unit I Introduction and Basic Concepts: Introduction, Objectives, classification and principles of surveying, Scales, Shrinkage of Map, Conventional symbols and Code of Signals, Surveying accessories, phases of surveying. Measurement of Distances and Directions Linear distances- Approximate methods, Direct Methods- Chains- Tapes, ranging, Tape corrections. Prismatic Compass- Bearings, included angles, Local Attraction, Magnetic Declination and dip.

1. R A S H M I B R
A S S I S TA N T P R O F E S S O R
C I V I L D E PA R T M E N T
B I T S , N A R S A M P E T WA R A N G A L

2. Syllabus
 Introduction and Basic Concepts, Measurement of
Distances and Directions
 Leveling, Contouring, Area, Volume
 Theodolite Surveying, Traversing
 Curves, Tachometric Surveying, Modern Surveying
Methods
 Photogrammetry Surveying

3. Course Objectives
 Know the principle and methods of surveying.
 Measure horizontal and vertical- distances and angles
 Recording of observation accurately
 Perform calculations based on the observation
 Identification of source of errors and rectification methods
 Apply surveying principles to determine areas and volumes and
setting out curves
 Use modern surveying equipment’s for accurate results

4. Course Outcomes
 Apply the knowledge to calculate angles, distances and levels
 Identify data collection methods and prepare field notes
 Understand the working principles of survey instruments,
measurement errors and corrective measures
 Interpret survey data and compute areas and volumes, levels by
different type of equipment and relate the knowledge to the
modern equipment and methodologies

5. Introduction to
Surveying

11. Primary Division of Survey
 Survey can be divided into 2 groups
 Plane Survey
 Geodetic Survey

12. Primary Division of Survey

16. Principles of Surveying
The two fundamental principal of surveying are
To work from whole to part
To fix the position of new points by at least two
independent processes or point

21. Classification of survey
Classification of survey has been done based upon
Nature of the field survey
Object of survey
Instrument used

22. Classification of survey has been done based
upon Nature of the field survey

23. Classification of survey has been done based
upon Object of survey

24. Classification of survey has been done based upon
Object of survey

25. Classification of survey has been done based upon
Object of survey

26. Classification of survey has been done based upon
Instrument used

27. Classification of survey has been done based upon
Instrument used

39. Scale

41. Types of scales

42. Plain Scale

43. Diagonal Scale

44. Chord Scale

45. Vernier Scale

47. Shrinkage of Map
 In old map graphical scale is not shown
 Only R.F. is written
 Map get shrink
 2 points picked and length calculated using R.F.
 Same points distance measured on ground
 Then remaining distances and areas are calculated
using

48. Shrinkage of Map

49. Phases of Surveying
A survey work has the following phases
1. Planning ,Analysis & Decision making.
2. Case and adjustment of instrument.
3. Field work
4. Office work

50. Planning ,Analysis & Decision making
 It involves the following

51. Case and adjustment of instrument.

52. Field work

53. Conventional Symbols

54. Conventional Symbols

55. Code of Signals

56. Office work

57. Accessories of surveying
Following accessories are required for surveying
1. Arrows
2. Pegs
3. Ranging rod
4. Ranging poles
5. Plumb bob
6. Laths
7. Offsets rods

58. Measurement of Distances and Directions
Linear distances-
Approximate methods- This method are used in resurvey or to
detect major mistake.
They give better results on smooth roads
Error will be within 1 percent

59. Types of Approximate methods
 Pacing
 Measured with Passometer
 Measured with Pedometer
 Measured with Odometer
 Measured with Speedometer

60.  Passometer:
• It is a small instrument which counts the
number of paces.
 Pedometer:
• This instrument directly gives the distance by
multiplying the number of paces with the
average pace length of the person carrying
the instrument.

61. Passometer

62. Pedometer

63. Odometer
• An odometer is a simple device which
can be attached to the wheel of a
bicycle or any such vehicle. The
odometer registers the number of
revolution made by the wheel. The
distance covered is equal to the
product of the number of revolutions
and the perimeter of the wheel.

64. Odometer

65. Speedometer
 This is used in automobile to measure the distance

66. Direct Methods
 The direct distance measurement in the field is
done using chain or tape

67. Instruments Used in Chaining
• The following instruments are used while chaining.
• Chains
• Tapes
• Arrows
• Ranging rods and offset rods
• Laths & Whites
• Pegs
• Plumb bob
• Line Ranger

68. Instruments Used in Chaining
 Chains
• Various types of chains used in surveying are
• Metric Chain
• Gunter‟s Chain or Surveyor‟s Chain
• Engineer‟s Chain
• Revenue Chain
• Steel Band or band chain

69. Metric Chain
• Normally this chain consists of galvanized mild steel wire
of 4 mm diameter known as link. The ends of the links are
bent into loop and connected together by means of three
oval rings which provide the flexibility to the chain and
make it less liable to kinking. Both ends of the chain have
brass handle with swivel joint so that the chain can be
turned round without twisting

70. • In a metric chain at every one meter interval of chain, a
small brass ring is provided. Brass tallies are also
provided at every 5.0 m length of chain. Each tally has
different shape which indicates 5 , 10, 15m from any one
side of the chain, metric chains are available in 20 m and
30 m length.
• A 20 m chain has 100 links each of 20 cm and 30 m
chain has 150 links. Length of chain is embossed on the
brass handles of the chain.

