RAM

1. HISTORY OF PSYCHIATRY
DR. RAMA REDDY

2. 1550 BCE
The Ebers papyrus, of Egypt,
briefly mentioned clinical
depression

3. GREEK AND ROMAN PSYCHIATRY
MENTAL ILLNESSES WERE VIEWED AS MAINLY
PSYCHOLOGICAL, MAINLY SOMATIC
OR A COMBINATION OF BOTH
RESPONSIBLITY FOR THE INSANE WAS NOT TAKEN.
MOST INSANE PATIENTS WERE RESTRAINED ATHOME
INSANITY WAS EVALUATED BY JUDGES, NOT PHYSICIANS
ROME GREECE
3

4. • 6th century BCE
• Many cities had temples
to Asklepios
• Differentiated illusion from
delusion
• Asklepieion provided cures
for psychosomatic illnesses
• The Asclepian priest: used
dream interpretation to
suggest healing measures.

5. • Ayurveda (4000 BC)
• Indian system of scientific medicine and positive
healthPsychiatry was labeled as bhut – vidya,
• Intractable disease were treated by brutal
treatment with scalding ( hot water, iron or oil)
whipping, tying with soft bandages and
confinement.
• Sushruta believed that passions and strong
emotions could not only cause mental disorders
but also physical disorders that may require
surgical intervention.

6. • SAGE AGASTRA (7th CENTURY BC)
• Indian sage, practitioner of siddha system of
medicine
• Described 18 types of mental disorders, with
treatment consisting giving bhasam (ash)
• Wrote a treatise of mental disorders called as
Agastiyar Kirigai Nool.

7. • ALCMAEON ( 6th century BC)
• Greek physician priest;
• a student of pythagoras.
• Concluded that defects in reasoning must
result from brain pathology and not from
abstract spiritual phenomena.

8. • BHAGAVAD GITA ( 4th Century BC)
• Psychotherapy and counselling
• Guru Chela relationship

9. BODY HAD FOUR HUMOURS- PHLEGM,
YELLOW BILE, BLACK BILE AND BLOOD;
BRAIN FUNCTIONING DEPENDED UPON
EQUILIBRIUM BETWEEN THESE .
EXCESS BLACK BILE-------MELANCHOLIA
EXCESS YELLOW BILE-----MANIC RAGE
EXCESS PHLEGM----------DEMENTIA
MADE THE FIRST ATTEMPT TO CLASSIFY
PERSONALITY INTO:
• PHLEGMATIC
• CHOLERIC
• SANGUINE
HIPPOCRATES
10

10. HIPPOCRATES (460- 377BC) 4th century BCE
• Greek physician
• theorized that physiological abnormalities may be the root
of mental disorders
• Disease- imbalance of these bodily humors
• Attempted to classify mental disorders
-melancholia,
-post partum psychosis,
-phobias ,
-delirium,
-dementia and
-hysteria
Hysteria- wandering uterus ( treatment marriage and
sexual intercourse )
epilepsy was a sacred disease and believed natural causes
to be responsible for the malady.
Stressed the importance of doctor – patients relationship

11. • Plato
• Greek philosopher and rationalist
• Divided the soul of psyche into 3 parts
Appetite- abdomen,
Impulses- chest
Reason - head
• In phaedrus’, he described 4 kinds of madness
• Prophetic madness
• Telestic or Ritual Madness
• Portic madness
• Erotic madness
• Definite norms of handling a ‘mental’ patient are
given, e.g. confinement at home, exile, and even
punishment by death (in extreme cases)

12. • ARISTOTLE ( 384-322BC)
• Greek physician
• ‘heart’ as the seat of all mental functions
• Described the various emotions (eg., desire,
joy, courage, anger, fear , hatred, and pity) in
De Anima
• Discussed ‘catharsis’ as a natural outlet for
disturbing passions.

13. • KING ASHOKA ( 274-235BC )
• Indian King;
• a great warrior who later embraced
Buddhism.
• He had established many hospitals.
• Mentally ill were humanely cared for, along
with the physically ill, in these hospitals.

14. • Herophilus ( 335-
280BC)
• Greek physician
• Known as the ‘father
of Anatomy.’
• Refuted the theory of
body humors and
believed anatomic
defects within the
brain to be responsible
for mental disorders.

15. • CICERO ( 106-43 BC)
• Roman physician
• 1st detailed
description of
passions, the strongest
of which was ‘libido’
(violent passion).
• 1st to use the term
‘libido’ in a
psychological sense.

16. • AURELIUS CORNELIUS CELSUS (25BC – 5 0 AD)
• Described 6 types of insanity in his classic medical text book,
‘De Re Medica’.
-Phrenitis,
-Melancholia ,
-Delirium,
-Lethargus (stupor),
-Epilepsy,
-Schizophrenia
• Advocated ‘shocking harshly’ as a method of treatment for
the mentally ill.
• This ‘shock treatment’ provided a rationale for the brutal
treatment of the insane for centuries to come.

17. • ARETAEUS ( 50-130AD)
• Believed mental disorders to be exaggerated
normal processes
• 1st to describe mania and depression as two
phases of the same disorder, occuring in the
same person
• Also described paranoid syndromes.
• Studied pre- morbid personalities of the mentally
ill and
• conducted detailed follow up studies
• Proposed an ‘eclectic’ approach in treatment

18. • SORANUS (93- 138)
• Provided many accurate description of mental
disorders (especially delusions of grandiosity,
states of stupor).
• Erreneously localized hysteria to uterus ,
hypochondriasis to hypochondrium.
• Had refuted shock treatment

19. • GALEN (130 – 200)
• Physician in Asia
• Instrumental in the ‘rebirth’ and propagation of the
humoral theory
• Defined hysteria as a complex, in curable disease with
an un known physical cause.
• He located the seat of the disorder in cerebellum,
calling it the site of ‘carnal love’.
• His views had widespread acceptance and hindered the
development of knowledge regarding mental disorders
for many centuries.

20. • ST. AUGUSTINE (354-430)
• Wrote the 1st book, ‘Confessions’, on
psychological introspection based on self –
analysis, though tinged with religious
overtones.
• Believed to be the forerunner of
existentialism, phenomenology and
psychoanalysis.

