In this session, we will discuss various political ideologies: communism, socialism, and capitalism. In this connection, we explain the evolution of Naxalism in India and its impact on the development. We highlighted the concepts of leftist and rightist ideologies and their linkages with political ideologies. and finally will conclude on pressure groups.

1. Political Social Ideologies
and Development
Dr. Rajeev Kumar
MSW (TISS, Mumbai), M.Phil., (CIP, Ranchi), UGC-JRF., Ph.D., (IIT Kharagpur)

2. Content of the session
In this session, we will discuss various political and social thoughts and
ideologies. And you can related it with rural development.
Communism
Socialism
Capitalism
Left and right wing and its relevance to Indian context
Naxalism
Feminism
Dalit ideology
And pressure groups.
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3. Inequality in society: A perennial truth
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4. In communism, there is
no government
no country, no currency,
no state, no border, no
religion. Everything is
governed by community
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Socialist countries
where social policies
implemented
successfully
• Denmark
• Sweden
• Finland
• Iceland
• Norway

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11. What are left and right political ideologies?
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13. Political ideologies versus leftism and rightism
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15. Some salient features of ideologies
Left ideology
Oppose death penalty and immigration
Support globalization and tax on rich
Right wing ideology
Support religion and demand a national official religion
Oppose abortion. Conservative
Somewhat support capitalism
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16. Continued …………..
Most of the parties are
mixed: either left leaning or
right leaning.
Economic left and economic
right
Social left or social right
Economical (tax and govt
interference)
Social (abortion, same sex
marriage)
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17. Left and right wing in India
Left wing parties
Congress
AAP
JDU (Janta Dal United, centre
left)
TMC (Trinamul Congress)
CPI-M (Marxist)
Right wing parties
BJP
Shiv Sena
AIMIM (All India Majlis-e-
ittehadul Muslimeen) Telangana
for muslim, dalit and minorities
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18. Salient features of Indian political parties
Considering economic aspect, almost all parties of India are leftist, because
they support subsidy and high tax.
India allow same sex marriage and oppose death penalty.
Centre is the midway of left and right political ideology
Extreme of any ideology is bad.
China and Russia have seen left party rule. Both Stalin and Mao tse Tung did
mass killing
Extreme right in middle east, where one can face death penalty on
blasphemy.
For economic system right wing is better, because it support open market.
Some example: Finland, Netherland, Sweden
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19. Political parties in the world
Right wing parties in the world
• Alliance for Peace and Freedom.
• Alliance of European National
Movements.
• European Christian Political
Movement.
• European Conservatives and
Reformists Party.
• European Party for Individual Liberty.
• European People's Party.
• Identity and Democracy Party.
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20. Taliban in Afghanistan: A case of extreme
rightist ideology
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21. Condition of Syria
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22. Left wing political violence in the world
Asia
Stefan M. Audrey describes the Japanese Red Army and
the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) as the main left-
wing terrorist organizations in Asia, although he notes that
the LTTE later transformed into a nationalist
terrorist organization
Pakistan
Left-wing groups like the Pakhtoon Zalmay, Al-Zulfiqar
organisation (AZO) and the MQM including its predecessor
the Muhajir Qaumi Movement committed numerous acts of
violence including bombings, targeted killings, disinformation
and assassinations
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23. Naxalism in India
• The origins of the LWE can be traced back to 1967
in the three areas of Naxalbari (from which the
term Naxal originates), Phansidewa and Khoribari
in West Bengal’s Darjeeling District.
• The initial uprising was led by Charu Majumdar,
Kanu Sanyal and Jangal Santhal, who were
members of the Communist Party of India
(Marxist). The initial uprising was in the form of a
peasant revolt.
• Two years later in 1969, the Communist Party of
India (Marxist–Leninist) was formed.
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24. Reason of Naxalism in India
• The chief reason behind the rise of the movement
was the severe lack of development of these regions
despite being mineral-rich.
• They were largely tribal belts that were neglected by
the government and also by the mainstream media.
• There were gross ineffectiveness and
mismanagement in the administrative machinery.
Corruption was also rampant leading to misery for
the people.
• The alienation and social exclusion of large groups of
people led to sections of them feeling a disconnect
with the government of the day and also society at
large.
• The issue of Jal-Jangal-Jameen (water, forest, land) is
at the centre of these revolts initially. Tribal people
are routinely exploited for their mineral-rich land.
There is illegal encroachment and the forest-dwellers
are bereft of rights in their own land.
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25. Spread of Naxalism in India
• Although originated in West Bengal, the
movement spread to the less-developed
rural regions of southern and eastern India,
in Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and
Chhattisgarh.
• Today, almost all the Naxal groups trace
their origins to the CPI (M-L).
• The Maoist Communist Centre (MCC) was
formed in 1975.
• This group merged with the People’s War
Group in 2004, to form the CPI (Maoist).
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26. Red Corridor
• The Red Corridor is the region in the central,
eastern and southern parts of India that
experience severe Naxalite–Maoist
insurgency.
• The districts affected by this and part of the
Corridor are among the poorest in India.
• Most of the region has a high tribal
population. The region is also marked by
severe caste and economic disparities.
• Roughly, the Corridor stretches from the
Indian border with Nepal and extends to the
northern fringes of Tamil Nadu.
• The region also has a significantly lower
literacy rate compared to the national
average.
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27. Regions affected by Naxal violence in India
• According to the Home Ministry, the districts
affected by LWE are in the states of
Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh,
Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, Maharashtra,
Odisha, West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh.
• However, in the past decade, owing to the
severe government crackdown on the
Naxalite organisations, and the intense work
of the country’s security forces, particularly,
the CRPF, the number of incidents of Naxal
violence has reduced. The number of people
giving up arms and surrendering to the
security forces is also on the rise.
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Item 2009 2018
Number of
incidents
2258 833
Deaths
(security force
+ civilian)
1005 240
Number of
affected
districts
96 (2010) 60

