community-based natural resource management

1. NRM in India Part-II
Community Based Natural Resource
Management
Rajeev Kumar
MSW (TISS, Mumbai)
M.Phil (CIP, Ranchi)
Doctoral Fellow, IIT Kharagpur

3. INTRODUCTION
3
“Earth provides enough to satisfy every man's needs,
but not every man's greed.”
― Mahatma Gandhi

4. Community Based Organizations
4

5. Some of the methods followed for capacity building in
Community Participation
• Individual house visits
• Informal group meeting
• Village meetings
• Grama sabhas
• Jathas
• Poster distribution
• Wall painting
• Conducting PRA exercises
• Baseline data survey
• Health camps
5

6. Community Based Natural Resources
Management (CBNRM)
Basic concept
 To address the goals of environmental, economic and
social justice
 Integrates wildlife conservation and rural development
objective in a single program package
 Emphasizes benefits to natural resource dependent
communities and pursuers of subsistence livelihoods
6

7. Cont…
7
Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) is a
systemic approach to conservation, that allows those closest to the
resource, and who bear the costs of conservation, to manage the
resource and benefit from its management and use.

8. CBNRM….
The key assumptions being that:
 Locals are better placed to conserve natural
resources
 People will conserve a resource only if
benefits exceed the costs of conservation, and
 People will conserve a resource that is linked
directly to their quality of life
(Thakadu, O. T. 2005)
8

9.  To manage natural resources in a sustainable way to achieve conservation and
community development objectives
Objective of CBNRM:
Tools of CBNRM
 The PRA (Participatory Rural Appraisal) with its
tool for planning, awareness raising, and capacity
building
 The simplified land use plan as a natural resource
management tool integrated with development
 The gender approach insuring the participation of
disadvantaged groups
9

10. Community Participation in Development
 Facilitates the use of local knowledge and opinions in
designing plans, programmes and projects
 Enhances local ownership and empowers
marginalized people by providing opportunities to
acquire skills, knowledge and experience
 Helps to facilitate the integration of marginalized
people into wider society, and encourages good
governance and economic growth
 Facilitates co-operation and programme efficiency
 Helps to ensure sustainability, make development
activities more effective, and builds local capacity
10

11. Expected results
11
 Sustainable Natural Resource
Management
 Ownership
 Equity
 Improved biodiversity
 Living together with harmony

12. Conditions for “Successful” Community-Based Natural Resource
Management
12
“Homogeneous” communities – common objectives, recognised
common interests, social cohesion
 Benefits exceed costs
 Clearly defined boundaries to resources to be managed
 Limited uses and users
 Decentralised decision-making
 “Simple” administrative structures
 Long-term engagement
 Leadership -“champions” to lead the process

13. Benefits from CBNRM
13
Direct benefits
Investment in
rural
infrastructure
through CBO
projects
Direct cash
dividends
earned from
partnerships
Employment
opportunities
with private
sector
Employment
opportunities
with community
based
organizations
Indirect benefits
Maintenance or
growth of
stocks of
natural
resources
Capacity – building
Opportunities to
diversify local
economy, and
integration into the
market place

14. DRIVES FOR COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
Individual drives
1. Rajendra Singh-
Rajasthan
2. Anna Hazare-
Ralegan Siddhi
3. Pani Panchayat-
Maharashtra
4. Salu marada
Timmakka
14
Project (Govt) mode
1. Sujala Watershed
Project
2. Integrated
Wasteland
Development
Project
3. NWDPRA
4. NABARD
Watershed projects
NGO - Govt Drives
1. Agriculture Science
Foundation, Hulakoti
-NABARD Watershed
Project
2. Grameen Gyan
Abhiyan (GGA)-
MSSRF
3. MYRADA
4. Agha Khan Rural
Support Programme
(AKRSP)

15. Rajendra Singh – “Waterman of Rajasthan”
• Rajendra Singh, popularly known as ‘Jal Purush’ or Waterman of Rajasthan is
an inspirational figure who has transformed the life of people in >1,000 villages
in Aravalli Hills.
In 1985, Rajendra Singh heads an NGO
‘Tarun Bharat Sangh’ (TBS)
In 1986, he initiated a Ped Bachao-Ped Lagao padyatra,
for Forest Protection Committees
In 2002 National Water March (Rashtriya Jal Yatra)
Jungle-Jeevan Bachao Yatra , it covers 21 forest sanctuaries
He also organised an ultimately successful Aravali Bachao Yatra ,the
Rajasthan Govt. closed nearly 1000 mines in the whole of Rajasthan, 470 of
which were in and around Sariska National Park 15
Achievements

16. Awards
16
 Indira Gandhi Paryavaran Puraskar (1994) by the Govt. of India
 International River Prize (1995)
 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Community Leadership (2001)
 Jamnalal Bajaj Award (2008) for water harvesting by building check dams across
Rajasthan.

