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b19_file9_31312-digestionmarieb.ppt
1.
Essentials of Human
Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb Chapter 14 The Digestive System and Body Metabolism
2.
The Digestive System
and Body Metabolism Slide 14.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Digestion Breakdown of ingested food Absorption Passage of nutrients into the blood Metabolism Production of cellular energy (ATP)
3.
Organs of the
Digestive System Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Two main groups Alimentary canal – continuous coiled hollow tube Accessory digestive organs
4.
Organs of the
Digestive System Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14.1
5.
Organs of the
Alimentary Canal Slide 14.3 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Anus
6.
Mouth (Oral Cavity)
Anatomy Slide 14.4 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lips (labia) – protect the anterior opening Cheeks – form the lateral walls Hard palate – forms the anterior roof Soft palate – forms the posterior roof Uvula – fleshy projection of the soft palate Figure 14.2a
7.
Mouth (Oral Cavity)
Anatomy Slide 14.5 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Vestibule – space between lips externally and teeth and gums internally Oral cavity – area contained by the teeth Tongue – attached at hyoid and styloid processes of the skull, and by the lingual frenulum Figure 14.2a
8.
Mouth (Oral Cavity)
Anatomy Slide 14.6 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Tonsils Palatine tonsils Lingual tonsil Figure 14.2a
9.
Processes of the
Mouth Slide 14.7 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Mastication (chewing) of food Mixing masticated food with saliva Initiation of swallowing by the tongue Allowing for the sense of taste
10.
Pharynx Anatomy Slide 14.8 Copyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nasopharynx – not part of the digestive system Oropharynx – posterior to oral cavity Laryngopharynx – below the oropharynx and connected to the esophagus Figure 14.2a
11.
Pharynx Function Slide 14.9 Copyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Serves as a passageway for air and food Food is propelled to the esophagus by two muscle layers Longitudinal inner layer Circular outer layer Food movement is by alternating contractions of the muscle layers (peristalsis)
12.
Esophagus Slide Copyright © 2003
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Runs from pharynx to stomach through the diaphragm Conducts food by peristalsis (slow rhythmic squeezing) Passageway for food only (respiratory system branches off after the pharynx)
13.
Layers of Alimentary
Canal Organs Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Mucosa Innermost layer Moist membrane Surface epithelium Small amount of connective tissue (lamina propria) Small smooth muscle layer
14.
Layers of Alimentary
Canal Organs Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Submucosa Just beneath the mucosa Soft connective tissue with blood vessels, nerve endings, and lymphatics
15.
Layers of Alimentary
Canal Organs Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscularis externa – smooth muscle Inner circular layer Outer longitudinal layer Serosa Outermost layer – visceral peritoneum Layer of serous fluid-producing cells
16.
Layers of Alimentary
Canal Organs Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14.3
17.
Stomach Anatomy Slide Copyright ©
2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Located on the left side of the abdominal cavity Food enters at the cardioesophageal sphincter
18.
Stomach Anatomy Slide Copyright ©
2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the stomach Cardiac region – near the heart Fundus Body Phylorus – funnel-shaped terminal end Food empties into the small intestine at the pyloric sphincter
19.
Stomach Anatomy Slide Copyright ©
2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Rugae – internal folds of the mucosa External regions Lesser curvature Greater curvature
20.
Stomach Anatomy Slide Copyright ©
2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Layers of peritoneum attached to the stomach Lesser omentum – attaches the liver to the lesser curvature Greater omentum – attaches the greater curvature to the posterior body wall Contains fat to insulate, cushion, and protect abdominal organs
21.
Stomach Anatomy Slide Copyright ©
2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14.4a
22.
Stomach Functions Slide Copyright ©
2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Acts as a storage tank for food Site of food breakdown Chemical breakdown of protein begins Delivers chyme (processed food) to the small intestine
23.
Specialized Mucosa of
the Stomach Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Simple columnar epithelium Mucous neck cells – produce a sticky alkaline mucus Gastric glands – secrete gastric juice Chief cells – produce protein-digesting enzymes (pepsinogens) Parietal cells – produce hydrochloric acid Endocrine cells – produce gastrin
24.