21. • 9th century
• The first bimaristan was built in Baghdad,
followed by several others throughout
the Arab world.
• By the 13th century, they had become large,
complex, and divided into several different
specialized units.
• A number of these hospitals contained wards
for mentally ill patients.

22. MIDDLE AGES
ARAB ISLAMIC INFLUENCE
ARABS BUILT ASYLUMS IN BAGHDAD,CAIRO,
DAMASCUS AND OTHER CITIES
FIRST ASYLUM IN EUROPE - HAMBURG (1375)23

23. • 11th century
• Persian physician Avicenna recognized
"physiological psychology" in the treatment of
illnesses involving emotions, and
• developed a system for associating changes in
the pulse rate with inner feelings.

24. AVICENNA OF PERSIA
 FOUND TEMPERAMENTS IN
HUMAN.
 CONSIDERED DEPRESSION A MIX
OF HUMOURS.
 RECOGNIZED THAT EMOTIONAL
UPSETS CAN CAUSE CERTAIN
PHYSICAL AND MENTAL
DISORDERS.
 MUSIC THERAPY FOR
EMOTIONAL DISORDERS.
11

25. • Constantius Africamus(1020-1087)
• described melancholia in detail & delusion
first time ever
• Believed melan cholia is due to black bile
• Opined that prognosis is better in acute,
reactive conditions
• Was instrumental in spreading Galenic views
on depression

26. • Moses Maimonides
(1135-1204)
Arab scholar
• Provided a detailed
description of depression
• Believed in mental
hygiene program- as a
preventive strategies

27. • St.Thomas Aquinas (1225-
1274)
• Believes soul being divine
in origin, cannot commit
any sin
• Mental diseases sprang
from organic factors
• Attributed mental
disorders to deficient use
of reasons

28. • Bartholomaes Anglicus (13th century)
• French Monk
• First attempts to localize brain functions
• Imagination and madness – forebrain
• Reason & melancholy – around ventricles
• Memory &forget fullness- posterior brain

29. • Valencia Mental Asylum (1409)
• First European mental hospital
• Founded by Fr. Gilabert Jofre
• Advocate humane treatment for the mentally
ill
• Separate unit for the mentally ill children-1545

30. • Malleus Maleficarum
(1487)
• = “Witches Hammer”
• Authorised by Heinrich
Kraemer and Johann
Sprenger
• Prescribes death by
torture to witches

31. • Phillipus Aureolus Paracelsus (1493-1541)
• Austrian physician
• Provided a new classification in
“On diseases which deprive Man of Reason”
• 1.Vesania- caused by poisons
• 2. Lunacy – caused by phases of moon
• 3. Insanity- heriditary causes
• Believed mental disorders to be natural
diseases and not caused by demons.
• Advocated treatment with chemicals
• There was complete absence of psychotherapy
in his approach

32. • Juan Louis Vives(1492-1540)
• Spanish Philosopher
• Wrote the first model text book of
psychology
• Fore runner of Freud in emphazing the
importance of psychological
associations in forming emotions
• Believed that painful, long forgotten
memories can be recalled through
reflective association
• Popular for his humanitarian stance
towards mental ill

33. • Johann Wayer (1515-1588)
• Dutch physician
• Regarded by some as the father of modern
psychiatry
• His book “De Praestigis Daemonum”
vigorously attacked ‘Malleus’ refuting that the
demons are the cause of mental disorders
• Practiced psychotherapy
• Emphasized on good therapist patient
relationship

34. • Francis Bacon
(1521-1626)
Introduced the
inductive method

35. • Bethlehem Hospital (1547)
• Founded as a priory of St. Mary of Bethlehem,
London
• Henry VIII gave it a charter as a hospital for
the cure of lunatics in 1547.
• Name was later corrupted to Bedlam(mad
house)

36. • Timothy Bright (1551-1615)
• English physician
• Wrote the first treatise on mental illness by an
English physician
• Classified melancholia into two
• 1.Caused by humeral imbalance which can
treated by diet and physical means
• 2.Caused by psychological factors which can be
treated by psychological treatment

37. • Felix Plater(1536-1614)
• Swiss physician
• Classified mental disorders on the basis of
symptoms
• Coernatio mentis - consiousness
• Mentis alienato – violence, sadness,delirium
• Mentis defatigatio – mental exhaustion
• Imbecillitas mentis - dementia
• Emphasize the importance of clinical
observation
• Believed brain damage to be the chief cause of
mental disorders
• First physician to separate medicine from
philosophy

38. • Robert Burton (1577-1640)
Oxford Dean of Divinity
• Provided a comprehensive description of
melancholy in his book “The Anatomy of
Melancholy”
• Still remains a classic account of depressive
state.

39. Rane Descartes (1596-1650)
• A deductive rationalist
• Believed that man had a thinking
substance, the soul, which did not
interact with the body, thus creating
a misleading mind body dichotomy

40. Reginald Scot (1538-1599)
• English physician
• Opponent of demonology
• His book “discovery of witch craft” was
ordered to be burnt by king james

41. Gockel (1547-1628)
• German Philosopher
• Coined the word psychology in 1590
• Emphasized the importance of mind body
relationship

42. Paolo zacchia (1584-1659)
• Italian physician and lawyer
• First forensic psychiatrist
• Suggested that a physician rather
than a priest or lawyer should
evaluate a patient’s
responsibility for abnormal
behaviour

43. Thomas Sydenhan (1624-1689)
• English physician
• Provided a comprehensive symptomatology
of hysteria
• First to propose that hysteria can occur in
males too- hypochondriachal complaints.
• Believed hysteria to be caused by disturbed
animal spirits
• First to draw attention to neurosis while
others are busy focusing on psychotic
phenomenon

44. • Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677)
• Portuguese philosopher
• Challenged Descarte’s mind-body dualism and
replaced it with a concept of
psychophysiological parallelism supplying
epistemological foundation of psycho somatic
medicine