17. Local people work traditionally for
conserving the forest
In1731 Amrita Devi, a Bishnoi woman who,
along with more than 363 other Bishnois, died
for the protection of Khejari trees near Jodhpur
in Rajastan.
‘Amrita Devi Bishnoi National Award for Wild
life Conservation’ by Indian Government.

18. Chipko Andolan (Hug the trees movement)
• Chipko movement started in the
early 1970s in the Garhwal
Himalayas of Uttarakhand
• when a group of peasant women
in Reni village, acted to prevent
the cutting of trees and reclaim
their traditional forest rights that
were threatened by the contractor
system of the state Forest
Department.

19. SUJALA WATERSHED PROJECT (2001)
• Sujala a community driven watershed
development project with a total budget of
Rs.557 crores, is being implemented in seven districts
• World Bank Assisted Project of Government of Karnataka
• Covering areas- Kolar, Chikkabalapur, Tumkur, Madhugiri,
Chitradurga, Haveri and Dharwad of Karnataka covering 4.29
lakhs ha.
• Spread over in 77 sub-watersheds and 1270 villages benefiting
nearly 4.0 lakhs households including landless 19

20.  Strengthen community and
institutional arrangements
for natural resource management
 Strengthen the capacity of
communities in the project districts
for participatory involvement in
planning, implementation, social
and environmental management and
maintenance
20
sujala water.FLV
Objectives

21. Integrated Wasteland Development Project (2001)
 Launched by the Ministry of Rural Development for re-generation of
degraded non-forest land through people’s participation
 Objective of the scheme is aimed at an integrated wasteland based on
Village/Micro Watershed Plans
 Major activities can be taken up under this scheme:-
i. Soil & moisture conservation measures
ii. Planting and sowing of multi-purpose trees
iii. Encouraging natural regeneration
iv. Promotion of agro-forestry and horticulture
v. Encouraging people’s participation
21

22. National Watershed Development Projects for Rainfed Areas
(NWDPRA)
• Introduced during 1990-91 in Andhra
Pradesh and continued up to 1996-97
during VIII plan period
• Implemented in 94 watersheds covering 19
districts of Andhra Pradesh
Impact of the implication of the scheme
 Watershed workers were planned for
treatment and development of drainage
lines both in arable and non-arable lands in
watershed areas with active participation
and users group
 SHGs formed from watershed village
community to achieve their income
generating activity and self sustainability
22

23. Objectives
i. Conservation, development and sustainable management of
natural resources including their use
ii. Enhancement of agricultural productivity and production in
sustainable manner
iii. Restoration of ecological balance in the degraded and fragile
eco-system by trees and grasses
iv. Reduction in regional disparity between irrigated and rainfed
areas
v. Creation of sustained employment opportunities for the rural
community including the landless
23

24. NABARD PROJECTS
Watershed Development Projects implemented by NABARD has
resulted in creation replicable models of participatory watershed
development has helped in augmentation of natural resources and
improvement in livelihood of watershed communities
Importance of Participatory Approach
Focused on the regeneration and equitable use of the resources in the
particular environment on which the village depends for its needs
The people voluntarily must come together and accept full
responsibility for regenerating their environment from concept to
planning, implementation, supervision, maintenance of project
measures and associated practices
To make the project sustainable, it is necessary for all the key actors,
like the Watershed Community, NGOs, Banks, Government
Institutions and Technical Service Organizations, to participate
actively and in close coordination with each other
24