Structure of the
Stomach Mucosa Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gastric pits formed by folded mucosa Glands and specialized cells are in the gastric gland region
25.
Structure of the
Stomach Mucosa Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14.4b, c
26.
Small Intestine Slide Copyright ©
2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The body’s major digestive organ Site of nutrient absorption into the blood Muscular tube extending form the pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve Suspended from the posterior abdominal wall by the mesentery
27.
Subdivisions of the
Small Intestine “Dogs Just Itch! Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Duodenum Attached to the stomach Curves around the head of the pancreas Jejunum Attaches anteriorly to the duodenum Ileum Extends from jejunum to large intestine
28.
Chemical Digestion in
the Small Intestine Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Source of enzymes that are mixed with chyme Intestinal cells Pancreas Bile enters from the gall bladder
29.
Chemical Digestion in
the Small Intestine Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14.6
30.
Villi of the
Small Intestine Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fingerlike structures formed by the mucosa Give the small intestine more surface area Figure 14.7a
31.
Microvilli of the
Small Intestine Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Small projections of the plasma membrane Found on absorptive cells Figure 14.7c
32.
Structures Involved in
Absorption of Nutrients Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Absorptive cells Blood capillaries Lacteals (specialized lymphatic capillaries) Figure 14.7b
33.
Folds of the
Small Intestine Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Called circular folds or plicae circulares Deep folds of the mucosa and submucosa Do not disappear when filled with food The submucosa has Peyer’s patches (collections of lymphatic tissue)
34.
Digestion in the
Small Intestine Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Enzymes from the brush border Break double sugars into simple sugars Complete some protein digestion Pancreatic enzymes play the major digestive function Help complete digestion of starch (pancreatic amylase) Carry out about half of all protein digestion (trypsin, etc.)
35.
Digestion in the
Small Intestine Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pancreatic enzymes play the major digestive function (continued) Responsible for fat digestion (lipase) Digest nucleic acids (nucleases) Alkaline content neutralizes acidic chyme
36.
Absorption in the
Small Intestine Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Water is absorbed along the length of the small intestine End products of digestion Most substances are absorbed by active transport through cell membranes Lipids are absorbed by diffusion Substances are transported to the liver by the hepatic portal vein or lymph
37.
Propulsion in the
Small Intestine Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Peristalsis is the major means of moving food Segmental movements Mix chyme with digestive juices Aid in propelling food
38.
Large Intestine Slide Copyright ©
2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Larger in diameter, but shorter than the small intestine Frames the internal abdomen
39.
Large Intestine Slide Copyright ©
2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14.8
40.
Functions of the
Large Intestine Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Absorption of water Eliminates indigestible food from the body as feces Does not participate in digestion of food Goblet cells produce mucus to act as a lubricant
41.
Structures of the
Large Intestine Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cecum – saclike first part of the large intestine Appendix Accumulation of lymphatic tissue that sometimes becomes inflamed (appendicitis) Hangs from the cecum
42.
Structures of the
Large Intestine Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Colon Ascending Transverse Descending S-shaped sigmoidal Rectum Anus – external body opening
43.
Structures of the
Large Intestine Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Colon Ascending Transverse Descending S-shaped sigmoidal Rectum Anus – external body opening
44.
Food Breakdown and
Absorption in the Large Intestine Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings No digestive enzymes are produced Resident bacteria digest remaining nutrients Produce some vitamin K and B Release gases Water and vitamins K and B are absorbed Remaining materials are eliminated via feces
45.
Propulsion in the
Large Intestine Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sluggish peristalsis Mass movements Slow, powerful movements Occur three to four times per day Presence of feces in the rectum causes a defecation reflex Internal anal sphincter is relaxed Defecation occurs with relaxation of the voluntary (external) anal sphincter
46.
Accessory Digestive Organs Slide Copyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Salivary glands Teeth Pancreas Liver Gall bladder
47.