45. • Thomas Willis ( 1622-1675)
• English physician
• Classified mental disorders
• 1. Caused by gross brain disease
• 2. Caused by disturbed animal spirits
• Described clinical features of major mental disorders
• First to describe the Circle of Willis in brain
• first ot use the term reflex action
• published the anatomical treatise De Anima Brutorum,
describing psychology in terms of brain function

46. • 1724
• After being plagued with guilt over the Salem Witch
Trials, influential New England Puritan
minister Cotton Mather broke with superstition by
advancing physical explanations for mental illnesses

47. George Ernst Stahl (1660-1734)
• German physician
• First to make distinction between functional
and organic illnesses
• Propounded his theory of animism (soul)
• Mental disorders were believed to be caused
by inhibitions of `anima’ for bodily illnesses

48. Francois Brossier De Sarwages
(1706-1767)
• French Physician and Botanist
• Arranged mental disorders overt symptoms in
a manner similar to natural scientist who
systematised plants and animals

49. • Pennsylvania Hospital (1751)
First hospital in USA to accept mentally ill

50. • Simon Andre Tissot ( 1725-1729)
• Swiss physician
• Emphasized the pathological effects of
excessive masturbation

51. • William Cullen (1710 – 1790)
• Scottish physician
• First to use the term neurosis
• Authorised a comprehensive text on nosology
• Emphasized on endogenous nature of mental
disorder( nervous break down)

52. • George Cheyne (1671-1767 )
• English physician
• Described depression as the “English Malady”
and that there is nothing shameful about
neurotic behaviour

53. Robert Whytt (1714-1766)
• First Scottish neurologist
• Classified neurosis into three
• 1. Hysteria
• 2. Hypochondriasis
• 3. Nervous exhaustion (neurasthenia)

54. William Battie (1703 – 1776)
• English physician
• First to initiate the teaching of clinical psychiatry
in England
• 1st extensive treatise on mental disorders
published in england
• Distinguished mental disorders that arise form
internal process
• published Treatise on Madness, calling for
treatments to be utilized on rich and poor mental
patients alike in asylums
• helping make psychiatry a respectable
profession.

55. • Williamsburg Asylum (1773)
• Williamsburg founder of First asylum in USA

56. Franz Anton Mesmer (1734-1815)
• Austrian physician
• Developed the concept of
animal magnetism which
later came to be known as
hypnosis

57. Abbe de Faira...................
• (1756-1819)
Resident of Goa
• Learnt hypnosis from
temple priests in
India

58. Johan Gottfried Langermann
• (1768-1832)
• psychological disturbance as a
basis of organic malfunction
• instrumental in establishment of
humaniterian hospitals in prussia
• wrote the First doctor
dissertation in psychiatry on the
method of diagnosing and
treating chronic mental diseases

59. Calcutta Asylum (1787)
• First asylum in India for insane Europeans.
• William Dick constructed a new assylum in its
place
• Later in 1817, Surgeon Breadmore established
the first private hospital in India at the
outskirts of Calcutta

60. Vincenzo Chiarugi (1759-1820)
• Italian physician
• One of the first to institute humane reforms in
the treatment of mentally ill in asylum 5 yrs
prior to pinel initiative(1788)
• Classified mental disorders into
- Melancholia
- Mania
- Amentia

61. Philipe Pinel (1745-1826)
• French physician
• Removed the chains of the mentally ill at the Bicetre &
sapetrier asylum – premier for 100 years
• Insisted on humane and moral treatment of the mentally
ill- 1793
• In 1809 he published the first description of dementia
praecox (schizophrenia).
• Classified mental disorders into 4 types
• 1.melancholia
• 2.mania
• 3.dementia
• 4. idiocy

62.  DEVELOPED THE THEORY OF MORAL THERAPY AND
SAW ASYLUM AS A WEAPON AGAINST MENTAL
ILLNESS.
 DIFFERENTIATED BETWEEN ILLUSIONSAND
HALLUCINATION (COINED THE TERMS)
 CLASSIFIED MENTAL DISORDERS INTO 2 TYPES:
-MONOMANIA (PARTIAL INSANITY) AND
-GENERAL DELIRIUM (COMPLETE INSANITY)
 PROPOSED THAT ‘CRIMINALLY INSANE’ SHOULD BE
TREATED RATHER THAN PUNISHED.
 AUTHORED A FAMOUS A TREATISE ON MEDICAL
DISORDERS ‘DES MALADIES MENTALIES’.
IN 1853, THE BRITISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY
WAS FIRST PUBLISHED 22
JEAN ESQUIROL

63. • What is india doing……????

64. 66
 1745- BOMBAY ASYLUM FIRST TO BE BUILT IN INDIA
 1787- CALCUTTA ASYLUM FOR INSANE EUROPEANS
 1793- MADRAS PRIVATE LUNATIC ASYLUM (DALTON’S
MADHOUSE)
 1795- 1st LUNATIC ASYLUM FOR INDIAN
SEPOYS IN MONGHYR

65. INSTITUTES PAR EXCELLENCE
 AROUND 1400 AD, THE
BETHLEM HOSPITAL IN LONDON
BEGAN AND BECAME A
PIONEER INSTITUTE FOR CARE
OF THE MENTALLY ILL.
 NAME WAS LATER CORRUPTED
TO BEDLAM DUE TO THE
DISORDERLY CONDITION OF THE
HOSPITAL.
BETHLEM
THE YORK RETREAT
ESTABLISHED IN1792 IN LONDON, A
LANDMARK INSTITUTION FOR
PIONEERING HUMANE AND MORAL
TREATMENT OF THE INSANE.
67

66. • York Retreat in England was founded by
Quakers, was built by William Tuke, a pioneer
of moral treatment for the mentally ill.
becoming known for humane treatment and
serving as a model

67. • Madras Asylum (1793)
Private lunatic asylum at kilpauk with a bed
strength of 20 In 1794,
• 1807-surgeon James Dalton expanded the bed
strength to 54 and had a seperate building for
european & indian patients
• 1815- dr john underwood changed it to
Dalton’s madhouse