25. MSSRF (Grameen Gyan Abhiyan)
(M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation -1988)
• Six major thematic areas:
1) Coastal Systems Research- To achieve sustainable management of coastal
resources, such as cyclone, storm surges and tsunami in coastal zones
2) Biodiversity- To optimize conservation and livelihood benefits of the poor who
live in the ‘biodiversity hotspots’
3) Biotechnology- Genome Clubs in schools and conduct genetic literacy
programmes in rural areas for young men and women with a functional
knowledge of genetics
25
http://www.mssrf.org

26. 4) Ecotechnology- To extend the techniques of sustainable management of
natural resources, managed by the local community of farm women and men
5) Food Security- The Community Food grain Banks, Kitchen gardens, capacity
building of women farmers, to awareness creation on households'
entitlements relating to government schemes on food and nutrition
6) Information, Education and Communication- Village Resource Centres
(VRCs) and Village Knowledge Centres (VKCs), mainly provide need-based
locale-specific, demand driven information content
26
Contd…

27. MYRADA
• Established in 1968, MYRADA is a non-governmental
organization working for micro-credit initiatives and
sustainable development in Southern India
• Areas of Work
1. Rural credit systems
2. Organizations of women
3. Management of micro watersheds
4. Forestry
5. Resettlement
27

28. Hanumantrao Committee Recommendations
Based on report of DPAP and DDP project, following
recommendations are made:
1. People's participation is must.
2. There must be coordination between line Departments.
3. Local people must involve in planning and
implementation.
Report of the Technical Committee on Drought prone Areas
Programme and Desert Development Programme, April 1994.
28

29. Districts with Environmental Degradation in an extreme form
Sl.
No Districts Agricultural Practices
1 Shimoga, Mandya, Belgaum
and Raichur
Excessive use of chemicals
2 Gulbarga, Raichur and Bijapur Excessive use of pesticides
3 All districts in the north
eastern plain region
Soil Erosion
4 Districts in Central and
Western Ghat Region
Water Erosion
29Department of Water Resources, GoK.

30. Major Constraints
 Community level conflicts
 Evaluation of action impacts
 Difficulties to access the sites
 Lacking GIS expertise
 Locals may be reluctant to challenge government recommendations
for fear of losing promised benefits
 Partners are expecting too much from the activities taken up
30

31. Research studies
31

32. Research Study 1.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND NATURAL RESOURCES IMPACT OF SUJALA WATERSHED
PROJECT IN KARNATAKA
Govinda Gowda, V. and Sathish, A. (2011)
I. Land and Water
Study area Kolar, Tumkur, Chitradurga, Haveri & Dharwad
Sample size 10% of the beneficiaries
Study objectives
 To study the unique approaches & interventions of SUJALA watershed
project.
 To study the resultant impact on the natural resource as well as on the
socio-economic life of the beneficiary farmers.
32

33. Impact indicators Baseline Mid-term impacts
1. Household income Avg household income- Rs
10,036
Avg household income- Rs
16,790
2. Crop yields ------ Yield increased upto 6-15%
3. Ground water
recharge
Bore well – 400ft (drill depth)
Dug well - 45 ft
Bore well increase in level by 4-5 ft
Dug well increase in level by 1.2- 2
ft
Period of availability increased by
2- 3 months
4. Milk, Fodder
production
Fodder 50-80% dependent on
others
Milk yield increased by 15-20%
Fodder dependence decreased by
5-10%
5. Productivity of
non-arable land
Percentage of land in low
productivity (10-20%)
Productivity in non-arable lands
increased by 5-10%
Mid-term Impact of 1st phase watershed interventions on Natural
resource base and livelihoods
34

34. Impact on water Resources due to Project
Interventions in Phase-1
District
% Nalas
rejuvenated
% Bore
wells
rejuvenated
% Open
wells
rejuvenated
Dharwad 44 52 25
Kolar 38 93 5
Chitradurga 81 75 79
Tumkur 51 76 39
Haveri 25 70 39
Average 48 73 37
35

35. Research Study 2.
IMPACT OF COMMUNITY BASED TANK MANAGEMENT PROJECT ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC
STATUS OF BENEFICIERY FARMERS IN BIDAR DISTRICT
Savita (2008)
Study area Bidar district, Karnataka.
Sample size N=150
Objectives of the study:
 To study the personal, socio-economic and psychological characteristics of
beneficiary farmers.
 Impact of community based tank management project on socio-economic status of
beneficiary farmers.
36