28. Naxal violence over the decades
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2007 2013 2018

29. Naxalism and effect on development
• It is clear that the Maoists do not want development to take place, which is clear by
their targeting schools and communication channels. Whatever their goals, they are
now armed insurgency groups intended only to capture power to serve their own
interests.
• The government has initiated a tribal development schemes aimed at bringing social,
economic, cultural and educational inclusion for the tribal population into the
mainstream.
• It is also suspected that Pakistan’s ISI is trying to influence these groups through the
land border with Nepal. This has serious implications for the country’s security. Proper
intelligence inputs coupled with the adequate fortification of security forces should be
done.
• Along with these, sufficient and speedy development should be brought about in the
worst-affected areas as only this will render the Maoists insignificant. As long as there
is disillusionment with the authorities, such elements will always find sympathizers
among sections of the people. Hence, to root out the problem in its entirety, proper
inclusive development should be ushered in.
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30. Government Measures to Counter Naxal Violence
• The D Bandopadhyay Committee (2006) highlighted the lack of governance, economic, socio-
political and cultural discrimination against the tribals as the chief reason for the spread of
Naxalism. The Committee recommended tribal-friendly land acquisition and rehabilitation as a
means to counter this issue.
• In May 2017, the Government of India allocated Rs 11,000 crores to build road connectivity in 44
districts affected by Maoists activities.
• Under the current Government, by 2018, 1326 km of roads were constructed in Bastar,
Rajnandgaon, and Surguja areas, the highly Naxal infested areas of Chhattisgarh.
• 995 bridges were constructed and 138 of them were in the worst affected area – Bastar.
• The annual budget of the Public Works Department in Chhattisgarh was Rs 7795 crores in 2016-17.
• Roads and bridges were constructed in Sukma, another area massively hit by Naxalism.
• Local villagers are being provided with basic facilities like healthcare, education and more
employment opportunities.
• Due to developmental activities and choking the funding of Naxalism, there was a spike in
surrenders in Jharkhand from 676 in 2014 to 1442 in 2016.
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31. Some other ideologies
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32. Feminism ideology
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33. Ambedkar Ideology/ Dalit right ideology
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36. Pressure groups in India
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37. Pyramid of social hierarchy
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39. Thanks for your patience!!!
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