68.  GIRINDRA SHEKHAR BOSE USED PSYCHOANALYTIC MEANS TO
TREAT PATIENTS.
 HE PUBLISHED THE 1ST PSYCHOANALYTIC
JOURNAL “SAMIKHSHA” IN 1921.
HE OPENED THE FIRST PSYCHIATRY UNIT IN
R G KAR MEDICAL COLLEGE, CALCUTTA
Lawrence Asylum, Chennai
70

69. • Johann Christian Reil (1759-1813)
• German physician
• Coined - psychiatry(1803)
• Founded the first psychiatric
journal “Magazine fuir die
psychische heilkunde’ (1805)
• Performed anatomical studies of
brain
• Proposed a wide range of
therapeutic measurement of the
mentally ill which included
• music therapy,
• occupational therapy,
• drama therapy
• Father of psychiatry

70. Benjamin Rush (1745-1830)
• American physician
• The earliest advocates of humane treatment for
the mentally ill with the publication of Medical
Inquiries and Observations Upon Diseases of the
Mind-1812 ,- the first American textbook on
psychiatry.[5]
• Rush argued that illness was the result of
imbalances in the body's physical system and was
caused by malfunctions in the brain.
• Known as the Father of American psychiatry

71. • Rush believed (incorrectly) that many mental
illnesses were caused by disruptions of blood
circulation, or by sensory overload, and treated
them with devices meant to improve circulation
to the brain such as a
• Blood letting
• centrifugal spinning board, and
• sensory-deprivation head enclosure ("Tranquilizer
Chair").
• active purging with mercury chloride (calomel)

73. • sometimes considered a pioneer of occupational
therapy particularly as it pertains to the
institutionalized
• one of the first people to describe Savant
Syndrome.
• pioneered the therapeutic approach to addiction
• He developed the conception of alcoholism as a
form of medical disease and proposed that
alcoholics should be weaned from their addiction
via less potent substances

74. • Perpetuated the idea that people with mental
illness are people who have an illness, rather
than inhuman animals

75. • 1844
• The Association of Medical Superintendents of
American Institutions for the Insane (AMSAII),
the forerunner of the American Psychiatric
Association (APA), was founded
in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

76. • 1845
• The Lunacy Act 1845 and the County Asylums
Act were passed in England and Wales,
leading to the setting up of the Lunacy
Commission

77. Jacques Moreau De Tours (1804-1884)
• french psychiatrist
• student of esquirol
• Recognised the importance of dreams in
understanding mental disorders
• First psychiatrist to experience drug induced
psychosis
• Described personal experience of taking
hashish

78. JULES BAILLARGER JEAN PIERRE FALRET
INDEPENDENTLY DESCRIBED
“FOLIE A DOUBLE FORME”
EARLIEST DESCRIPTION OF BIPOLAR DISORDER
82

79. Dorothea Lynde Dix (1802-1887 )
• Worked towards the establishment of over 30
States supported hospital and reformed the
asylums
• Was instrumental in establishing firmly the
modern principle of public responsibility for
the mentally ill

80. Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828 )
• Founder of
phrenology
• Described 27 specific
organs in the human
brain
• Gave tremendous
impetus to
development of
neurology

81. Johann Christian Heinroth
(1773-1843)
• First to use the term psychosomatic
• Fore runner of psychoanalysis
• Ist systematic text book in germany
• Proposed that personality is the outcome of
an inner struggle between the instincts ,self
and conscience.

82. Isaac Ray ( 1807-1881)
• One of the founder of American Psychiatric
Association(association of of medical
superintendants of american institution for
the insane-1844)

83. Ernst Freihern Von
Feuchtersleben(1806-1849
• Coined the word psychosis- 1845
• Stressed on indivisibility of mind body
phenomenon
• Emphasised the role of mind in producing
physical illness and effectiveness psychological
treatment
• Regarded as father of psychosomatic medicine

84. • 1852- Bénédict Augustin Morel
• French physician
• published Traite des Maladies Mentales (2 vols.); the
2nd ed. (1860)
• coined the term "dementia praecox" (demence
precoce) for patients suffering from "stupor"
(melancholia).
• In 1857 he published Traité des Dégénérescences,
promoting an understanding of mental illness based
upon the theory of Degeneration, which became one
of the most influential concepts in psychiatry for the
rest of the century

85.  CLASSIFIED FUNCTIONAL PSYCHOSES INTO MANIC
DEPRESSIVE ILLNESS WITH GOOD PROGNOSISAND
DEMENTIA PRAECOX WHICH DETERIORATED INTO
DEMENTIA
92
EMIL KRAEPLIN - 1893

86. SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939)
• Founder of psychoanalysis
• Interpretation of dreams
• Free association
• Psychodynamics
• Psychoanalysis
• Theory of infantile sexuality, oedipus
complex, penis envy,stages of psycho
sexual development
• Libido theory
• Regression, transference, coumter
transference ego defense mechanism.
• Structural model of mind
• Pleasure and reality principles
• Therapeutic use of couch
• Psychopathology of everyday life;
• slips of tongue

87. • MORTON PRINCE (1854 – 1929)
• American psychiatrist
• Gave account of multiple personality
• Placing emphasis on manifestation of un-
consiousness and on hypnosis

88. HAVELOCK ELLIS ( 1859-1939)
• Authored “Psychology of
Sex”- 1897
• Homosexuality is neither a
disease nor a crime but
simply a congenitally aquired
sexual orientation.

89. PIERRE JANET (1859-1947)
• Pioneer of psychodynamic psychiatry
• Stressed the concepts of personality
intergration
• Extensively used cathartic treatment
• Provided description of OC neurosis and
hysteria
• Coined “Psychasthenia” to explain illness with
dissociation of ideas due to weak personality
integration

90. IVAN PETROVICH PAVLOV
(1849-1936 )
• RUSSIAN PHYSIOLOGIST
• Conducted classical animal studies on
conditioned reflexes – Paved to the Origin of
learning theories
• Proposed symptoms of schizophrenia as the
result of a state of inhibition of cerebral cortex
• Recieved nobel prize 1904 for working on
digestion.