36. Impact of community based tank management project on socio-
economic status of beneficiary farmers
Sl. No Variables Classification Before (%) After (%) Difference (%)
1 Occupation
1. Primary
2. Secondary
a. Agriculture
b. Agril. labour
a. Business
b. Service
90.66
09.34
14.00
04.00
97.34
02.66
26.00
04.00
06.66
-06.66
12.00
0
2 No of house
owned
a. One house
b. Two house
100.00
0
100.00
10.60
---
10.66
3 Land holding a. Marginal farmers
b. Small farmers
c. Medium farmers
d. Large farmers
10.66
36.66
33.34
19.34
08.00
30.67
40.67
20.66
-02.66
-06.00
07.34
01.34
4 Source of irrigation a. Well
b. Bore well
c. Tank
23.34
12.00
---
42.00
19.34
04.00
18.66
07.34
04.00
5 Organizational
participation
Low
Medium
High
64.00
16.00
20.00
22.00
47.34
30.66
-42.00
31.34
10.66
Contd…
37

37. Sl . No Variables Classification Before (%) After (%) Difference(%)
6. Farm power
1. Bullocks
2. Power tiller
3. Tractor
4. Sprayer
5. Duster
a. One pair
b. Two pair
25.33
---
---
01.34
30.00
06.00
4134
05.34
01.34
01.34
41.34
11.34
16.00
05.34
01.34
---
11.34
05.34
7. Material
possession
1. Bullock cart
2. Radio
3. Television
4. Improved agril.
implements
a. One cart
b. Two cart
a. 1-2
b. 3-4
c. 5-6
16.00
---
22.66
12.66
23.34
08.66
02.00
28.00
---
61.33
25.34
36.00
13.34
03.34
12.00
---
38.66
12.66
12.66
04.67
01.34
38

38. Impact of community based tank management project on land
productivity of beneficiary farmers
39
Crops Before
(avg yield/acre)
After
(avg yield/acre)
Difference
(avg yield/acre)
Sugarcane 35 t/acre 40 t/acre 5 t/acre
Redgram 3.5 qt/acre 6 qt/acre 2.5qt/acre
Jowar 8 t/acre 13 qt/acre 5 qt/acre
Impact of community based tank management project on annual
income of beneficiary farmers
Farmer category Avg annual income
before (Rs)
Avg annual income
after (Rs)
Difference (Rs)
Marginal farmers 8,000 17,000 9,000
Small farmers 13,000 26,000 13,000
Medium farmers 19,000 37,000 18,000
Large farmers 29,000 54,000 25,000

39. SUCCESS STORIES
The five principles of Anna Hazare are
1. Nasbandi (restriction of family size)
2. Nashabandi (ban on alcohol)
3. Charaibandi (ban on free grazing)
4. Kurhabandi (ban on tree felling) and
5. Shramdan (donation of voluntary
labour for community welfare).
1. Model village- Ralegan Siddhi
40

40. Impact of water conservation activities in Ralegan Siddhi
41
Sl no Particulars Village scenario before Village scenario after
1 Sowing area
Only one crop
(300-350 acres)
Two crops
(1300 acres)
2 Migration All most half the villagers Completely stopped
3 Employment
Go to near by villages in
search of employment
Hiring near by village labours
4 Milk production 300 lts/month 4,000 lts/month
5 Per capita income 250 Rs 2,500 Rs
VIDEO

41. 2. Pani Panchayat
 "Pani Panchayat" is associate organisation of Gram Gaurav
Prathisthan..
 Pani Panchayat are committed to Sustainable Development of the
Villages through equable distribution of water to all of its people in the
village
Objectives :
 To achieve sustainable rural development.
 To identity local needs, local resources, local talents, local strength and
to integrate them.
 To carry out experiments for optimum use of natural resources like
water, land and solar energy.
 To develop cropping patterns agriculture cultivation methods and living
habits to suit available resources.
Services
1. Community lift Irrigation schemes
2. Assessment of water resources
3. Organic Farming
42

42. Community lift Irrigation schemes
Sr. No. Particular 2003-04 2004-05
1 No. of Schemes 4 23
2 No. of Villages 4 19
3 No. of Beneficiaries 20 148
4 Irrigated Area ( in Acre) 77.5 475
5 Total installed HP 21 166
6 Total Cost 286720 1033560
43

43. CONCLUSION 44

44. 45