71. Metric Chain

72. Günter's chain
• A 66 feet long chain consists of 100 links each of 0.66 ft it
is known as Gunter‟s Chain
• Here, 10 sq chain are equal to 1 acre,
• 10 chains= 1 furlong and 8 furlongs = 1 mile
• This chain is suitable for taking length in miles and areas
in acres.

73. Günter's chain

74. Engineer’s Chain
• A 100 ft chain of 100 links each of 1 foot is known as
Engineer’s chain. Brass tags are fastened at every 10 links.
This chain is used to measure length in feet and area in
square yards.

75. Revenue Chain
• Revenue chain is 33 ft long chain consisting of 16 links.
This chain is used for distance
measurements in feet & inches for small areas.

76. Steel Band or Band Chain
• Steel bands are preferred than chains because they are
more accurate, but the disadvantages is that they get
broken easily and are difficult to repair in the field. They
are 20 and 30 m long, 12 to 16 mm wide and 0.3 to 0.6
mm thick. They are numbered at every metre and divided
by brass studs at every 20 cm

77. Measuring Tapes
• Tapes are used for more accurate measurement. The
tapes are classified based on the materials of which they
are made of such as:
• Cloth or linen tape
• Fibre Tape
• Metallic Tape
• Steel tape
• Invar Tape

78. Cloth or linen Tape
• Linen tapes are closely woven linen and varnished to
resist moisture. They are generally 10 m, 20 m, 25 m and
30 m long in length and 12 to 15 mm wide. They are
generally used for offset measurements. These tapes are
light and flexible.

79. Fibre Glass Tape
• These tapes are similar to linen and plastic coated tapes
but these are made of glass fibre. The tapes are quite
flexible, strong and non- conductive. These can be used in
the vicinity of electrical equipment. These tapes do not
stretch or shrink due to changes in temperature or
moisture. These tapes are available in length of 20 m, 30
m and 50 m length.

80. Metallic Tape
• A linen tape reinforced with brass or copper wires to
prevent stretching or twisting of fibres is called a metallic
tape. As the wires are interwoven and tape is varnished
these wires are visible to naked eyes. This is supplied in a
lather case with a winding device. Each metre length is
divided into ten parts (decimetres) and each part is further
sub-divided into ten parts. It is commonly used for taking
offset in chain surveying.

81. Steel Tape
• The steel tape is made of steel ribbon of width varying
from 6 to 16 mm. The commonly available length are 10
m, 15 m, 20 m, 30 m and 50 m. It is graduated in metres,
decimetres, and centimetres. Steel tapes are used for
accurate measurement of distances.

82. Invar Tape
• Invar tape are made of alloy of nickel 36 % and steel 64 %
having very low co-efficient of thermal expansion. These
are 6 mm wide and generally available in length of 30 m,
50m, 100m. It is not affected by change of temperature
therefore, it is used when high degree of precesion is
required.

83. Ranging
 When a survey line is longer than a chain length, it is necessary
to align intermediate points on chain line so that the
measurements are along the line. The process of locating
intermediate points on survey line is known as ranging. There are
two methods of ranging viz., direct ranging and reciprocal
ranging.

84. Ranging

85. Direct Ranging
• If the first and last points are intervisible this method is
possible.
• Stations A and B in which an intermediate point C is to be
located. Point C is selected at a distance slightly less than
a chain length. At points A and B ranging rods are fixed.
The assistant holds another ranging rod near C. Surveyor
positions himself approximately 2 m behind station A and
looking along line AB directs the assistant to move at right
angles to the line AB till he aligns the ranging rod along
AB. Then surveyor instructs the assistant to mark that
point and stretch the chain along AC.

86. Direct Ranging

87. Direct Ranging

88. Direct Ranging

89. Direct Ranging

90. Indirect or Reciprocal Leveling
• Due to intervening ground, if the ranging rod at B is not
visible from station A, reciprocal ranging may be resorted.
Figure shows this scheme of ranging.
• It needs two assistants one at point M and another at point
N, where from those points both station A and station B
are visible. It needs one surveyor at A and another at B. To
start with M and N are approximately selected, say M1
and N1. Then surveyor near end A ranges person near M
to position M2 such that AM2N1 are in a line. Then
surveyor at B directs person at N, to move to N2 such that
BN2M2 are in a line. The process is repeated till AMNB
are in a line.