91. • 1900
• Russian neurologist Vladimir
Bekhterev discovered the role of the
hippocampus in memory

92. • Kendel
• Physiological basis for memory

93. • 1901
• German
psychiatrist Alois
Alzheimer identified the
first case of progressive
dementia what later
became known
as Alzheimer's disease.
• Sigmund
Freud published The
Psychopathology of
Everyday Life

94. • Wilhelm Reich (1897 – 1957)
Austrian physician and psychoanalyst,
• influential books
- Character Analysis(1933), -
- The Mass Psychology of Fascism(1933),
-The Sexual Revolution(1936),
• Reich's work shaped innovations
• body psychotherapy,
• Gestalt therapy,
• bioenergetic analysis
• primal therapy.

95. LORD JOHN MORLEY (1905)
• Secretary of state for India
• Psychiatry was recognized as a
medical specialty in India
• Psychiatrist were renamed as
‘alienist’ and were called upon to care
for insane in the assylum
• More ‘central’ asylums were proposed
and established
• A new ‘Lunacy act’ was contemplated
which finally came out in 1912.

96. • 1905
• French psychologists Alfred
Binet and Theodore Simon
• created the Binet-Simon Scale to assess
intellectual ability, marking the start of
standardized psychological testing.

97. PAUL EUGEN BLEULER (1857-1939 )
• Swiss psychiatrist
• Coined the term ‘schizophrenia’ to replace
dementia precox
• Believed that schizophrenia results from a
splitting of the personality
• Described the cardinal symptoms of
schizophrenia
• 4 A – affect, association, ambivalence,
automatism

98. CARL GUSTAV JUNG
• Citing Freud's inability
to
acknowledge religion a
nd spirituality,
• eventually drifted from
freud and became the
founder of Analytical
Psychology
• Originated the word
association tests

99. KARI JASPERS (1883-1969 )
• Founder of existential
psychology
• Worked on morbid
jealousy
• Published 1st edition of
his, now classic ‘General
psychopathology’ (1913)

100. ALFRED ADLER (1911 )
• 1ST to leave Freud's Psychoanalytic Group
to form his own school of thought, accusing
Freud of overemphasizing sexuality and
basing his theory on his own childhood.
• The American Psychoanalytic
Association (APsaA) was founded
• Founder of ‘individual psychology’
• Coined – lifestyle, inferiority complex,will to
power , overcompensation, organ
inferiority , creative self

101. • 1913
• The British Psychoanalytical Society was
founded by Ernest Jones, who became Freud's
biographer.

102. HERMANN RORSCHACH (1920)
• Swiss Freudian psychiatrist &
psychoanalyst
• Developed ‘INKBLOT TEST’ to measure
various unconscious parts of the
subject's personality
• 1921 he wrote his
book Psychodiagnostik, which was to
form the basis of the inkblot test.
• Rorschach continued to refine the test
until his premature death at age 37.

103. Leo Kanner (1894 – 1981)
• Austrian-American psychiatrist, physician, and
social activist
• "Father of Child Psychiatry"
• Best known for his work related to autism.
• He named their condition "early infantile
autism,"
• Kanner was in charge of developing the
first child psychiatry clinic in the United States

104. Leon Eisenberg(1922)
• First to introduce evidence based
psychiatry
• First outcome study in autistic kids
and recognized patterns of
language as best predictors of
prognosis
• RCT in psychopharmacology
• Criticized kornard lorenz instinct
theory

105. Charles bradly(1902-1979)
• First to use amphetamines in
bain damaged and hyper
active children
• Pioneered in residential
treatment of children with
behaviour disorders
• Wrote extensively about
childhood schizophrenia

106. • 1910
• Sigmund Freud founded the International
Psychoanalytical Association (IPA), with Carl
Jung as the first president, and Otto Rank as the
first secretary.
• OTTO RANK (1924)
• published The Trauma of Birth,
• coined -"pre-Oedipal"
• Advocated his approach of will therapy

107. • ADOLF MEYER ( 1866-1950)
• American psychiatrist
• first psychiatrist-in-chief of the Johns Hopkins
Hospital .
• Considered as dean of american psychiatry for
long
• Founder of ‘Psychobiology .- ergasiology (BPS)

108. • "common sense" approach
which included keeping
detailed patient records;
• coined - "mental hygiene".
• earliest to
support occupational
therapy

109. Aaron Temkin. Beck
• American psychiatrist
• father of cognitive
therapy
• noted for his research
in
• psychotherapy
• psychopathology
• suicide
• psychometrics

110. • Beck also developed self-report
measuresof depression and anxiety notably
the a tool to measuring depression severity.[3]
• He inspired Martin Seligman to refine his own
cognitive techniques and later work
on learned helplessness

111. • deprssed experience streams of negative
thoughts that seemed to pop up spontaneously -
"automatic thoughts",
• Becks cognitive triad - negative ideas about
themselves, the world, and the future
• Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)
• Beck Hopelessness Scale
• Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation (BSS),
• Beck Anxiety Inventory(BAI), and
• Beck Youth Inventories.
• Children's Depression Inventory in collaboration
with psychologist Maria Kovacs

112. FRANZ ALEXANDER ( 1891-1964)
• Conducted 1st
systematic research
on psychosomatic
illness
• Worked on brief
analytic therapy

113. GORDON WILLARD ALLPORT
( 1897-1967)
• Proposed a 3 ‘trait
theory’ regarding
relatively enduring
personality disposition
that underly overt
behaviour
• Developed holistic
psychology of human
behaviour and
personality

114. Julius Wagner-Jauregg
• Austrian physician
• won the Nobel Prize n 1926
for his invention of malarial
therapy as a treatment
for general paralysis of the
insane
• He first initiated the
treatment in 1917.

115. • 1923
• German pharmacologist Otto Loewi and
English neuroscientist Sir Henry
Dale discovered Acetylcholine, the first
neurotransmitter to be described, winning
them the 1936 Nobel Prize.

116. • S. Siddiquil and Rafat Siddiqui in 1931
isolated RESERPINE from Rauwolfia
Serpentina
• Ganesh sen and Karthik Bose demonstated its
implications in treating psychosis and
hypertension

117. MANFRED SAKEL ( 1927)......................
• Austrian psychiatrist
• Developed Insulin Shock
Therapy as a treatment
for psychosis;
• it was discontinued in the
1970s.

