, in a technique called
containerization.
• Container ships are a common means of commercial intermodal freight transport and
now carry most seagoing non-bulk cargo.
• Container ship capacity is measured in twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU). Typical loads
are a mix of 20-foot (1-TEU) and 40-foot (2-TEU) ISO-standard containers, with the
latter predominant.
• Vessels in the 1,500–2,499 TEU range are the most likely size class to have cranes, with
more than 60% of this category being geared ships.[27] Slightly less than a third of the
very smallest ships (from 100–499 TEU) are geared, and almost no ships with a capacity
of over 4,000 TEU are geared.

8. CARGO HOLDS
• Efficiency has always been key in the design of container ships.While containers may be
carried on conventional break-bulk ships, cargo holds for dedicated container ships are
specially constructed to speed loading and unloading, and to efficiently keep containers
secure while at sea.
• A key aspect of container ship specialization is the design of the hatches, the openings
from the main deck to the cargo holds.
• The hatch openings stretch the entire breadth of the cargo holds, and are surrounded
by a raised steel structure known as the hatch coaming.
• On top of the hatch coamings are the hatch covers. Until the 1950s, hatches were
typically secured with wooden boards and tarpaulins held down with battens.[35] Today,
some hatch covers can be solid metal plates that are lifted on and off the ship by
cranes, while others are articulated mechanisms that are opened and closed using
powerful hydraulic rams.

9. Class overview
Name Container ship
Subclasses •(1) Geared or gearless (as per cargo-handling type)
•(2) Freighter or pure container (as per passenger
carrier-type)
•(3) Feeder or world-wide foreign-going vessel (as per
trade)
•(4) Panamax or post-Panamax vessel (as per breadth of
vessel < or > than 32.2m respectively)
Built 1956–present
In service 9,535 ships as of 2010
General characteristics
Propulsion Typically diesel since 1990
Speed Typically 16–25 knots (30–46 km/h) (19-29 MPH)
Capacity Up to 24,000 TEU
Notes Reduced superstructure, containers stacked on
deck, bulbous bow
Two Maersk Line container ships
Container feeder Helga arriving at Greenock

10. LNG SHIP
• LNG carrier is a tank ship designed for transporting liquefied natural gas (LNG).
• The first LNG carrier Methane Pioneer (5,034 DWT) carrying 5,500 cubic metres
(190,000 cu ft), classed by Bureau Veritas, left the Calcasieu River on the Louisiana
Gulf coast on 25 January 1959.
• Carrying the world's first ocean cargo of LNG, it sailed to the UK where the cargo
was delivered.
• Subsequent expansion of that trade has brought on a large expansion of the fleet
to today where giant LNG ships carrying up to 266,000 m3 (9,400,000 cu ft) are
sailing worldwide.

11. The inside of a Moss-type LNG carrier
LNG Moss-type tanker, side view
Today there are four containment systems in use for new build
vessels.
Two of the designs are of the self-supporting type, while the other
two
are of the membrane type and today the patents are owned by
Gaztransport & Technigaz (GTT).
Containment systems
Moss tanks (Spherical IMO type B LNG tanks)
Named after the company that designed them, the Norwegian
company
Moss Maritime, the Spherical IMO type B LNG tanks are spherical in
shape. Most Moss type vessels have four or five tanks.
LNG Rivers, a Moss-type carrier with a capacity
of 135,000 cubic metres (4,770,000 cu ft)

12. OIL TANKER
• An oil tanker, also known as a petroleum tanker, is a ship designed for the bulk
transport of oil or its products.
• There are two basic types of oil tankers: crude tankers and product tankers.
• Crude tankers move large quantities of unrefined crude oil from its point of
extraction to refineries.
• Product tankers, generally much smaller, are designed to move refined products
from refineries to points near consuming markets.
• Oil tankers are often classified by their size as well as their occupation.
• The size classes range from inland or coastal tankers of a few thousand metric tons
of deadweight (DWT) to the mammoth ultra large crude carriers (ULCCs) of
550,000 DWT.

13. • Tankers move approximately 2.0 billion metric tons (2.2 billion short tons) of oil
every year.
• Second only to pipelines in terms of efficiency, the average cost of transport of
crude oil by tanker amounts to only US$5 to $8 per cubic metre ($0.02 to $0.03 per
US gallon).
• Some specialized types of oil tankers have evolved. One of these is the naval
replenishment oiler, a tanker which can fuel a moving vessel.
• Combination ore-bulk-oil carriers and permanently moored floating storage units
are two other variations on the standard oil tanker design.
• Oil tankers have been involved in a number of damaging and high-profile oil spills.
As a result, they are subject to stringent design and operational regulations.

14. 'Knock Nevis', formerly Seawise Giant
Knock Nevis (1979–2010), a ULCC supertanker
and the longest ship ever built.
Class overview
Name Oil tanker
Subclasses Handysize, Panamax, Aframax, Suez
max, Very Large Crude Carrier
(VLCC), Ultra Large Crude Carrier
(ULCC)
Built c. 1963–present
General characteristics
Type Tank ship
Tonnage up to 550,000 DWT
Notes Rear house, full hull, midships
pipeline

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