SNAKE BITE (Breif)F_1-2.ppt
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Snake bites can be classified as either non-poisonous or poisonous. Poisonous snakes include cobras, kraits, and vipers, and their venom contains various toxic proteins and enzymes. Symptoms of snake bites depend on the type of venom and can include local effects like swelling as well as systemic effects like neurotoxicity, vascular damage, and myotoxicity. Treatment involves preventing venom spread, resuscitation, antivenom administration, and managing symptoms.
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This document provides information on snake bites and snake venom in South-East Asia. It details the clinical presentation of different types of snake bites, including local and systemic symptoms. It discusses important snake families in the region, differences between cobra and viper bites, and recommended first aid and management approaches. Laboratory tests that can help assess severity are also outlined.
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Snake bite is one of the major public health problems in the tropics. It is also emerging as an occupational disease of agricultural workers. In view of their strong beliefs and many associated myths, people resort to magico –religious treatment for snake bite thus, causing delay in seeking proper treatment.
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His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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- 1. SNAKE BITE
- 3. SNAKE BITE Classification of snakes. Snake venom. Pathophysiology of snake bite. Clinical features of snake bite. Management of snake bite. Postmortem Findings. Medico legal importance.
- 4. CLASSIFICATION OF SNAKES Basically two types: 1. Non-Poisonous. 2. Poisonous. 1. Elapids (Neurotoxic) e.g. Cobra, King Cobra, Common Krait, Banded Krait and Coral 2. Viper (Vascuolotoxic) e.g. Pit Viper as Bambo Snakes & Pit less Vipers as Russell's Viper and Saw scaled viper 3. Sea Snakes (Myotoxic) found in vicinity of Sea coasts
- 6. POISONOUS SNAKE - COBRA
- 7. POISONOUS SNAKE - COBRA
- 8. COMMON SPECTACLED COBRA (POISONOUS SNAKE)
- 11. POISONOUS SNAKE ( BANDED KRAIT)
- 13. POISONOUS SNAKE - VIPER
- 15. Fang: Upper marginal teeth are modified to form fangs which are solid in non-poisonous snakes and have a groove or channel in poisonous ones. Fangs are connected to venom glands by means of duct. Venom gland is modified parotid salivary gland while venom is toxic saliva.
- 17. SNAKE VENOM Appearance: Clear transparent, amber tinted fluid – becomes yellowish granular mass on drying – retains activity for many years. Contents: About 20 components – 90% are proteins. Enzymes. Non-enzymatic polypeptide toxins. Non-toxic proteins.
- 18. Important enzymes are: a. Lecithinase (phospholipase A2) is most important and causes myotoxicity, neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, haemolysis and increased vascular permeability. b. Hyaluronidase – promotes spread of venom. c. L-amino acid oxidase – gives bright yellow colour to venom.
- 20. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS • Local • Neurotoxic • Vasculotoxic & Hemotoxic • Myotoxic
- 21. Local symptoms and signs in the bitten part • fang marks • local pain • local bleeding • inflammation (swelling, redness, heat) • bruising • lymph node enlargement • blistering • local infection, abscess formation • necrosis
- 22. FANG MARKS
- 24. TISSUE NECROSIS
- 25. BLEEDING FROM FANG MARKS
- 28. NEUROTOXIC • Mild local symptoms • Weakness of legs • Paralysis of muscles of face and throat leading to difficulty in speaking and swallowing • Ptosis and paralysis of extraoccular muscles • Convulsions • Respiratory paralysis and failure
- 29. BILATERAL PTOSIS
- 30. VASCULOTOXIC & HEMOTOXIC • Fang marks, local swallowing, cellulitis, blisters • Damage to endothelium • Lysis of RBC followed by nephritis with hemoglobinurea • Haemoptysis & Hemorrhages from orifices • Convulsions (due to hemorrhage in brain) • Collapse, Comma, Death
- 31. MYOTOXIC • Sharp initial prick with minimal signs • Generalized muscular pain • Myoglobinurea (after 3 – 5 hours) • Brown discoloration of urine • Respiratory paralysis
- 32. Management of Snake bite • Allaying Anxiety • Prevention of spread of venom • Rapid clinical assessment and resuscitation • Detailed clinical assessment and species diagnosis • Investigations/laboratory tests • Antivenom treatment (Reduces mortality from 40% to 10%)
- 33. ANTIVENOM TREATMENT Indications: 1. Extensive local tissue damage 2. Signs of systemic poisoning e.g. Ptosis Dose: For adults 60ml given initially after test dose (may cause anaphylactic shock) 1/3 given subcutaneously at bite site 1/3 given Intramuscularly 1/3 given intravenously
- 34. • If there is danger of reaction, it may be used along with adrenaline, antihistamine and corticosteriods. TYPES OF ANTIVENOM • Monovalent (specific) • Polyvalent (if the species of snake is unknown). It is effective against Cobra, Common Krait, Russell’s viper and saw scaled viper
- 35. POSTMORTEM FINDINGS • Fang marks • Local swelling and necrosis • Asphyxial signs of death due to respiratory failure • Hemorrhages in the lungs, serous membranes and endocardium • Necrosis of renal tubules
- 36. MEDICO LEGALASPECTS • Usually accidental • Rarely homicidal • Suicide by snake bite is also reported in literature (e.g. Cleopatra)