118. LADISLAS LAZIO JOSEPH VON
MEDUNA
(1896-1964 )
• Used cardiazol, a camphor
compound to induce
convulsion in psychotic
patients
• Developed carbon dioxide
therapy

119. • ANTONIO CAETANO
DE ABREAU FREIRE
EGAZ MONIZ(1874-
1955 )
• Performed
psychosurgery (PFL)-
1936

120. • won the Nobel Prize
for his work
on Lobotomy in 1949
• Developed cerebral
angiography as an
investigative tool in
neurology (1927)

121. PIONEERED THE ART OF PSYCHOSURGERY TO TREAT
MENTAL ILLNESS
BY PREFRONTAL LEUCOTOMY
ALMEIDA LIMAEGAZ MONIZ
PSYCHOSURGERY
12
8

122. Walter rudolf Hess (1881-1973)
• Swiss physiologist
• 1949- shared noble prize with
Moniz
• Main interest regulation of blood
flown and respiration
• Mapping of diencephalon that
controls internal organs

123. • 1935
• The Indian division of the Royal Medico-
Psychological Association was formed due to
the efforts of Dr. Banarasi Das

124. UGO CERLETTI ( 1987- 1963) Italian
neurologist
• Developed Electro – shock
treatment (EST), now known as
ECT
• Propounded the ‘acrogonine
theory’ to explain the mechanism
of action of ECT
• LUCIO BINI (1908-1964 )
• Italian psychiatrist
• Used ECT, in the treatment of
psychoses along with cerletti in
1938
• Developed the 1st ECT machine
And technique of BTECT

125. COLONEL O BERKELEY HILL (1939)
•
• British psychiatrist practicing in India
• Changed the mental asylums to ‘mental hospitals’ in
1920
• Founded the indian association of mental hygeine in
1929
• Opened the 1st private nursing home in India for
mentally ill in 1937
• Emphasized humane treatment of mentally ill
• Discarded seclusion of mentally ill in india

126. HELEN DEUTSCH (1884-1982 )
• American psycho analyst
• Provided a
psychoanalytical account
of psychology ‘The
Psychology of Women’
• Described the
• ‘as-if personality’

127. ANNA FREUD (1895-1982)
• Daughter of freud
• Worked on psychoanalysis of children and
adolescents
• Contributed to ‘play therapy’ for children
and ‘mechanisms of ego defense’

128. Ludwig Binswanger
• 1942
• Swiss psychiatrist
• founded Existential
Therapy

129. • 1944
• Ritalin (Methylphenidate) was synthesized

130. • INDIAN PSYCHIATRIC SOCEITY (1947)
• Inaugurated on Jan 7, 1947 at Delhi by Major
RB Davis and Lt. Col. RJ Rosie.
• Ist president - Nagendra nath de

131. • INDIAN JOURNAL PSYCHIATRY (1949)
• Ceased publication in 1954 after 6 issues
• Renamed as Indian Journal of Psychiatry in
1958 and was initially edited by Bardhan a
pathologist

132. JOHN F CADE (1912-1981)
• Used lithium for the
1st time in manic
excitement
• 1st effective medicne
in treatment of mental
ilness -1948
• Use of lithium was
only popularized by
MORGAN SCHOU

133. J CADE
STUDIED AND USED LITHIUM TO TREAT MANIA
ADVENT OF PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY
14
1
M SCHOU

134. ERIK H ERIKSON.......
( 1902-1997)
• American analyst
• Described the stages
of life cycle
• Used‘psychohistory’
to study Gandhi and
Matin luther king
• Described ‘identity’
Vs. ‘role confusion’

137. JEAN P. L. DELAY (1907)
• Used
chlorpromazine(anti
hypertensive) for the
first time for psychoses
– Hibernotherapy
• Coined- neuroleptics
• Described ‘neuroleptic’
malignant syndrome’
(NMS) along with
deniker

139. HARRY STACK SULLIVAN (1892-1949)
• American Neo-Freudian psychiatrist and psychoanalyst
• Founder of ‘interpersonal school of psychiatry’
• Described 6 stages in personality development (
infancy ,childhood, juvenile period, pre / early/late
adolescence)
• His writings include:
• The Interpersonal Theory of Psychiatry (1953)
• "The Psychiatric Interview" (1954)
• Conceptions of Modern Psychiatry (1947/1966)
• Schizophrenia as a Human Process (1962)

140. • Along with karen horney
is a chief Proponent of
dynamic cultural school
that emphasizes on
-social rather then
biological events,
-present day contact
rather then past
experiences,
- current inter personal
relationships rather then
infantile sexuality

141. Karen Horney(1885-1952)
• American psychoanalyst
• Emphasizes the importance of
environmental and cultural
factors in the genesis of
neurosis
• Developed theory of neurosis
• Opposed freud for his sexist
bias in his theory of sexuality
and castration complex

142. THE SOMATISTS
WILHELM GRIESINGER
MENTAL DISEASES ARE BRAIN DISEASES,
EVEN THOUGH IT WAS NOT YET
POSSIBLE TO CORRELATE SPECIFIC BRAIN
DAMAGE WITH A SPECIFIC PSYCHIATRIC
DISEASE
BELIEVED IN ORGANIC ETIOLOGY OF
MENTAL ILLNESS
15
0
HENRY MAUDSLEY

143. JEAN PIAGET (1897-1980)
• Swiss biologist, child psychologist
• Worked on the nature of children’s
intellectual development.
• Divided a child’s thought
development into 4 stages
- sensori-motor ,
-pre operational
-concrete operational,
-formal operational

145. Rutter
• Father of child psychology
• Father of modern child psychiatry
• “maternal deprivation reassesed”

146. • William H masters(1915) &
VIRGINIA E JHONSON (1925)
• Originated dual sex therapy
• Sensate focus tecnique
• Squeeze technique for PE

149. Konrad lorenz(1903)
• Head of psychology
konigsberg
• Proposed comprehensive
theory of instinctive
behaviour –observed from
birds
• theory of imprinting
• Frame work for systematic
growth of ethology as a
discipline

150. • BURRHUS FREDERIC
SKINNER ( 1904-1990)
• Experimental psychologist
• Originator of the operant
conditioning model of
learning theory.
• Seemingly spontaneous
action is regulated by
reward and punishment

151. • 1950
• The World Psychiatric Association was
founded

152. NAZI EUTHANASIA FOR THE MENTALLY
ILL (‘LIFE UNWORTHY OF LIFE’)
AROUND 200000 MENTALLY ILL PEOPLE WERE KILLED AT HADAMAR, GERMANY
47

153. • 1952
• The first published clinical trial
of chlorpromazine which is the
first antipsychotic (invented by Henri
Laborit, Jean Delay and Pierre Deniker) was
conducted at Sainte-Anne Hospital Center in
Paris.
• Known as Largactil in Europe,
• it was brought to Montreal by Heinz Lehman and
named Thorazine.