91. Indirect or Reciprocal Leveling

92. Indirect or Reciprocal Leveling

93. Indirect or Reciprocal Leveling

94. Indirect or Reciprocal Leveling

95. Indirect or Reciprocal Leveling

96. Indirect or Reciprocal Leveling

97. Prismatic Compass
 A Prismatic compass is a navigation and surveying
instrument which is extensively used for determining
course, waypoints and direction, and for calculating
bearings of survey lines and included angles between
them

98. Bearing
The bearing of a line is
the horizontal angle
which it makes with a
reference line(meridian).
 Type of bearings
 True Bearing
 Magnetic Bearing
 Grid Bearing
 Arbitrary Bearing

99. 1) True Bearing: The true bearing of a line is the horizontal angle
between the true meridian and the survey line.The true bearing is
measured from the true north in the clockwise direction.
2) Magnetic Bearing: the magnetic bearing of a line is the horizontal angle
which the line makes with the magnetic north.
3) Grid Bearing: The grid bearing of a line is the horizontal angle
which the line makes with the grid meridian.
4) Arbitrary Bearing: The arbitrary baring of a line is the horizontal
angle which the line makes with the arbitrary meridian.

100. BEARINGS
TRUE
MERIDIAN
MAGNETIC
MERIDIAN
TRUE BEARING
MAGNETIC
BEARING
A
B
TN
MN

101. • Magnetic meridian :- The direction shown by a freely
suspended needle which is magnetized and balanced
properly without influenced by other factors is known
as magnetic meridian
• True meridian :- True meridian is the line which passage
through the true north and south. The true meridian at any
point can be determinate by either observing the bearing of
the sun at 12 noon or by sun’s shadow.
• Arbitrary meridian :- In case of small work or in places
were true meridian or magnetic meridian cannot be
determined, then any direction of prominent object is taken
as a reference direction called as arbitrary meridian.

105. The bearing are designated in the following two system:-
1) Whole Circle Bearing System.(W.C.B)
2) Quadrantal Bearing System.(Q.B)
Measurement of Bearings :

106. •The bearing of a line measured with respect to magnetic meridian
in clockwise direction is called magnetic bearing and its value
varies between 0ᴼ to 360ᴼ.
•The quadrant start from north an progress in a clockwise direction
as the first quadrant is 0ᴼ to 90ᴼ in clockwise direction , 2nd 90ᴼ to
180ᴼ , 3rd 180ᴼ to 270ᴼ, and up to 360ᴼ is 4th one.
Quadrantal bearing system(Q.B.)
•In this system, the bearing of survey lines are
measured wrt to north line or south line which ever
is the nearest to the given survey line and either in
clockwise direction or in anti clockwise direction
Whole Circle Bearing System.(W.C.B)

107. • When the whole circle bearing is converted into
Quadrantal bearing , it is termed as “REDUCED BEARING”.
Thus , the reduced bearing is similar to the Quadrantal
bearing.
•Its values lies between 0ᴼ to 90ᴼ, but the quadrant should
be mentioned for proper designation.
Reduced bearing (R.B)
W.C.B OF ANY
LINE
QUADRANT IN
WHICH IT LIES
RULES FOR
CONVERSION
QUADRANT
0 TO 90 I RB=WCB N-E
90 TO 180 II RB=180-WCB S-E
180 TO 270 III RB =WCB-180ᴼ S-W
270 TO 360 IV RB=360ᴼ - WCB N-W

110. Fore bearing and Back bearing
The bearing of a line measured in the forward direction of the survey
lines is called the ‘fore bearing’(F.B.) of that line.
The bearing of a line measured in direction backward to the direction of
the progress of survey is called the ‘back bearing’(B.B.) of the line.

111. TM
MM
Line
105º30'
6º15'
1
sol

112. 2
sol

113. 3
sol

116. 4
sol

119. 5

120. sol

121. Assignment
1. Define surveying. What is geodetic surveying?
2. write a short notes on
 A) ranging rod B) metric chain C) plumb bob
3. the following are observed fore bearing of the line
PQ 170º 12', AB N80º 22' W, MN 350º 18' RS 210º 56' find the back
bearing
4. the following interior angles are measured with a sextant in a
closed traverse. The bearing of the line AB was measured as 65
with PC calculate the bearing of all lines if angle A = 135º 10' angle
B = 93º 8' angle C =59º 22' angle D =72º 20'
5. convert the following quadrantle bearing into whole circle bearing
system
N 30º 30'E, S72º 42'E, S46º 35'W, N60º 59'E, N85º 30'W
6. explain quadrantle bearing system with example
7. define fore bearing and arbitrary meridian
8. list different kinds of chain commonly used in surveying state the
advantages of each