Salivary Glands Slide Copyright ©
2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Saliva-producing glands Parotid glands – located anterior to ears Submandibular glands Sublingual glands
48.
Saliva Slide Copyright © 2003
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Mixture of mucus and serous fluids Helps to form a food bolus Contains salivary amylase to begin starch digestion Dissolves chemicals so they can be tasted
49.
Teeth Slide Copyright © 2003
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The role is to masticate (chew) food Humans have two sets of teeth Deciduous (baby or milk) teeth 20 teeth are fully formed by age two
50.
Teeth Slide Copyright © 2003
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Permanent teeth Replace deciduous teeth beginning between the ages of 6 to 12 A full set is 32 teeth, but some people do not have wisdom teeth
51.
Classification of Teeth Slide Copyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Incisors Canines Premolars Molars
52.
Classification of Teeth Slide Copyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14.9
53.
Regions of a
Tooth Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Crown – exposed part Outer enamel Dentin Pulp cavity Neck Region in contact with the gum Connects crown to root Figure 14.10
54.
Regions of a
Tooth Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Root Periodontal membrane attached to the bone Root canal carrying blood vessels and nerves Figure 14.10
55.
Pancreas Slide Copyright © 2003
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Produces a wide spectrum of digestive enzymes that break down all categories of food Enzymes are secreted into the duodenum Alkaline fluid introduced with enzymes neutralizes acidic chyme Endocrine products of pancreas Insulin Glucagons
56.
Liver Slide Copyright © 2003
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Largest gland in the body Located on the right side of the body under the diaphragm Consists of four lobes suspended from the diaphragm and abdominal wall by the falciform ligament Connected to the gall bladder via the common hepatic duct
57.
Bile Slide Copyright © 2003
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Produced by cells in the liver Composition Bile salts Bile pigment (mostly bilirubin from the breakdown of hemoglobin) Cholesterol Phospholipids Electrolytes
58.
Role of the
Liver in Metabolism Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Several roles in digestion Detoxifies drugs and alcohol Degrades hormones Produce cholesterol, blood proteins (albumin and clotting proteins) Plays a central role in metabolism
59.
Gall Bladder Slide Copyright ©
2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sac found in hollow fossa of liver Stores bile from the liver by way of the cystic duct Bile is introduced into the duodenum in the presence of fatty food Gallstones can cause blockages
60.
Processes of the
Digestive System Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ingestion – getting food into the mouth Propulsion – moving foods from one region of the digestive system to another
61.
Processes of the
Digestive System Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Peristalsis – alternating waves of contraction Segmentation – moving materials back and forth to aid in mixing Figure 14.12
62.
Processes of the
Digestive System Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Mechanical digestion Mixing of food in the mouth by the tongue Churning of food in the stomach Segmentation in the small intestine
63.
Processes of the
Digestive System Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chemical Digestion Enzymes break down food molecules into their building blocks Each major food group uses different enzymes Carbohydrates are broken to simple sugars Proteins are broken to amino acids Fats are broken to fatty acids and alcohols
64.
Processes of the
Digestive System Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Absorption End products of digestion are absorbed in the blood or lymph Food must enter mucosal cells and then into blood or lymph capillaries Defecation Elimination of indigestible substances as feces
65.
Processes of the
Digestive System Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14.11
66.
Control of Digestive
Activity Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Mostly controlled by reflexes via the parasympathetic division Chemical and mechanical receptors are located in organ walls that trigger reflexes
67.
Control of Digestive
Activity Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stimuli include: Stretch of the organ pH of the contents Presence of breakdown products Reflexes include: Activation or inhibition of glandular secretions Smooth muscle activity
68.
Nutrition - Take
a Class! Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nutrient – substance used by the body for growth, maintenance, and repair Categories of nutrients Carbohydrates: simple sugars, starches, fiber Lipids: triglycerides, phospholipids, fatty acids Proteins: amino acids Vitamins
69.
Body Energy Balance Slide Copyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Energy intake = total energy output (heat + work + energy storage) Energy intake is liberated during food oxidation Energy output Heat is usually about 60% Storage energy is in the form of fat or glycogen
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