155. • 1952
• The American Psychiatric Association (APA)
published the first Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM); it was
revised in 1968, 1980/7, 1994, 2000 and 2013.

156. • 1952
• The first monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI)
antidepressant iproniazid was discovered.

157. Nathaniel Kleitman
• 1953
• Russian-born physiologist
• discovered Rapid eye movement sleep (REM),
• Founding modern sleep research.

158. • 1954
• James Olds and Peter Milner of McGill
University discovered the brain reward
system.
• Roger Sperry of Caltech began split-
brain research.

159. • On the recommendation of the Bhore
Committee in 1946, the All India Institute of
Mental Health was founded, becoming
the National Institute of Mental Health and
Neurosciences (NIMHANS) in 1974 at
Bangalore.

160. Jack Barchas (1935)
• First to demonstrate
various
neurotransmitters are
altered differently by
stress

161. John Bowlby(1907-1990)
• MOTHER IS SECURE BASE OF CHILD
• Attachment theory

162. Seymer s.kety- (1915-2000)
• Discovered measures to blood flow in brain
• First scientific director of NIMH
• Produced most definitive evidence of essential
involment of genetics in schizophrenia

163. Sergi korskov(1853-1900)
• Russian psychiatrist- improved
conditions of mental institutions
• Out come of mental illness was
studied
• Founded the society of
psychiatrist and neuro
pathologist in Moscow- 1890
• 1st described Korsakov psychosis

164. Karl kliest
• German neurologist and
psychiatrist
• Kleist coined the terms
unipolar and bipolar
• Described apraxia,
• akinesia,blindness

165. • Daniel X freedman

166. Robert l.spitzer
• was a major force in the
development of the Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders (DSM).
• Spitzer led a successful effort, in
1973, to stop treating
homosexuality as a mental illness.
• It was partly due to Spitzer's efforts
that homosexuality was "removed"
(i.e. renamed as Sexual Orientation
Disturbance) in 1974 DSM-II
Robert l.spitzer

167. • David T Wong(1940)
• Revolutionized
treatment of
depression by by
developing the drug
fluoxetine(prozac) in
collaboration with
Ray fuller in lilly
research laboratories

168. • Eve.c.johnstone
1944
• Area in
schizophrenia and
psychotic illness
• 1976-PET scan in
schizhophrenia

169. Arvid Carlsson (1923 – 2018)
• 1957
• Swedish neuro
pharmacologist
• demonstrated
that dopamine is a
neurotransmitter in
the brain-PD

170. • showed reserpine caused a decrease in
dopamine levels and a loss of movement
control.and pakinson like disease
• He and his colleagues were able to derive the first
marketed selective serotonin reuptake
inhibitor (SSRI), zimelidine,
from brompheniramine.[5]
• Carlson's research paved the way
for fluoxetine (Prozac), one of the most widely
used prescription medicines in the world.[7

171. Paul Greengard (1925)
• American neuroscientist
• Greengard and his colleagues showed that
when dopamine interacts with a receptor on the
neuronal membrane causing increase in cyclic
AMP inside the cell. Which , in turn activates
protein kinase A, thereby aithing otherproteins
on or off by phosphorylation.
• He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2000 "for
showing how neurotransmitters act on the cell
and can activate a central molecule known
as DARPP-32(transduction)

172. Herbert .Y.Meltzer(1938)
• Leading authorities on treatment of
schizophrenia
• Co developers of clozapine

173. • 1957-The first tricyclic
antidepressant (TCA), imipramine was
discovered from the pineal gland.

174. • Dr.vidhya sagar professor in psychiatry first in
amritsar and thn in rothak
• Origintor of camp approach in psychiatry
• Put up tents to cater for more patients along
with their families
• Fist introduced in amritsar in 1958 and latter
in rothak in 1970
• Influential in removing stigma of mental
health

175. • 1958
• Aaron B. Lerner et al. of Yale University
isolated the hormone melatonin, which was
found to regulate the circadian rhythm

176. • 1960
• The first benzodiazepine, chlordiazepoxide,
under the trade name Librium was introduced.

177. • The antecedents of the antipsychiatry
movement can be traced to the early 1950s,
when deep divisions were developing
between biological and psychoanalytic
psychiatrists
• biological psychiatry, claimed that
psychoanalysis was unscientific, costly, and
ineffective.

178. • compulsory admission of mental patients to
state institutions, where they were coerced
into taking high doses of neuroleptic drugs
and undergoing convulsive and psychosurgical
procedures was the debate of psychoanalyst

179. • Few assylums in middle ages needless to say
mainly isolated the patients to protect the
patients ” was more of a forced exile”
• Pinel & Esquirol suggested separate
establishment for dealing with the mentally ill

180. • Lack of resources
• Gay rights
• Feminism
• Anarcism
• Rampant lobotomies
• ECTs
• Overcrowding
• worsened the picture of psychiatric assylums and
caused huge uproar in the public .

181. • The term “antipsychiatry” was first coined in 1967 by
the South African psychoanalyst David Cooper
‘PSYCHIATRY AND ANTI-PSYCHIATRY’ IN 1971
• It was internationally promoted through the efforts of
its four seminal thinkers,
• Michel Foucault in France,
• R. D. Laing in Great Britain,
• Thomas Szasz in the United States, and
• Franco Basaglia in Italy.
Birth of anti psychiatry

182. • They championed the concept that personal
reality and freedom were independent of any
definition of normalcy that organized
psychiatry tried to impose.
• .

