This lecture covers the theoretical and practical aspects of sampling in social science research. We discussed probable and non-probable sampling techniques with the help of examples and published articles.

1. Techniques of Sampling in
Social Science Research
Dr. Rajeev Kumar
MSW (TISS, Mumbai), M.Phil (CIP, Ranchi), UGC-JRF, Ph.D (IIT Kharagpur)

2. What is sampling?
9/15/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 2

3. 9/15/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 3

4. 9/15/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 4

5. 9/15/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 5

6. Understanding Unit of analysis
Example of NIRF
9/15/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 6

7. 9/15/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 7

8. 9/15/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 8

9. 9/15/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 9

10. 9/15/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 10

11. 9/15/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 11

12. 9/15/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 12

13. Profile of
population
Availability of
population/sample
Resource/time for
research project
Objective of study
Theme of study
How to decide the sampling technique?
9/15/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 13

14. 9/15/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 14

15. 9/15/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 15

16. 9/15/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 16

17. 9/15/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 17

18. 9/15/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 18

19. 9/15/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 19

20. 9/15/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 20

21. Method of Simple random sampling: Lottery or
Fishbowl method
9/15/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 21

22. 9/15/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 22

23. 9/15/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 23

24. 9/15/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 24

25. Another example of systematic random sampling
k=N/n (N=Population; n= required sample)
N= 12; n=4
k=12/4=3, means every third person from the list
will be selected from the list
9/15/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 25

26. 9/15/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 26

27. Example of stratified random sampling
9/15/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 27

28. 9/15/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 28

29. Stratum-1: population=30
stratum-2: population=20
stratum-3:population=10
Total population=60
sample to be taken =12
(20% of population )
Sample-1: sample= 6 (20% of 30)
Sample-2: sample= 4 (20% of 20)
Sample-3 : sample= 2 (20% of 10)
Total sample=12
9/15/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 29

30. 9/15/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 30

31. 9/15/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 31

32. 9/15/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 32

33. 9/15/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 33

34. Non probable sampling method
9/15/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 34

35. 9/15/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 35

36. Convenient/ incidental/ accidental sampling
9/15/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 36

37. 9/15/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 37

38. 9/15/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 38

39. 9/15/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 39

40. 9/15/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 40

41. 9/15/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 41

42. 9/15/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 42

43. 9/15/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 43

44. Example-1: National family health survey
9/15/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 44

45. 9/15/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 45

46. Sampling procedure in National Family health
survey
The urban and rural samples within each state were drawn separately
and, to the extent possible, the sample within each state was allocated
proportionally to the size of the state’s urban and rural populations.
A uniform sample design was adopted in all the states.
In each state, the rural sample was selected in two stages:
the selection of Primary Sampling Units (PSUs), which are villages, with
probability proportional to population size (PPS) at the first stage,
followed by the random selection of households within each PSU in the
second stage.
In urban areas, a three-stage procedure was followed.
In the first stage, wards were selected with PPS sampling.
In the next stage, one census enumeration block (CEB) was randomly
selected from each sample ward.
In the final stage, households were randomly selected within each sample
CEB.
9/15/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 46

47. Example-2: National drug use survey
9/15/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 47

48. Mechanism of household survey in NDUS
• For the Household Survey (HHS), the survey was planned to visit about 4000
households in each of the state / UT of the country (i.e. about 150,000
households nationally), with a target sample size of minimum of 12500
completed interviews of individuals for each state.
• The HHS sample was representative of the general, household population
(aged 10-75 years) of that state.
• The sample size was statistically determined, to reliably estimate a
phenomenon with 1% prevalence with 95% confidence.
• The districts in each state and the Primary Sampling Unit (PSU) within each
district was chosen with a Probability Proportionate to Size (PPS) approach.
• Within each PSU, the selected households were chosen through simple
random technique.
• Thus, the sampling design was such that it ensured that the sample was
representative of the entire household population of the state (10-75 years).
9/15/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 48

49. 9/15/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 49

50. Example-3 convenient sampling
Kumar, R., Suar, D., & Singh, S. K. (2020). Impact of Psychosocial Intervention on Emotional Disorders and
Medication Adherence in HIV/AIDS. In Emotion and Information Processing (pp. 15-26). Springer, Cham.
9/15/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 50

51. Example-4: Purposive sampling technique
Kujur, N. S., Kumar, R., & Verma, A. N. (2010). Differences in levels of disability and quality of life between
genders in schizophrenia remission. Industrial psychiatry journal, 19(1), 50. doi: 10.4103/0972-6748.77638
9/15/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 51

52. Example-5: Population or sample?
Kumar, R., Suar, D., Singh, S. K., & Bhattacharya, S. D. (2020). Why do AIDS Sufferers on Antiretroviral Therapy
Die Early?—Evidence from Jharkhand in India. In Race, Ethnicity, Gender and Other Social Characteristics as
Factors in Health and Health Care Disparities. Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S0275-
495920200000038015
9/15/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 52

53. Thanks for your kind attention!!!
In the next session, we will discuss on types of
variables, central tendency, and dispersion
9/15/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 53