184. • 1961
• Professor of
psychiatry Thomas Szasz
• publishes The Myth of
Mental Illness.
• Assereted that very notion
of psychiatric illness is
scientifically worthless and
socially harmful.

185. • 1961- MICHEL FOUCALT
• “HISTORIE DE LA FOLIE”
• Social & political
construct of 18 th
centuary whose purpose
was to oust disobedient
and troublesome
members of society

186. • 1964
• Ronald David Laing
• published Sanity, Madness and
the Family,
• claiming that the roots of
schizophrenia lie in the "family
nexus", where people play dark
games with each other.

187. • 1972- David Rosenhan
• American psychologist
• published the Rosenhan
experiment, a study
challenging the validity of
psychiatric diagnoses.

188. • 1973
• The American Psychiatric Association declassified
homosexuality as a mental disorder.
• The Caucus of Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual
Members of the American Psychiatric
Association was officially founded.
• The caucus changed its name to the Association
of Gay and Lesbian Psychiatrists in 1985.

189. • 1980
• Transgender people were officially classified
by the American Psychiatric Association as
having "gender identity disorder."[13]

190. • 1970
• The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
approved lithium for acute mania.
• The United States U.S. Controlled Substances
Act was passed, putting LSD, DMT, Psilocybin,
Mescaline, and Marijuana on Schedule I (no
accepted medical use).

191. • 1977
• The ICD-9 was published by the WHO.
• Andrey Lichko published Psychopathies and
Accentuations of Character of Teenagers.

192. IRVING CHARLES KRAUTHAMMER
• Won pulitzer pize
• involved in the creation of
the Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders III in
1980.

193. • 1982
• The National Mental Health
Programme (NMHP) was launched in India.

194. • 1983
• The European Psychiatric Association was
founded

195. • 1988
• Fluoxetine (trade name Prozac), the
first selective serotonin reuptake
inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant was released,
quickly becoming the most prescribed.

196. • 1988
• The American Neuropsychiatric
Association was founded

197. Eric Richard Kandel
• breakthrough working with the sea
slug Aplysia californica,
• He was a recipient of the 2000 Nobel
Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his
research on the physiological basis
of memory storage in neurons.
• He shared the prize with Arvid
Carlsson and Paul Greengard.
• founding director of the Center for
Neurobiology and Behavior, which is
now the Department of Neuroscience
at Columbia University.

198. • 2002
• The term for schizophrenia in Japan was
changed from Seishin-Bunretsu-Byō (mind-
split-disease) to Tōgō-shitchō-shō (integration
disorder) to reduce stigma.

199. • 2012
• American Academy of Child and Adolescent
Psychiatry echoed recomondations of 2009
America's professional association of
endocrinologists best practice gudelines for
transgender children.
• Guidelines address, prescribing puberty-
suppressing drugs to preteens followed by
hormone therapy beginning at about age 16

200. • 2013
• DSM-5 was published by the American
Psychiatric Association.
• Among other things, it eliminated the term
"gender identity disorder," which was
considered stigmatizing, instead referring to
"gender dysphoria," which focuses attention
only on those who feel distressed by their
gender identity.

201. SOME OTHER EMINENT
PSYCHIATRISTS
KARL JASPERS - PHENOMENOLOGY
LUDWIG KAHLBAUM - CATATONIA
EWALD HECKER - HEBEPHRENIC SCHIZOPHRENIA
KURT SCHNEIDER - FIRST RANK SYMPTOMS
GABRIEL LANGFELDT - SCHIZOPHRENIFORM
PSYCHOSIS
JACOB KASANIN - SCHIZOAFFECTIVE DISORDERS 21
6

202. SOME OTHER PSYCHOTHERAPIES
 COGNITIVE THERAPY - AARON BECK
 INTERPERSONAL PSYCHOTHERAPY - WEISSMAN, KLERMAN
 PSYCHODRAMA - JACOB MORENO
 TOKEN ECONOMY - ALLYON, AZRIN
 SYSTEMIC DESENSITISATION - WOLPE
42

203. OTHER NOTABLE DISCOVERIES
1952
21
8
DELAY AND DENIKAR USED
CHLORPROMAZINE TO CALM
PSYCHOTIC PATIENTS
1957 IMIPRAMINE - KUHN
1958 HALOPERIDOL - PAUL JANSSEN
1959 CLOZAPINE- MELITZER

204. NEWER THERAPIES THAT EMERGED
IN THE 20TH CENTURY
 MALARIAL THERAPY FOR GPI (JAUREGG)
 INSULIN COMA FOR SCHIZOPHRENIA (SAKEL)
 CAMPHOR INDUCED SEIZURE (VON MEDUNA)
 ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY (BINI,CERLETTI)
 BARBITURATE COMA (KALESI)
21
9

210. NOBEL PRIZES IN PSYCHIATRY AND
RELATED FIELDS
IVAN PAVLOV (1904)
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
HIDEGO NOGUCHI (1913)
T PALLIDUM CAUSES GPI
(GENERAL PARALYSIS OF INSANE)
J VON WAGNER JAUREGG (1927)
MALARIA THERAPY FOR GPI
22
7

211. KONRAD LORENZ (1973)
ETHOLOGY(IMPRINTING IN
ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR)
EGAZ MONIZ (1949)
PREFRONTAL LOBOTOMY
ERIC KANDEL (2000)
PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF MEMORY
STORAGE IN NEURONS
22
8

212. clendar

213. Take home
Mental illness history can be traced back to the
early settlements of man kind
Humans had tried to explain these disease with
the then existing tools
,knowledge,understanding,cultures and belief
system.
We across ages not only tried to explain but also
chose diverse interventional strategies with
little effect until the late 20th centuary

214. • Lessons from the past, positive criticism
rational approach , recent advances ,organized
& integrated approaches have paved the path
to the existing knowledge of the disease

215. THANK
YOU
58